BEPLER'S 


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AND 


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THE  ROBERT  E.  COWAN  COLLECTION 

PRKSF.NTED   TO   THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 


C.  P.  HUNTINGTON 

-JUNE.    :8Q7. 

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BEPLER'S 


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AND 


Dgeful  Infoiiiiiatioii 


BY 


DAVID  BEPLER 


SAN   FRANCISCO 

THE   BANCROFT   COMPANY 

1890 


1?M2 

Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1890,  by 

DAVID  BEPIvER 

In  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington,  D.  C. 


PREKACE 


In  issuing  this  volume  the  author  aims  to  produce, 
in  a  clear  and  practical  manner,  a  book  of  useful  infor- 
mation for  persons  in  all  walks  of  life,  and  especially 
for  those  whose  time  vi  iimit^d.  Often  when  seeking 
such  information  as  is  here  presented  in  a  handy  form 
valuable  time  is  wasted  looking  through  books,  papers, 
etc.  The  public  will  at  once  see  the  advantage  of 
having  before  them,  arranged  under  proper  heads  and 
compiled  from  authentic  sources  with  the  strictest  accu- 
racy, data  such  as  tables  of  weights,  measures,  etc., 
important  events,  and  in  fact  a  vast  storehouse  of  general 
and  practical  information. 

THE  AUTHOR. 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2007  with  funding  from 

IVIicrosoft  Corporation 


http://www.archive.org/details/beplershandynnanuOObeplrich 


INDEX 


Abbreviations,  Dictionary  of 98 

Abbreviations  used  by  Physicians  in  Preucriptions,  Medical  Books,  etc Ill 

Active  Volcano,  the  highest IS 

Age  and  Mortality  of  Mankind 152 

Age  which  Different  Animals  Attain „ 72 

Alloys  or  Composition  of  Metals 161 

American  Proverbs  and  Maxims 37 

Anchors  a  Vessel  must  Carry 160 

Ancient  Money,  its  value 198 

Animal-power 75 

Animals,  size  of 144 

Anthracite  Coal,  the  largest  deposit 67 

Antidotes  and  Treatments  for  Poisons 50 

Area  of  the  Principal  Countries  of  the  World 169 

Area  of  Most  Notable  Park  of  the  World 203 

Area  of  the  British  Empire  and  Colonies 278 

Area  and  Population  of  the  Earth  by  Continents ..140 

Area  of  the  States  and  Territories  of  the  United  Ptates 216 

Armories  and  Arsenals  of  the  United  States 215 

Artificial  Echo,  the  most  remarkable  known 257 

Attorney-Generals  of  the  United  States 230 

Average  Percentage  of  Alcohol  in  Wines  and  Liquors 274 

Average  Annual  Rainfall  in  the  United  States 293 

Average  Annual  Temperature  in  the  United  States 292 

Average  Weight  of  an  American  Man  and  Woman 25 

Authors,  their  pen  names 26T 

Bait  for  Different  Kind  of  Game 144 

Balloons,  remarkable  ascensions 162 

Bank  of  England,  facts  about  it 20O 

Banker's  Table 166- 

Banks  in  the  United  States,  a  few  facts  about  ihera 19ft- 

Banks  of  Europe,  when  established 199 

Baseball  Plates,  distances 106 

Battles  of  Revolutionary  War 172: 

Bell,  the  largest  in  the  world 19- 

Bells,  weight  of  the  largest 107 

Belts,  a  few  facts  about  them 77 

Bible  Facts  and  Figures 148i 

Billsof  Exchange 16& 

Biographies  of  the  Presidents  of  the  United  States 290 

Birds  and  Beasts,  how  they  are  grouped 129 

Birds,  Life  Period  of - 129 


Index —  Continued 


Birds,  Speed  of 148 

Boiler  Iron,  the  thickness  and  pressure  allowed  by  United  States  law 75 

Bridges,  notable  ones  of  the  world 70 

British  Empire  and  Colonies 27S 

British  House  of  Commons G5 

Broker's  Technicalities 168 

Builder's,  Facts  for 79 

Business  Law  in  Daily  Use 162 

Butter  and  Cheese,  the  amount  obtainable  from  milk 206 

California  Game  Law 176 

California  Governors 282 

California,  Mechanics'  Lien  Law  of 177 

€alifornians,  Facts  for 175 

Canals,  the  greatest  in  the  world 129 

banning  Fruits,  Amount  of  Sugar  required  and  time  of  Boiling 295 

Capitals  of  the  Different  States 60 

Capitals  of  the  Principal  Countries  of  the  World 169 

Capitol  City  (Washington,  D.  C.) 266 

Carrying  Capacity  of  a  Freight  Car 160 

Cascades  and  Waterfalls,  their  elevation 133 

Cataract,  the  greatest  in  the  world 21 

Cave,  the  largest  in  the  world 256 

Centennarians 106 

Centennial  Calendar 265 

Chemical  Substances,  their  common  names 49 

Chronological  List  of  Noted  Events  of  the  World 187 

Church,  thelargestin  the  world ." 25 

Clothes,  what  to  do  when  they  take  fire 158 

Coal,  what  a  ton  of  it  contains 161 

Colleges,  the  oldest  in  the  United  States 210 

Composition  of  the  Human  Body 156 

Congress,  what  it  costs  per  annum 126 

Continental  Congresses,  when  and  where  theymet 171 

Countries,  the  three  largest 20 

Countries  of  the  World,  their  form  of  government,  title  of  ruler  and  term 

of  office 243 

Countries  of  the  World,  their  ruler's  name,  ruler's  salary  or  civil  list  and 

prevailing  religion 245 

Currency  of  Different  Commercial  Nations 45 

Dates  of  Dignities 91 

Dates  on  which  the  American  Republics  Declared  their  Independence 239 

Day  of  the  Origin  of  their  Names 41 

Decisive  Battles  of  the  World 63 

Decorative  Work  Paste 139 

Degrees  of   Heat  and  Cold  Required  to  Freeze,  Melt,  and  Boil  Different 

Substances 83,  85 

Density  of  Population 150 

Desert,  thelargestin  the  world 19 

Diamond-Cutting  House,  the  largest , 106 

Diamonds,  French  paste — 150 

Diamonds,  the  largest  found 24 


Index — Continued 

Diamonds,  Value  of ~ 106 

Difterence  of  Time  between  Washington  and  other  Cities 184 

Distance  Around  the  World  in  Traveling 141 

Distance  from  New  York  City  to  Various  Places 181 

Distance  from  San  7<'rancisco  to  Various  Places 180 

Earth,  Weight  of 119 

Electric  Lights,  the  largest  in  the  world 22 

Elevation  of  Localities  Above  the  Sea  Level 130 

Emblematic  Names  of  States  of  the  United  States 42 

Engineer's  Duties  About  the  Boiler 73 

English  Money 37 

Epochs  and  Eras 269 

Execution,  the  fashion  in  different  countries 213 

Expansion  and  Contraction  of  Railway  Track  by  the  Different  Temper- 
ature  184 

Expectation  of  Human  Life 196 

Exports  of  Different  Countries 141 

Extreme  Heat  in  Various  Countries 210 

Fecundity  of  Birds 128 

Fecundity  of  Fish 128 

Fictitious  Names  of  Cities  of  the  United  States 43 

Financial  Crises 166 

Fires,  Notable  Historical 196 

First  Steam -propelled  Vessel  that  Crossed  the  Ocean 208 

First  United  States  Flag 206 

Flower,  the  largest  known 258 

Food,  the  time  requiredto  digest  it 44 

Formation  of  the  Union   (United  States) 172 

Fortification,  the  largest  in  the  world 256 

Fortress,  the  greatest  in  the  world 24 

French  Dynasties  and  Sovereigns 65 

Freshwater,  thelargestbody  of  it 256 

Game  Laws  of  California 176 

General  Councils 114 

Geneials  Commanding  the  United  States  Army 270 

Glossary  of  some  California  Names 25 

God,  the  name  in  different  languages 187 

Gold,  a  few  facts  about  it 200 

Gold  Leaf,  thickness 152 

Gold,  the  value  of  a  ton  of  it 80 

Government  of  Foreign  Countries 239 

Government  of  the  United  States 174 

Governors  of  California 282 

Greatest  Men  of  History,  classified  in  groups 17 

Hanging  Bell,  the  largest  in  the  World 256 

Harvest  Dates  of  the  World 204 

Heart,  facts  about  it 156 

Heaviest  Men  Known 145 

Height  and  Weight  of  Ladies 146 

Height  of  Cascades  and  Waterfalls 133 

Height  of  the  Principal  Monument,  Towers  and  Pyramids 107 


Index —  Co7i  tiri  ued 

Number  of  Days  it  takes  to  travel  to  the  Principal  Cities  of  the  World  from 

San  Francisco 183 

Number  of  English  Yards  in  Miles  of  Different  Nations 35 

Number  of  Poundsto  the  Bushel 36 

Number  of  Years  Seeds  Retain  their  Vitality 203 

Oceans,  Size  of 139 

OflScial  Census  of  the  United  States 266 

Oils,  classified 160 

Oil,  the  amount  in  seeds 208 

Oldest  Colleges  in  the  United  States 210 

Oldest  Newspaper  in  the  World 73 

Origin  of  Orchard  and  Garden  Fruits  and  Number  of  Varieties 207 

Origin  of  the  Names  of  the  Days 41 

Origin  of  the  Names  of  the  Months 41 

Park,  the  most  extensive  in  the  world 257 

Parks,  their  area 203 

Patent  Fees  of  Different  Nations 197 

Pen  Names  of  Popular  Writers 267 

Percentage  of  Alcohol  in  Wines  and  Liquors 274 

Periods  of  Gestation  of  Animals,  Birds,  etc 128 

Philosophical  Facts 283 

Planet  Earth,  facts  about  it HO 

Planets,  distance  from  the  sun 131 

Planets,  their  size  and  number  of  moons  they  have 131 

Planets,  their  velocity  of  speed 132 

Planets,  the  length  of  their  days 132 

Planets,  the  time  in  which  they  revolve  around  the  sun 132 

Pleasure  Park,  the  largest  in  the  United  States 24 

Poison,  Antidotes  and  Treatment  for 50 

Polish  for  Fine  Hardwood 137 

Popular  and  Electoral  Votes  for  the  Presidents  of  the  United  States 286 

Population,  Area  and  Capitals  of  Different  Countries 169 

Population  of  Cities  in  the  United  States 260 

Population  of  the  British  Empire  and  Colonies 278 

Population  of  the  Earth  According  to  Race 140 

Population  of  theEarthby  Continents 110 

Population  of  the  largest  Cities  of  the  World 2:,9 

Population  of  the  United  States  since  1776 263 

Portraits  on  Bank  Notes  of  the  United  States 251 

Postage  Rates 218 

Postmasters-General  of  the  United  States 229 

Presidents  of  the  Continental  Congresses 171 

Presidents  of  the  United  States 223 

Pulse  in  Health,  The 157 

Pyramids,  their  height 107 

Pyramid,  the  largest  in  the  World 19 

Railroad,  the  highest  in  the  United  States 23 

Railway  signal  code 59 

Rebellions  in  the  United  States 236 

Relative  Value  and  Weight  of  Wood 296 

Religion  that  prevails  in  different  Countries 215 


Index —  Con  tin  ued 

Rifles  used  in  the  Armies  of  different  Nations 275 

Rivers,  the  longest,  their  length 138 

Rivers,  the  two  longest  in  the  World 23 

Roman  Money 37 

Royalty,  what  it  costs  England 64 

Rulers  of  England 61 

Rulers  of  France 65 

Rulers  of  Germany 116 

Rulers  of  Prussia 118 

Rulers  of  the  principal  Countries  of  the  World 245 

Rules  for  calculating  the  speed  of  Pulleys 76 

Salaries  of  California  State  Officers 177 

Salaries  of  State  Governors 60 

Salaries  of  the  British  Cabinet 64 

Salaries  of  the  United  States  Judges 128 

Salaries  of  the  United  States  Legislative  Officers 127 

Salaries  of  the  United  States  Military  and  Naval  Officers 197 

Salaries  of  the  United  States  Ministers  to  Foreign  Countries 127 

Salaries  or  Civil  List  of  Rulers  of  different  Countries 245 

Salary  of  the  President  of  the  United  States 126 

Seas,  size  and  length  of 139 

Seating  Capacity  of  noted  public  buildings 254 

Secretaries  of  Interior  of  the  United  States 231 

Secretaries  of  Navy  of  the  United  States 228 

Secretaries  of  State  of  the  United  States 225 

Secretaries  of  Treasury  of  the  United  States 226 

Secretaries  of  War  of  the  United  States 227 

Seeds,  the  number  of  years  they  retain  their  vitality 203 

Seven  Dolours  of  the  Virgin  Mary 68 

Seven  in  the  Bible 68 

Seven  Sleepers 68 

Seven  Wise  Men  of  Greece 68 

Seven  Wonders  of  the  World 68 

Shortest  and  longest  verse  in  the  Bible 145 

Shrinkage  of  Casting 78 

Silver,  the  value  of  a  ton  of  it 80 

Size  of  Animals 144 

Size  of  Lakes 139 

Size  of  Oceans 139 

Size  of  Planets  and  the  number  of  moons  they  have 131 

Size  of  Seas 139 

Smallest  locomotive  in  the  world 113 

Smallest  steam  engine  in  the  world 113 

Small  people  or  dwarfs 115 

Smokestacks,  the  largest  iu  the  world 2JS 

Sound,  the  distance  it  may  be  heard 91 

Specific  gravities  of  bodies 84 

Speed  of  birds 148 

Standard  railroad  time 182 

Standard  Silver  Dollar,  abrief  history  of  it 269 

Standard  weightof  United  States  Coins 33 


Index —  Co7itinued 

States  and  territories,  their  area,  wlien  admitted  into  the  Union,  when  and 

where  first  settled 216 

States  and  territories,  their  capitals,  term  of  oflSce,  and  salaries  of  governors  60 

Stationary  engines,  the  largest  in  the  world 257 

Statute  of  Limitation  on  debts,  notes,  etc.,  of  the  different  States 211 

Statue,  tte  largest  in  the  world 20 

Steam  engine,  the  smallest  in  the  world 113 

Strength  of  belt  leather 78 

Strength  of  different  materials 284 

Strength  of  ice  of  various  thicknesses 91 

Suffrage,  qualifications  required  in  different  States 221 

Suspension  Bridge,  the  largest  in  the  world 19 

Table  of  approximate  numbers  for  measuring  circles,  spheres,  cubes,  etc  ...  81 

Tallest  men  known 146 

Telegraph  wire,  the  longest  span  in  the  world 257 

Telescopes,  the  largest 258 

Ten  laws  of  health 156 

T.in  seven  years  of  life 158 

Term  of  Oflace  of  Ruler  of  different  countries 243 

Term  of  Office  of  State  Governors 60 

Theater,  thelargestin  the  world „ 24 

Thickness  of  boiler  iron  and  pressure  allowed  by  the  United  States  laws 75 

Three  largest  countries  in  the  world 20 

Time  in  which  various  planets  revolve  around  the  sun 132 

Time  on  shipboard,  divided  into  three  watches 59 

Time  required  for  digesting  food 44 

Title  of  Rulers  of  different  countries 243 

Towers,  the  height  of  the  highest 107 

Tower,  the  highest  in  the  world 67 

Treaties  of  the  World  ratified  by  different  nations  since  1140 246 

Treatment  of  various  causes  (medical) 153 

Trees,  the  largest  in  the  world 24 

Tunnels,  the  longest  in  the  world 119 

Tunnel,  the  longest  in  the  world 257 

Turf  terms  (dictionary) 119 

Two  longest  rivers  in  the  world 23 

United  States  Custom  duties 270 

United  States  land  offices 233 

United  States  of  Brazil 238 

United  States  Squadron  Stations 208 

Universities,  the  largest  in  the  world 295 

University,  the  largest  in  the  world 21 

Useful  Information  (law) 164 

Value  of  a  bar  of  iron  worked  in  various  forms 185 

Value  of  a  ton  of  Gold  or  Silver 80 

Value  of  Ancient  Money 198 

Value  of  Diamonds 106 

Value  of  Foreign  Coins  in  United  States  Money  167 

Velocity  of  Bodies .' 71 

Velocity  of  Speed  of  Planets 132 

Ventilation 157 


Index —  Continued 


s^_ 


Vice-Presidents  of  the  United  States 223 

Wall,  the  greatest  in  the  world 22 

Walnut  Stain 137 

Wars  of  the  United  States., 222 

Waterfalls  and  Cascades,  their  elevation 133 

Waterfall,  the  highest  in  the  world 21 

Wedding  Anniversary 147 

Weight  and  Pleightof  Ladies 146 

Weight  of  a  Cubic  Foot  of  Earth,  Stones,  Metals,  etc 85 

Weight  of  Various  Breeds  of  Poultry 147 

Weight  of  Liquids  per  Gallon 79 

Weight  of  the  Earth 119 

Weight  of  Large  Bells  of  che  World 107 

Weight  of  United  States  Coins 36 

Weights  and  Measures: 

"       Ale  or  Beer  Measure 32 

"       Apothecaries' Measure  (liquid) 31 

"       Apothecaries'  Weight  (dry) 32 

"        Assayers'  Weight 251 

"       Avoidupois  Weight. 31 

"        California  Lot  Measure 252 

"       Circular  Measure 34 

"       Cloth  Measure 252 

"       Common  Measures  and  Weights  Equivalent  in  Metric  System 29 

"       Comparison  of  Measuresof  Capacity 252 

"       Cubic  Measure 30 

"       Diamond  Weight 251 

"       Drop  Liquid  Measure 252 

"       Dry  Measure 33 

"       English  Money 37 

"       English  Wine  Measure 34 

"       Iron  and  Lead  Weight 252 

"       Liquid  or  Wine  Measure 32 

"       Long  Measure 30 

"       Measure  of  Time 34 

"       Metric  System  Dry  Measure 28 

"       Metric  System  Cubic  Measure 28 

"       Metric  System  Equivalents  in  Common  Measure 30 

"        Metric  System  Liquid  Measure 28 

"       Metric  System  Long  Measure 28 

"       Metric  System  Square  Measure 29 

"       Metric  System  Weights 29 

'*       Paper  Measure 252 

"       Shipping  Admeasurement 33 

'•       Square  Measure 31 

"       Surveyor's  Long  Measure 34 

"       Surveyor's  Square  Measure 34 

"  •    Table  of  Miscellaneous  Weights 35 

'•        Troy  Weight 251 

"       United  States  Money 252 

*'       Units  (measure) 252 

Weights  and  Measures  used  in  Foreign  Countries 253 

What  a  Horse  can  draw 291 

What  Congress  Costs  per  Annum 126 

What  Housekeepers  should  Remember 205 

What  Royalty  Costs  England 64 

What  there  is  in  a  ton  of  coal 161 

What  to  do  when  the  clothes  take  fire 158 

When  State  elections  are  held 234 

When  the  Legislatures  of  different  States  meet 234 

Where  and  when  the  Continental  Congresses  met 171 

Whirlpool,  the  most  remarkable  in  the  world 23 

Wonders  in  America 49 

Words  of  Wisdom  for  the  People 56 


P-  or  TEa      -«^ 


TREASURY 


USEFUL  INFORMATION 

m 
Greatest  Men   of  History^  Classified  in  Groups 

Poetry 

Homer,  Pindar,  -^scliylus,  Sophocles,  Euripides,  Aristophanes, 
Menander,  Luceritius,  Virgil,  Dante,  Rabelais,  Cervantes,  Shakes- 
peare, Milton,  Scott,  Moliere,  Goethe,  Burns,  Longfellow. 

Art 

Architects,  Sculptors,   Painters  and  Musicians 

Phidias,  Praxiteles,  Leonardo  da  Vinci,  Raphael,  Michael  Angelo, 
Corregio, Titian,  Rubens,  Rembrandt,  Bach,  Handel,  Mozart,  Beethoven 

Religion 

Religious  Founders,  Reformers  and  Theologians 

Oriental  Religions— Confucius,  Buddha,  Mahomet.  Christianity — 
St.  Paul,  St.  Augustine,  St.  Bernard,  St.  Francis,  Erasmus,  Luther, 
Calvin,  Loyola,  Bossuet,  Wesley. 

Philosophy 

Metaphysicians,  Psychologists  and  Moralists 
Pythagoras,  Socrates,  Plato, Aristotle,  St.  Thomas  Aquinas,  Bacon, 
Descartes,  Spinoza,  John  Locke,  Leibnitz,  Berkeley,  Hume,  Kant. 

—  17  — 


—  18  — 

History 

Historians,  Orators  and  Critics 

Herodotus,  Thucydides,  Demosthenes,  Cicero,  Tacitus,  Plutarch, 
Montaigne,  Montesquieu,  Voltaire,  Diderot,  Lessing,  Gibbon. 

Science 

Mathematicians,   Physicians  and  Naturalists 

Hippocrates,  Archimedes,  Galen,  Copernicus,  Keppler,  Galileo, 
Harvey,  Newton,  Linnajus,  Lavoisier,  Bichat,  Cuvier. 

Industry 
Inventors,  Discoverers,   Philanthropists 

Gutenburg,  Columbus,  Palissy,  Franklin,  Howard,  Montgolfier, 
Arkwright,  Watt,  Stephenson,  Edison. 

Politics 

Warriors  and  Statesmen 

Pericles,  Alexander  the  Great,  Hannibal,  Csesar,  Charlemagne, 
Alfred  the  Great,  William  the  Conqueror,  Charles  V,  William  the 
Silent,  Richelieu,  Cromwell,  Peter  the  Great,  Frederick  the  Great, 
Washington,  Jeflferson,  Nelson,  Napoleon  I,  Wellington,  Gladstone, 
Blaine,  Lincoln,  Bismark. 

Marvels  of  Nature  and  Art 

Highest  Mountain  in  the  World 

The  loftiest  mountain  is  Mount  Everest  of  the  Himalaya  Range, 
having  an  elevation  of  20,002  feet  above  the  sea  level. 

Highest  Mountain  Range  in  the  World 

Tlie  highest  mountain  range  is  the  Himalayas,  the  mean  elevation 
being  18,000  feet  above  the  sea  level. 

Highest  Active  Volcano  in.  the  World 

The  highest  volcano  is  Popocatepetl  in  Mexico.  It  is  17,784:  feet 
above  the  sea  level  and  it  has  a  crater  of  over  three  miles  in  circum- 
ference and  is  1,000  feet  deep. 


—  la  — 

lyargest  Pyramid  in  the  World 
The  largest  pyramid  is  that  of  Cheops  in  Egypt,  it  is  456  feet  hight 
its  original  height  was  479  feet,  its  sides  are  746  feet  in  length  against 
764,  its  original  length.  It  originally  contained  89,028,000  cubic  feet 
of  masonry,  it  now  contains  82,111,000  cubic  feet  of  masonry,  its 
weight  is  estimated  at  6,316,000  tons. 

Largest  Desert  in  the  World 

The  largest  desert  is  the  Sahara,  in  Northern  Africa,  extending  from 
the  Atlantic  Ocean  on  the  west  to  the  Valley  of  the  Nile  on  the  east, 
about  3,000  miles  in  length,  and  its  average  width  is  about  900  miles, 
its  area  2,000,000  square  miles. 

Largest  City  of  the  World 

The  largest  city  is  London,  England,  its  population  numbers 
4,021,880  souls.  New  York,  U.  S.,  is  fifth  in  size,  its  population 
being  1,550,000. 

Largest  Suspension  Bridge  in  the  World 
The  largest  suspension  bridge  is  the  New  York  and  Brooklyn.  It 
was  commenced  in  1870  under  the  direction  of  civil  engineer  J.  Roebling 
and  was  completed  in  1 3  years.  The  size  of  New  York  caisson  is 
172x102  feet;  size  of  Brooklyn  caisson,  168x122  feet;  timber  and 
iron  in  caissons,  5,253  cubic  yards ;  concrete  in  wellholes,  chambers, 
etc.,  5,669  cubic  feet ;  weight  of  New  York  caisson,  7,000  tons  ;  weight 
of  concrete  filling,  8,000  tons ;  New  York  tower  contains  46,945 
cubic  yards  masonry  ;  Brooklyn  tower  contains  38,214  cubic  yards 
masonry;  length  of  river  span,  1,505^  feet;  length  of  each  land 
span,  930  feet  and  1,860  feet;  length  of  Brooklyn  approach,  971  feet  ; 
length  of  New  York  approach,  1,562^- feet;  total  length  of  bridge, 
5,989  feet;  width  of  bridge,  85  feet ;  number  of  cables,  4;  diameter 
of  each,  15|  inches  ;  height  of  tower  above  roadway,  159  feet  ;  weight 
of  each  anchorage  plate,  23  tons  ;  height  of  bridge  above  high-water 
mark,  135  feet;  and  the  bridge  cost  $15,000,000. 

The  Largest  Bell  in  the  World 

The  largest  bell  is  the  great  bell  of  Moscow,  Russia,  at  the  foot  of 
the  Kremlin.  Its  circumference  at  the  bottom  is  nearly  68  feet,  and 
its  height  more  than  21  feet.  In  its  thickest  part  it  is  23  inches,  and 
its  weight  has  been  estimated  to  be  443,772  pounds.     It  has  never 


—  20  — 

Lecn  hung,  and  has  probably  been  cast  on  the  spot  where  it  now 
stands.  A  piece  of  the  bell  is  broken  oflF.  The  fracture  is  supposed 
to  have  been  occasioned  by  water  having  been  thrown  on  it  when 
heated  by  the  building  erected  over  it  being  on  fire. 

Largest  Statue  of  the  World 
The  largest  statue  is  Bartholdi's  Statue  of  Liberty  in  New  York 
harbor.  This  colossal  statue  was  given  by  the  people  of  the  republic 
of  France  to  the  people  of  the  United  States  of  America,  as  a  monu- 
ment of  ancient  friendship  and  as  an  expression  of  the  sympathy  of 
France  in  the  centennial  of  American  Independence.  It  rests  upon 
Bedloe's  island  in  New  York  harbor,  and  in  tlie  face  of  the  great 
cities  of  New  York,  Brooklyn,  Jersey  City  and  Hoboken.  The 
Government  has  promised  to  maintain  it  in  perpetuity  as  a  lighthouse 
and  beacon.  The  statue  is  150  feet  in  height  and  cost  $250,000.  For 
the  purpose  of  transportation  from  France  the  statue  was  divided  into 
300  distinct  parts.  The  pedestal,  including  the  foundation,  is  182| 
feet  above  low  water.  The  pedestal  proper  is  62  feet  square  at  the 
base,  41§  feet  square  at  the  top,  and  is  117  feet  to  the  Ijase  of  the 
statue.  The  entire  length  is  309  feet  above  low  water.  On  the  face  of  the 
pedestal  are  bronze  shields,  which  display  the  coats-of-arms  of  the 
diflferent  States  and  Territories.  From  base  of  figure  to  top  of  torch 
is  151  feet;  from  base  of  figure  to  top  of  diadem,  116  feet;  from  the 
heel  to  the  top  of  the  head,  111|  feet;  length  of  index  finger,  8  feet; 
circumference  of  the  same  at  second  joint,  4  feet  8  inches  ;  the  finger 
nail  is  1.14x85  feet;  height  of  head,  14^  feet;  width  of  eye,  2  feet ; 
length  of  nose,  3  feet  7  inches.  The  statue  is  provided  with  an  electric 
light,  which  is  visible  50  miles  at  sea. 

The  Largest  Inland  Sea  in  the  World 

The  largest  inland  tea,  is  the  Caspian,  lying  between  Europe  and 
Asia.  Its  greatest  length  is  760  miles,  its  greatest  breadth  is  270 
miles,  and  its  area  is  180,000  square  miles.  The  Caspian  Sea  lies 
84  feet  below  the  sea  level. 

The  Three  Largest  Countries  of  the  World 
The  largest  empire  is  that  of  Great  Britain  comprising  8,567,658 
square  miles,   more  than  a  sixth  part  of  the  land  of   the  globe,   and 
embracing  under  its  rule  nearly  a  sixth  part  of  the  population  of  the 
world. 


—  21  — 

The  next  largest  is  Russia,  liaving  8,352,940  square  miles. 

The  third  largest  is  the  United  States  of  America,  containing 
3,581,243  square  miles  including  Alaska,  it  ranks  fourth  in  population 
with  its  00,000,000  of  people. 

The  Highest  Natural  Bridge  in  the  World 

The  highest  natural  bridge  in  the  world  is  in  Rockbridge  County, 
Virginia,  U.  S.,  it  extends  over  Cedar  Creek,  it  has  an  arch  200  feet  in 
height,  and  the  upper  surface  of  the  bridge  is  240  feet  above  the 
stream. 

The  Most  Remarkable  Natural  Bridge  of  the  World 

The  most  remarkable  natural  bridge  is  the  Jisrel  Hajar,  which  spans 
a  gorge  not  far  from  the  ruins  of  the  Temple  of  Adonis,  in  the 
province  of  the  Lebanon  in  Syria.  It  is  a  flat  piece  of  limestone 
from  10  to  15  feet  thick,  perfectly  arched  on  the  under  side.  The 
gorge  is  about  150  feet  across,  and  the  bridge  is  about  100  feet  from 
the  bed  of  the  torrent  below. 

The  Largest  University  of  the  World 

The  largest  University  is  Oxford  University,  at  Oxford,  England. 
It  consists  of  21  colleges  and  5  halls.  Oxford  was  a  seat  of  learning 
as  early  as  the  time  of  Edward  the  Confessor ;  University  College 
claims  to  have  been  founded  by  Alfred  the  Great. 

Greatest  Cataract  in  the  World 
The  greatest  cataract  is  the  Niagara  Falls,  the  Horseshoe  Fall  on 
the  Canadian  side  has  a  perpendicular  descent  of  158  feet;  the  height 
of  the  American  Fall  is  167  feet.  The  Horshoe  carries  a  larger  volume 
of  water  than  the  American  Fall,  is  about  600  yards  wide  and  extends 
from  the  Canadian  shore  to  Goat  Island.  Geologists  are  agreed  that 
the  cataract  was  once  six  miles  nearer  to  Lake  Ontario  than  at  present. 

Highest  Waterfall  in  the  World 
The  highest  waterfall  is  the  Yosemite  of  California.  It  is  formed 
by  the  Yosemite  Creek,  which  is  an  affluent  of  the  Merced  River.  Ihe 
average  width  of  the  stream  in  Summer  is  about  20  feet  and  its  depth 
about  2  feet.  From  the  edge  of  the  cliff,  from  which  the  water 
plunges,  to  the  bottom  of  the  valley  the  vertical  distance  is  about 
2,550  feet,  but  the  fall  is  not  one  perpendicular  sheet  of  water. 


—  22  — 
Natural  Echoes,  the  Most  Remarkable  in  the  World 

The  most  remarkable  natural  echoes  are  those  of  Eagle's  Nest  on 
the  banks  of  Lake  Killarney,  in  Ireland,  Which  repeats  a  bugle  call 
until  it  seems  to  be  sounded  from  a  hundred  instruments. 

Largest  Electric  Lights  on  Earth 

The  largest  electric  light  is  at  the  Sydney  Lighthouse,  Australia, 
which  has  a  power  of  180,000  candle-power,  and  can  be  seen  50  miles. 
The  second  largest  is  at  Paris  in  the  Palais  de  I'lndustrie,  of  150,000 
candle-power.  The  next  is  at  Marseilles,  France,  of  40,000  caudle- 
power.  The  fourth  largest  is  at  San  Jose,  California,  U.  S.,  of  24,000 
candle-power,  and  sheds  its  light  two  miles. 

The  Highest  Inhabited  Place  in  the  World 
The  highest  inhabited  x)lace  is  the  Port  House  of  Ancomarca,  on  the 
Andes,  in  Peru,  South  America.    It  is  16,000  feet  above  the  sea  level. 

Largest  Passenger  Locomotive  in  the  World 

The  largest  passenger  locomotivi;  was  built  by  the  Rhode  Island 
Locomotive  Works  for  the  New  York,  Providence  and  Boston  Rail- 
road Company.  The  main  driving  wheels  are  6  feet  in  diameter  and 
set  but  7  feet  6  inches  apart.  The  cylinders  are  18  inches  in  diameter, 
with  two-foot  stroke.  The  boiler  is  54  inches  in  diameter  at  the 
smokestack,  with  a  wagon  top.  It;  extends  to  the  very  end  of  the 
cab,  and  necessitates  the  elevation  of  the  engineer's  seat  to  a  height 
far  above  the  fire  door.  Three  tons  of  coal  are  consumed  before  the 
locomotive  will  move,  and  she  carries  four  tons  of  coal  on  her  tender. 
The  tank  of  the  tender  will  hold  4,000  gallons  of  waiter.  The  total 
weight  of  the  locomotive  proper  is  95,000  pounds.  The  weight  on  the 
driving  wheels  is  66,000  pounds.  Everything  about  the  locomotive  ia 
steel.  There  is  not  a  particle  of  brass  or  bright  work  about  her.  She 
made  a  run  of  62^  miles  in  62^  minutes,  pulling  at  the  same  time 
eight  cars,  four  of  which  were  Pullman  cars. 

Greatest  Wall  in  the  World 

The  greatest  wall  is  the  Chinese  Wall,  built  by  the  first  Emperor  of 
the  Tsin  dynasty,  about  221  B.C.,  as  a  protection  against  the  Tartars 
on  the  North.  It  traverses  the  northern  boundary  of  China,  and  is 
carried  over  the  highest  hills,  through  the  deepest  valleys,  across 
rivers  and  every  other  natural  obstacle.     Its  length  is  1,250  miles, 


—  23  — 

including  a  parapet  of  five  feet;  the  total  heiglit  is  20  feet,  its  thick- 
ness at  the  base  25  feet,  and  at  the  top  15  feet.  Towers  or  bastidns 
occur  at  intervals  of  about  every  SOO  feet. 

Highest  Railroad  in  the  United  States 

The  highest  railroad  in  the  United  States  is  the  Denver  and  Kio 
Grande  Railroad,  at  Marshall  Pass,  10,855  feet  above  the  sea  level. 

Most  Remarkable  Whirlpool  in  the  World 

The  most  remarkable  whirlpool  is  the  maelstorm  off  the  northwest 
coast  of  Norway,  Europe,  an<l  southwest  of  Moskenasol,  the  most 
southerly  of  the  Lafoden  Isles.  It  was  once  supposed  to  be  unfathom- 
able, but  the  depth  has  been  shown  not  to  exceed  20  fathoms.  The 
whirlpool  is  navigable  under  ordinary  circumstances,  but  when  the 
wind  is  northwest  it  often  attains  great  fury  and  becomes  extremely 
dangerous.  Under  strong  gales  the  maelstorm  has  been  shown  by 
official  statistics  to  run  at  the  rate  of  twenty-six  miles  an  hour. 

Two  lyongest  Rivers  of  the  World 
The  longest  river  is  the  Mississippi  River,  that  is  if  we  include  the 
Missouri  with  it,  its  length,  from  its  head-waters  Lake'  Itasca,  in  the 
Rocky  Mountains  to  its  mouth,  where  it  empties  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico, 
is  4,160  miles.  The  Amazon,  of  South  America,  is  next.  It  rises 
in  the  Andes  Mountains,  about  60  miles  from  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and 
flows  including  its  windings,  a  distance  of  4,000  miles  to  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  into  which  it  empties  under  the  equator  in  Brazil.  The  average 
velocity  of  the  current  is  3  miles  an  hour.  lb  is  navigable  for  large 
ships  2,200  miles  from  its  mouth.  The  area  drained  by  the  Amazon 
and  its  tributaries  is  estimated  at  2,000,000  square  miles.  The  Ama- 
zon enters  the  ocean  through  an  estuary  about  150  miles  wide.  So 
great  is  the  volume  and  impetus  of  the  river  that  its  fresh  water  is 
carried  unmixed  into  the  sea  about  209  miles. 

I^argest  Library  in  the  World 

The  largest  library  is  the  Bibliotheque  National  in  Paris,  France, 
founded  by  Louis  XIV.  It  contains  1,400,000  volumes,  300,000  pam- 
phlets, 175,000  manuscripts,  300,003  maps  and  charts,  and  150,000 
coins  and  medals.  The  collection  of  engravings  exceed  1,300,000,  con- 
tained in  some  10,000  volumes.  The  portraits  number  about  100,000. 
The  building  which  contains  these  treasures  is  situated  on  the  Rue 
Richelieu,  Paris,  France. 


-  24  ~ 

Largest  Pleasure  Park  in  the  United  States 

The  largest  pleasure  park  in  the  United  States,  and  one  of  the 
largest  in  the  world,  is  Fairmount  Park,  Philadelphia,  which  contains 
2,745  acres. 

Largest  Diamonds  Found 

The  largest  diamond  in  the  world  (if  indeed,  it  be  a  diamond),  is 
the  Braganza,  which  forms  part  of  the  Portugese  crown  jewels.  It 
weighs  1,880  carats.  However,  not  a  little  doubt  exists  of  its  being  a 
diamond,  as  the  Government  has  never  allowed  it  to  be  tested.  It  was 
found  in  Brazil  in  1741.  The  largest  tested  but  uncut  diamond  is  the 
Mattan,  belonghig  to  the  Rajah  of  Mattan,  in  Borneo.  It  is  of  pure 
water,  weighs  367  carats,  and  is  of  a  pear  shape,  indented  at  the  thick 
end.  It  was  found  about  1760  at  Landak,  in  Borneo.  It  has  been  the 
cause  of  a  sanguinary  war.  Before  it  was  cut  the  Kohin'^or,  which  is 
one  of  the  English  crown  jewels,  was  the  largest  tested  diamond.  It 
then  weighed  793  carats.  When  in  the  possession  of  Emperor 
Aurengebe  it  was  reduced  by  unskillful  cutting  to  186  carats.  During 
the  Sikh  mutiny  it  was  captiired  by  British  troops  and  presented  to 
Queen  Victoria.     It  was  recut,  and  now  weighs  106  1-16  carats. 

Largest  Theater  in  the  World 
The  largest  theater  is  the  new  Opera  House  in  Paris,  France.     It 
covers  nearly  three  acres  of  ground.     Its  cubic  mass  is  4,287,000  feet, 
it  cost  63,000,000  francs. 

Largest  Trees  in  the  World 

The  biggest  trees  are  the  mammoth  trees  of  California.  One  of  the 
grove  in  Tulare  County,  according  to  measurement  made  by  members 
of  the  State  Geological  Survey,  was  shown  to  be  270  feet  high,  100  feet  in 
circumference  at  base,  and  70  feet  at  a  point  12  feet  above  the  ground. 
Some  of  the  trees  are  380  feet  high  and  35  feet  in  diameter.  Some  of 
the  largest  trees  that  have  been  felled  indicate  an  age  of  from  2,000 
to  2,500  years. 

Greatest  Fortress  in  the  World 

The  greatest  fortress  from  a  strategical  point  of  view  is  the  famous 
stronghold  of  Gibraltar,  belonging  to  Great  Britain,  situated  upon  the 
most  southern  point  of  land  upon  the  coast  of  Southwestern  Spain, 
Europe.     It  occupies  a  rocky  peninsula  jutting  out  into  the  sea  about 


-  25  - 

three  miles  long  and  three-quarters  of  a  mile  wide.  One  central  rock 
rises  to  a  height  of  1,439  feet  above  the  sea  level.  Its  northern  face  is 
almost  perpendicular,  while  its  east  side  is  full  of  tremendous  preci- 
pices. On  the  south  it  terminates  in  what  is  called  Europe  point. 
The  west  side  is  less  steep  than  the  east,  and  between  its  base  and  the 
sea  is  a  narrow,  almost  level  span  on  which  the  town  of  Gibraltar  is 
built.  The  fortress  ir,  considered  impregnable  to  military  assault.  The 
regular  garrison  in  time  of  peace  numbers  about  7,000  men. 

Largest  Church  iu  the  World 

The  largest  churcli  is  the  basilica  of  St.  Peter's  in  Rome,  Italy.  Its 
dimensions  are  as  follows:  length  of  interior,  613  feet;  breadth  of  the 
nave  and  aisles,  1972  feet;  height  of  the  nave,  152  feet;  length  of  the 
transepts,  446^  feet;  diameter  of  the  dome,  including  the  walls,  195 
feet,  or  nearly  two  feet  more  than  that  of  the  Pantheon;  diameter  of 
the  interior,  139  feet;  height  from  the  pavement  to  the  base  of  the 
lantern,  405  feet;  to  the  summit  of  the  cross  outside,  448  feet.  The 
whole  of  St.  Peter's  Cathedral  in  London,  Eng.,  might  stand  within 
the  shell  of  St.  Peter's  with  room  to  spare. 

Average  Weight  of  an  American  Man  and  Woman 
Average  weight  of  an  American  man  is  141|  pounds,  and  an  Ameri- 
can woman  is  124^  pounds. 


Glossary  of  some  California  Names 

San  is  masculine  for  Saint  or  Holy,  and  Santa  is  feminize. 

Alameda  (al-a-ma'-da).  Grove  of  elms. 

Alcatraz  (al-ka-traz').  Pelican  or  seafish. 

Almaden  (al-ma-dan').  the  mine  (Arabic). 

Alvarado  (al-va-ra'-do).  The  white  road. 

Alviso  (al-ve'-so).  The  view. 

Anaheim  (a-na-hime')-  Anna's  home  (German). 

Amador  (a-ma-dor').  The  lover. 

Benicia  (ba-ne'-she-a).  Corruption  of  Venicia. 

Bodega  (bo-da-ga).  A  vault. 

Buena  Vista  (boo-a'-na  vees'-ta).  Good  view. 

Calaveras  (kal-a-va'-ras).  The  true  skull. 

Chico  (che'-co).  Very  small. 

Cinch  (sinch).  To  bind  with  a  girth. 


--  2G  — 

Contra  Costa  (con'-tra  cos'-ta).  Opposite  coast. 

Corral  (cor-ral').  Yard  inclosure. 

Coyote  (ky-o'-ta).  A  kind  of  wolf. 

Dalles  (dais).  Stone  spout  for  water.     (French.) 

Del  Monte  (del-mon'-ta).  Of  the  mountain. 

Del  Norte  (del-nort'-a).  Of  the  north. 

Eldorado  (al-do-ra'-do).     The  golden. 

Farallones  (far-a-lo'-nas).  Rocky  islands  in  the  sea. 

Fresno  (fras'-no).  The  Ash  tree. 

Laguua  (la-goo'-na).  A  marsh  or  shallow  lake. 

Lobo3  (lo'-bos).  Wolves. 

Loma  Prieta  (lo-ma  pre-a'-ta).  Dark  Mountain. 

Los  Angeles  (los  an'-ga-las).  The  Angels. 

Los  Gatos  (los  ga'-tos).  The  cats. 

Marin  (ma-ren').  Of  the  sea. 

Mariposa  (ma-ra-po'-sa).  The  butterfly. 

Martinez  (mar'-te'-naz).     Name  of  a  person. 

Merced  (mar-sad').  Mercy,  pay  or  gift. 

Modoc  (mo'-doc).  Strange  or  hostile  Indians  (Aztec). 

Monte  Diablo  (mon'-ta  de-a'-blo).  Devil  mountain, 

Monterey  (mon'-ta-ra').   The  king's  mountain. 

Nevada  (na-va'-da).  Snowy. 

Ojai  (o-hi). 

Oroville  (o-ro-vel').     Gold  town. 

Pah  Utes  (pa'-utes).  Utahs  that  live  near  water.     (Indian.) 

Pajaro  (pa-ha-ro).     The  bird. 

Paso  Robles  (pa'-so  ro'-bels).  Pass  of  Oaks. 

Pescadero  (pas-ca-da'-ro).     The  fish. 

Petaluma  (pet-a-loo'-ma).  Low  Hills.      (Indian.) 

Placer  (pla'  sar).   Gold  diggings,  pleasure. 

Plaza  (pla'  za).  Square  place  or  public  space  in  a  town. 

Plumas  (plu'-  mas).  Feathers. 

Potr-ero  (po-tra'-ro).  Pasture  ground. 

Presidio  (pra-se'-de-o).  Garrison,  fortress. 

Rincon  (ren-con').  Corner. 

Rio  Vista  (re'-o  ves'-ta).  River  view. 

Sacramento  (sa'-kra  man'-to).  Sacred  mind. 

Salinas  (sa-le'-nas).  Place  of  salt. 

San  Andreas  (san  and-ras').  St.  Andrew 

San  Benito  (san  ba-ne'-to).  St.  Benedict. 

San  Buenaventura  (san  boo-wan'-a-van-too'-ra).  St.  Goodfortune. 

San  Diego  (san  de-a'-go).  St.  James. 


-  27  — 

San  Francisco  {san  fran-ses'-co).  St.  Francis. 
San  Joaquin  (san  wa-ken'),  St.  Joachim. 
San  Jose  (san  ho-za').  St.  Joseph. 
San  Juan  (san  wan).  St.  John. 
San  Lorenzo  (san  lo-ran'  zo).  St.  Lawrence. 
San  Luis  Obispo  (san  lu-es  o-bes'-po).  St.  Louis  the  Bishop. 
San  Mateo  (san  ma-ta'-o).   St.  Matthew. 
San  Pablo  (san  pa'-blo).   St.  Pasul. 
San  Pedro  (san  pa'-dro).   St.  Peter. 
San  Rafael  (san  ra-fa'-al).  St.  Raphael, 
Santa  Clara  (san-ta  cla'-ra),  St.  Clara. 
Santa  Cruz  (san-ta  cruz').   Holy  Cross. 
Saratoga  (sara-to-ga).  Healing  water  in  a  rock.     (Indian.) 
Saucelito  (sa'-sa-le-to).  Little  willow. 
Shasta  (shas'-ta).   Stonehouse  or  cave.     (Indian.) 
Sierra  (se-a'  ra).   Saw  or  mountain  chain. 
Solano  (so-la'-no).  The  potato. 

Sonoma  (so-no'-ma').  Valley  of  the  moon.     (Indian.) 
Sonora  (so-no'-ra).   Harmonious  sound. 

Tahoe  (ta'-ho).  The  big  or  deep  water.     (Some  say  it  means   grass- 
hopper.     (Aztec.) 

Tamalpais  (ta-mal-pas').  Country  of  tomales  eaters. 
Temescal  (tam-mas-cal').  Sweathouse.     (Aztec.) 
Tomales  (to-ma-las).     A  kind  of  food. 
Tulare  (tu-la'-ra).  The  tule  or  rush.     (Indian.) 
Tule  (tu-la).     The  rush  or  juncus  plant.     (Indian.) 
Utah  (u'-ta).  Mountain  dwellers.     (Indian.) 
Vacaville  (va'-ca-vel).  Cowtown. 
Vara  (va'-ra).  A  measure  about  38 J  inches. 
Vallejo  (va-la'-ho).  Big  Valley. 
W  alia  Walla  (wa'-la  wa'-la).  Away  down  (Indian.) 
Yerba  Buena  (yer'-ba  boo-a'-na).  Good  herb. 
Yolo  (yo'-lo).  Region  of  rushes  or  tules  (Aztec.) 
Yosemite  (yo-sem'-i-ta).  Large  grizzly  bear  (Indian.) 
Yreka  (ye-re'-ka).   Cave  mountain. 
Yuba  (yoo'-ba).  From  uvas,  grapes. 

Weights  and  Measures 

Metric  System 
Metric  System  of  weights  and  measures  permissible.  By  an  Act  of 
Congress,  approved  in  July,  1866,  the  use  of  the  weights  and  measures 
of  the  metric  system  is  made  permissible;  and  contracts  are  declared 
not  to  be  invalid  because  the  weights  and  measures  expressed  or 
referred  to  therein  are  weights  and  measures  of  that  system. 


28  — 


Measures  of  lyength 
0.001  meter  equals  1  millimeter    equals 


0.01  meter 
0.1  meter 
1  meter 
10  meters 
100  meters 
1,000  meters 

10,000  meters 


1  centimeter 
1  decimeter 
1  meter 
1  dekameter 
1  hectometer 
1  kilometer 

1  myriameter 


0.0394  inches 
0.3937  inches 
3.937  inches 
39.37  inches 
393.7  inches 
328tV  feet 
3,280f  feet 
\ 32, 808^  feet 
"/G.2137  miles 


Measure  of  Volume — Cubic  Measure 


1  cubic  centimeter  equals  1  milliliter  equal 


10  cubic  centimeters 
0. 1  cubic  decimeter 
1  cubic  decimeter 

10  cubic  decimeters 
0. 1  cubic  meter 


1  centiliter 
1  deciliter 
1  liter 

1  dekaliliter 
1  hectoliter 


0.001  liter 
0.01  liter 
0. 1  liter 
1  liter 
10  liters 
100  liters 


1  cubic  meter  equals  1  kiloliter  or  stere  equals  1,000  liters 


Dry  Measure  of  Metric  System 

1  milliliter  equals  0.061  cubic  inch. 

1  centiliter     '*     0.6102  cubic  inch. 

1  deciliter      "     6.1022  cubic  inches. 

1  liter  "      0.908  quart. 

1  dekaliter     **     9.08  quarts. 

1  hectoliter    **     2  bushels  and  3.35  pecks. 

1  kiloliter,  or  stere  equals  1.308  cubic  yards. 


Liquid  Measure  of  Metric  System 


1  milliliter  equals 
1  centiliter      " 
1  deciliter        " 
1  liter 

1  dekaliter       " 
1  hectoliter      " 


0.27  fluid  drachm. 
0.338  fluid  ounce. 
0.845  gill. 
1.0567  quart. 
2.6417  gallons 
26.417  gallons 


1  kiloliter,  or  stere  equah  264.17  gallons 


—  29  — 
Weights  of  Metric  System 

1  cubic  millimeter  equals  1  milligramme  equals  0.001  gramme. 

10  cubic  millimeters    "      1  centigramme       "      0.01  " 

0.1  cubic  centimeter   "      1  decigramme        "0.1  ** 

1  cubic  centimeter       "      1  gramme  "1  " 

10  cubic  centimeters   "      1  dekagramme       "      10  grammes. 

1  decaliter  **      1  hectogramme      "      100       " 

1  liter  equals  1  kilogramme  or  kilo  equals  1,000  grammes. 

10  liters    "      1  myriagramme  equals  10,000  grammes. 

1  hectoliter  equals  1  quintal  equals  100,000         ** 

1  cubic  meter  "      1  millier  or  tonneau  equals  1,000,000,000  gi'ammes. 

Measure  of  Surface  or  Square  Measure 
1  square  meter  equals  1  centare  equals  1550  square  inches 
100  square  meters      "     1  are  "       119.6  square  yards 

10,000  square  meters      "     1  hectare     "       2.474  acres 

Common  Measures  and  Weights  Equivalents  in  Metric 

System 

1  inch  equals  2.54  centimeters. 

1  foot       "       .3048  meter. 

1  yard      "       .9144      " 

1  rod         '•      5.029  meters. 

1  mile       "       1.6093  kilometers. 

1  squai^e  inch  equals  6.452  square  centimeters. 

1       "      foot       "       .0929       "      meter. 

1       "      yard      "       .8361 

1       "      rod        "       25.29       "      meters. 

1  acre  equals  .4047  hectare. 

1  square  mile  equals  259.  hectares. 

1  cubic  inch         "       .1639  cubic  centimeter. 

1      "     foot  "       .02832    "  'meter. 

1      "     yard        "       .7646      " 

1  cord  equals  3.624  steres. 

1  liquid  quart  equals  .9465  liter. 

1  gallon  equals  3.786  liters. 

1  dry  quart  equals  1.101  liters. 

1  peck  equals  8.811  liters. 

1  bushel     **     35.24       " 


—  30 


Metric  System  Kquivalents  in  Commou  Measure 

1  milligramme  equals  0.0154  grain  avoirdupois. 

1  centigramme      *'      0.1543       "  •' 

1  decigramme        "      1.5432       "  " 

1  gramme  "      15.432       " 

1  dekagramme       "      0.3527  ounce  ** 

1  hectogramme      "      3.5274  ounces         " 

1  kilogramme  or  kilo  equals  2.2046  lbs  avoirdupois. 

1  myriagramme  equals  22.046  lbs  avoirdupois. 

1  quintal  "       220.46  *• 

1  millier  or  tonneau  equals  2204.6  lbs  avoirdupois. 

Standard  Measures  and  Weights 

Long  Measure 


48  hairbreadth  equal  1  inch. 

3  barleycorns  equal  1  inch. 

12  lines  equal  1  inch. 

12  inches  equal  1  foot,  ft. 

3  feet  equal  1  yard,  yd. 

5^  yds  equal  1  rod,  perch  or  pole. 

40  rods  or  perches  equal  1  furlong 

8  furlongs  equal  1  mile,  m. 

3  inches  equal  1  palm 

4  in.  equal  1  hand  (horse  meas.) 

9  inches  equal  1  span. 

240  yds.  equal  1  cable's  length. 


3  miles  equal  1  league. 

60  naut.  or  geog.  m.  equal  1  deg. 

69Jstatuem.oqual|l4^— 1 

18  inches  equal  1  cubit. 
21.8  inches  equal  1  Bible  cubit. 
2^  feet  equal  1  military  pace. 
3  feet  equal  1  common  pace. 
3.28  feet  equal  1  meter. 
880  fathoms  equal  1  mile. 
1-00  of  a  degree  equal  1  knot. 
3  knots  equal  1  marine  league 


6  feet  equal  1  fathom. 
Long  measure  is  used  in  measuring  distances,  where  length  only  is 


considered. 


Cubic  Measure 


1728  cubic  inches     -  -     equal 

27  cubic  feet 

40  feet  of  round  or  )           ^j 

50  feet  of  hewn  timber) 

42  cubic  feet  •' 

16  cubic  feet  ** 

8  cord-feet  or)  ,, 

128  cubic  feet) 

108  cubic  feet  " 

24f  cubic  feet  " 


1  cubic  foot. 
1  cubic  yard. 

1  ton  or  load. 

1  ton  of  shipping. 
1  cord-foot. 

1  cord. 


'        1  stack  of  wood. 
"       1  perch  of  stone 
or  masonary. 

Cubic  measure  is  used  in  measuring  solid  bodies.,  having  len<Tth, 
breadth  and  thickness;  as  timber,  stone,  boxes  of  goods,  the  capacity 
of  rooms,  etc. 


—  31 


Square  Measure 


144  square  inches  equal  1  square  foct. 

n  „ e — 4-  (I  I  square  yard. 

**  1  square  rod, 

*'  1  rood. 


9  square  feet 
30^  square  yards 
40  square  rods 
4  roods  I 

160  square  rods) 
640  acres 


1  acre. 

1  square  mile. 


Square  measure  is  used  in  measuring  surface,  as  land,  flooring,  etc. 


Avoirdupois  Weight 


16  drams        -         equal 

16  ounces 

28  lbs.  (old) 

4  quarters  (old) 

100  lbs.,  pounds 

20  hundred-weight 

100  pounds 

175  troy  pounds 

1  troy  pound 

1  avoirdupois  pound 


1  ounce,  oz. 
1  pound,  lb. 
1  quarter,  qr. 

1  hundred-weight. 

1  ton. 

1  cental. 

144  avoirdupois. 

5,760  grains. 

7,000  grains. 


Avoirdupois  weight  is  used  to  weigh  all  coarse  articles  as  hay, 
meat,  fish,  potash,  groceries,  flax,  butter,  cheese,  etc.,  and  metals 
except  precious  metals.  Formerly,  the  usual  custom  was  to  allow  112 
pounds  for  a  hundred-weight  and  28  pounds  for  a  quarter,  but  this 
practice  has  very  nearly  passed  away.  The  Custom-house  still  con- 
tinues to  use  the  old  usage. 


Apothecaries'  Measure — Liquid 

60  minims  or  drops,  m.  equal    I  fluid  drachm. 

8  fluid  drachms  "       1  fluid  ounce. 

16  fluid  ounces  "       1  pint  (octarius). 

8  pints  "       1  gallon  (congius). 

These  Apothecaries'  weights  and  measures  are  used  by  Apotheca. 
ries  and  Physicians  in  compounding  medicines,  but  drugs  and  medi- 
cines are  bought  and  sold  by  Avoirdupois  weight. 


Apothecaries'  Weight — Dry 

20  grains  equal  1  scruple. 

3  scruples  "       1  dram. 

8  drams  **       1  ounce. 

12  oiinces  "       1  pound. 


4  gills 
2  pints 


Liquid  or  Wine  Measure 

equal    1  pint,  pt. 


4  quarts  " 

42  gallons  «' 

I^  tierce  or  63  gallons  " 

84  gallons  '* 

1|  puncheon  or  126  gallons      " 
2  pipes  " 

231  cubic  inches  " 

10  gallons  '* 

18  gallons  " 

3li  gallons 
This  measure  is  used  to  measure  water, 
honey,  etc.     In  London  the  gill  is  usually  called  a  quartern. 


1  quart,  qt. 

1  gallon,  gal. 

1  tierce. 

1  hogshead,  hhd. 

1  puncheon. 

1  pipe, 

1  tun. 

1  gallon. 

1  anker 

1  runlet. 

1  barrel. 

wine,  spirits,   cider,  oil, 


Ale  or  Beer  Measure 


2  pints      -     eqi 

lal    1  quart. 

4  quarts             ' 

1  gallon. 

9  gallons           ' 

'       1  firkin. 

2  firkins            * 

1  kilderkin 

2  kilderkins      ' 

*       1  barrel. 

1  ^  barrels          * 

'       1  hogshead. 

1|  hogsheads    * 

'       1  puncheon 

1^  puncheons    ' 

'       1  butt. 

Used  to  measure  beer,  ales,  porter,  etc.     An  ale  gallon  measures  282 
cubic  inches. 


—  33 


Dry  Measure 


2  pints  -         -  equal  1  quart,  qt. 

4  quarts  -         -  "1  gallon,  gal. 

2  gallon:^,     -         -         -      "       1  peck,  pk. 
4  pecks     -         -         -  "       1  bushel,  bu. 

36  bushels     -         -         -     "       1  chaldron,  eh. 

4  bushels  (in  England)       "       1  coon. 

2  coons       "         "  "       1  quarter. 

5  quarters  "         "  "       1  wey. 
2weys        "         "  "       1  last. 

A  gallon,  dry  measure,  measures  268  4-5  cubic  inches.  Dry  measure 
applies  to  all  goods  that  are  not  liquid  and  are  sold  by  measure,  as 
corn,  grain,  fruit,  salt,  coal,  etc. 


Shipping  Admeasurement 

Register  ton.    For  register  tonnage  or  for  measurement  of  the  entire 
internal  capacity  of  a  vessel : 

100  cubic  feet  equal  1  register  ton 
This  number  is  arbitrarily  assumed  to  facilitate  computation. 
Shipping  ton.      For  the  measurement  of  cargo  : 
/"  1  U.  S.  shipping  ton. 
40  cubic  feet  equal  |  32. 146  U.  S.  bushels. 

131.16  Imperial  bushels. 

(1  British  shipping  ton. 
33.75  U.  S.  bushels. 
32.749  Imperial  bushels. 
1  U.S.  or  Winchester  bushel  equals  2150.42  cubic  inches 
1  Imperial  bushel  equals  2218.192  cubic  inches. 
1       "  "  "      1.0315157  U.  S.  bushels. 

{8|  U.  S.  bushels  (nearly). 
8  Imperial  bushels. 
17,745.54  cubic  inches. 
10.2694  cubic  feet. 
350  cubic  feet  equal  1  keel 


—  34  - 

Surveyor's  Square  Measure 

625  square  links  equal  1  square  rod,  sq.  rd. 
16       *'       rods      "      1       "       chain,  sq.  ch. 
10      **       chains  "      1  acre,  A 
640  acres  equal  1  square  mile,  sq.  mi. 
36  square  miles  or  6  miles  square  equal  1  township,  tp. 
vSurveyors'  Long  Measure 
7.92  inches  equal  1  link. 
25  links  "       1  pole. 

100  links  "       1  chain. 

10  chains         "       1  furlong. 
8  furlongs        ' '       1  mile. 
Used  by  surveyors,  civil  engineers,  etc.,  in  measuring  distances. 
Measure  of  Time 

60  seconds,  sec.  equal  1  minute,  min. 

60  minutes  equal  1  hour,  hr. 

24  hours  "      1  day,  dy. 

7  days  "      1  week,  wk. 

2  weeks  "      1  fortnight. 

4      "  "1  month,  mo. 

13  months  1  day  6  hr.  equal  1  Julian  year. 

365  days  6  hours  equal  1  Julian  year. 

366  days  equal  1  leap  year. 

12  calendar  months  equal  1  year. 
Used  for  computing  time. 

Circular  Measure 
60  seconds  "  equal  1  minute  '. 
60  minutes       "       1  degree  °. 
30  degrees         "       1  sign  s. 
90  degrees        "       1  quadrant. 
12  signs  "       a  circle. 

4  quadrants  j   ^  ^  circumference  of  a  circle. 

360  degrees  )     ^ 
Used  in  measuring  latitude,  longitude,  etc. 

English  Wine  Measure 

18  U.  S.  gallons       -  equal  1  runlet. 

25  English  gallons    )  ,.  j  ^-^^^g^ 

42  U.  8.  gallons        ) 

74  English  gallons  "  1  firkin  of  beer. 

4  firkins  "  1  barrel. 

52i  English  gallons  l»  i  hogshead. 

63  U.  S.  gallons  ) 


—  35  — 


Number  of  English  or  United  States  yards  in  Miles  of 
Different  Nations. 


Name  Yards 

Arabian 2,148 

Bohemian 10,187 

Brebant 6,082 

Burgundy 6,183 

Chinese  (His) 682 

Dutch  (Ure) 6,395 

Danish 8,244 

English  (U.  S.) 1,760 

English  (geographical) 2,025 

Flemish 6,869 

German  (geographical) 8, 100 

Hamburg 8,244 

Hanover 11,559 

Hesse 10,547 

Hungarian 9,1 13 

French  (art  leagues) 4,860 

French  (marine) 6,075 

Legal  League  (2,000  toises) .  4,263 

Irish 3,338 

Italian 2,025 


Name  Yards 

Luthenian 9,784 

Oldenburg 10,820 

Persian  (paisang) 6,082 

Polish  (long) 8,101 

Polish  (short) 6,095 

Portuguese  (leguos) 6,760 

Prussian 8,498 

Roman  (modern) 2,035 

Roman  (ancient) 1  613 

Russian  (verst) 1 ,  167 

Saxon 9,905 

Scotch 1,984 

Silesian 7,083 

Spanish  (leguas) 4,630 

Spanish  (com.) 7,416 

Swiss 9,166 

Swedish 11,704 

Turkey 1,821 

Tuscan 1,808 

Vienna  (post  mile) 8,296 


Table  of  Miscellaneous  Weights 

14  pounds    equal  1  stone  (horseman's  weight). 

56  pounds        * '  1  firkin  of  butter. 

64  pounds         "  1  firkin  of  soft  soap. 

112  pounds       "  1  bari'el  of  raisins. 

256  pounds       *'  1  pack  of  soft  soap. 

196  i)Ounds       "  1  barrel  of  flour. 

200  pounds       "  1  barrel  of  beef,  pork  or  fish. 

280  pounds       "  1  barrel  of  salt.  New  York. 

22  stones  (301  lbs),  equal  1  sack  of  wool. 

17  stones  2  lbs  (240  lbs.),  equal  1  pack  of  wool. 

60  pounds     equal  1  truss  of  hay  (new). 

50  pounds         "  1  truss  of  hay  (old). 

40  pounds         "  1  truss  of  straw. 

400  pounds       "  1  bale  of  cotton. 


36  — 


Number  of  Pounds  to  Bushel 

Recognized  by  the  Laws  of  the  United  States. 


Wheat 60 

Shelled  corn. 56 

Com  in  Ear 70 

Rye 56 

Oat? 32 

Barley 48 

Irish  Potatoes 60 

Sweet  Potatoes 50 

White  Beans 60 

Castro  Beans 46 

Clover  Seed 60 

Timothy  Seed 45 

Flaxseed 56 

Hempseed 44 

Peas 60 

Blue  Grass  Seed 14 

Buckwheat.    ...    52 

Coke 


Dried  Peaches 33 

Dried  Apples 24 

Onions 57 

Salt 50 

Stone  Coal 80 

Malt 84 

Bran 30 

Plastering  Hair 88 

Turnips 57 

Unslacked  Lime 80 

Corn  Meal 50 

Fine  Salt 62 

Hungarian  Grass-seed 48 

Ground  Peas 24 

Onion  Sets 14 

Onion  Tops 25 

Onion  Bottoms 35 

46 


Standard  Weight  of  United  States  Coins 

(Gold.) 
$20  equals  516  grains. 
$10  "  258  grains. 
$5  "  129  grains. 
|3  "  77. 4  grains. 
$2.50  "  65.5  grains. 
$1         *•      25.8  grains. 

(Silver.) 
1  dollar  equals  412.5  grains. 
50  cents  "  192.9  grains. 
25  cents  "  96.45  grains. 
20  cents  "  77.16  grains. 
10  cent.=       "       38.58  grains. 


37  — 


English   or  Great  Britain    Currency 

Value  in  U.  S.  Gold  Coin 


4  fai'ohiugs  qr. 

4  pence 
12  pence 

2  shillings 

5  shillings 

20  shillings 

21  shillings 


equal 


1  penny  ct. 

$0.02. 

1  groat 

0.08. 

1  shilling  s. 

0.24. 

1  florin  fl. 

0.48. 

1  crown 

1.21. 

1  sovereign  or  £ 

$186. 

pound  sterling. 

1  guinea 

5.10. 

Roman  Money 

Roman  money  mentioned  in  the  New  Testament  reduced  to  United 
States  and  English  Standard. 


£. 

s. 

d. 

far. 

$ 

cents. 

A  Mite 

0 

0 

0 

0.75 

0 

.00343. 

A  Farthing  (about) 

0 

0 

0 

1.50 

0 

.C0687. 

A  Penny   or  Denarius 

0 

0 

7 

2 

0 

13.75. 

A  Pound  or  Mina 

3 

2 

6 

0 

13 

75. 

American  Proverbs  and  Maxims 

A  same  is  never  won  until  its  ended. 

A  fair  exchange  is  no  robbery. 

A  burnt  child  avoids  the  fire. 

A  shoemaker  should  stick  to  his  last. 

A  bad  oath  is  better  broken  than  kept. 

A  stitch  in  time  saves  nine. 

A  short  horse  is  soon  curried. 

A  rolling  stone  gathers  no  moss. 

A  setting  hen  never  grows  fat. 

A  miss  is  as  good  as  a  mile. 

A  bird  in  hand  is  worth  two  in  the  bush. 

A  smooth  sea  never  makes  skilled  mariners. 

A  rotten  apple  infects  its  companions. 

A  guilty  conscience  needs  no  accuser. 

A  drowning  man  catches  at  straws. 

A  new  broom  sweeps  clean. 


-  38  — 

A  fool  for  luck. 

A  penny  saved  is  as  good  as  a  penny  earned. 

A  dead  Injun  is  a  good  Injun. 

A  fool  and  his  money  are  soon  parted, 

A  barking  dog  seldom  bites. 

A  friend  in  need  is  a  friend  indeed. 

A  stream  cannot  rise  higher  than  its  fountain. 

A  quiet  tongue  makes  a  wise  head. 

An  idle  brain  i^  the  devil's  workshop. 

An  honest  man  is  the  noblest  work  of  God. 

An  honest  confession  is  good  for  the  soul. 

An  ounce  of  prevention  is  worth  a  pound  of  cure. 

All  is  fish  that  comes  to  my  net. 

All  is  not  gold  that  glitters. 

All  is  well  that  ends  well. 

All  is  fair  in  love  or  war. 

As  many  opinions  as  people. 

As  the  cock  crows  the  young  one  learns. 

As  the  twig  is  bent  the  tree's  inclined. 

As  you  raise  them  so  you  have  them  (children). 

As  well  be  out  of  the  world  as  out  of  the  fashion. 

Artists  are  born,  not  made. 

Accidents  will  happen  in  the  best  of  families. 

Accidents  are  the  result  of  carelessness. 

Always  kick  the  dog  that's  under. 

An  old  fox  is  not  easily  caught. 

A  cheerful  spirit  sweetens  toil. 

Better  wear  out  than  rust  out. 

Better  let  well  enough  alone. 

Better  late  than  never. 

Better  the  day,  better  the  deed. 

Better  do  it  than  wish  it  done. 

Better  have  two  cooks  than  one  doctor. 

Better  be  at  the  end  of  a  feast  than  at  the  beginning  of  a  fray. 

Better  to  have  the  goodwill,  even  of  a  dog. 

Better  to  have  two  strings  for  one  bow. 

Better  still  to  have  two  beaux. 

Be  sure  of  a  new  friend  before  cutting  an  old  one. 

Be  sure  you  are  right,  then  go  ahead. 

Be  sure  your  sin  will  find  you  out. 

Be  just,  before  you  are  generous. 


—  39  — 

Begin  on  the  best  and  you'll  always  have  the  best. 

Bygones  have  no  right  to  be  heard. 

Blessings  brighten  as  they  take  their  flight. 

Birds  of  a  feather  flock  together. 

Biters  are  sometimes  bitten. 

Be  sure  to  know  what  you  are  talking  about. 

Beauty  is  only  skin  deep. 

Beauty  hi  a  blossom. 

Beauty  unadorned,  adorned  the  most. 

Brevity  is  the  soul  of  wit. 

Birth  is  much,  breeding  more. 

Brag  is  a  good  dog,  holdfast  a  better. 

Borrowed  garments  never  fit  well. 

Bought  wit  is  the  best  wit. 

Bricks  don't  make  a  home  nor  binding  a  book. 

Circumstances  alter  cases. 

Creaking  ships  run  a  long  while. 

Competition  is  the  life  of  trade. 

Corporations  have  no  souls. 

Curses  like  chickens  go  home  to  roost. 

Charity  should  begin  at  home. 

Coming  events  cast  their  shadows  before. 

Confessing  a  fault  half  amends  it. 

Convince  a  man  against  his  will,  and  he's  of  the  same  opinion  atill. 

Can't  get  blood  out  of  a  turnip. 

Cut  your  coat  according  to  your  cloth. 

Charity  covers  a  multitude  of  sins. 

Discontent  is  a  charming  lap-dog. 

Desperate  disease,  require  desperate  remedies. 

Dropping  water  wear.5  the  rock. 

Domestic  infelicity  is  a  thorn  in  the  flesh. 

Deatli  loves  a  shining  mark. 

Dreams  go  by  contraries. 

Don't  meet  trouble  half  way. 

Don't  cook  a  hare  before  you  catch  it. 

Don't  throw  money  into  a  hopper. 

Every  stream  findeth  its  own  channel. 

Every  man  is  his  own  doctor. 

Every  man  is  supposed  to  know  his  own  business  best. 

Every  trade  has  its  tricks. 

Every  dog  has  his  day. 


—  40  — 

Hunger  is  good  sauce. 

He  laughs  best  who  laughs  last. 

Harder  the  storm  the  sooner  over. 

It  is  hard  to  teach  an  old  dog  new  tricks. 

It  is  easy  to  advise  other  folks. 

It  is  a  long  lane  that  has  no  turning. 

It  takes  all  sorts  of  people  to  make  a  world. 

It  never  rains  but  it  pours. 

It  is  truth  that  cuts. 

It  is  an  ill  wind  that  1\)lows  nobody  good. 

It  is  bad  luck  to  turn  back. 

It  is  good  luck  to  turn  back  once. 

It  is  a  poor  rule  that  wont  work  both  ways. 

It  is  easy  to  make  straw  men. 

It  is  well  to  have  the  courage  of  one's  convictions. 

It  takes  two  to  make  a  bargain. 

Jack  of  all  trades,  master  ot  none. 

Know  which  side  your  bread  is  buttered. 

Least  said  soonest  mended. 

Learn  to  run  yourself  and  be  content. 

Lazy  folks  take  most  pains. 

Lose  your  due,  get  no  thanks. 

Live  and  learn. 

Live  and  let  live. 

Let  not  zeal  outrun  discretion. 

Let  the  devil  have  his  due. 

Little  cares  bring  heavy  griefs. 

Little  leaks  sink  great  ships. 

Little  pitchers  have  big  ears. 

Little  boats  should  keep  near  shore. 

Little  folks  should  be  seen  and  not  heard. 

Listeners  hear  no  good. 


—  41  — 

The  Origin  of  the  Names  of  the  Months 


January.— The  Roman  Janus  presided  over  the  beginning  of  every- 
thing; so  the  first  month  was  named  after  him. 

February. — The  Roman  festival  Februs  was  held  on  the  fifteenth  day 
of  this  month,  in  honor  of  Lupercus. 

March. — Named  after  the  Roman's  god  of  war — Mars. 

April. — From  the  Latin,  Aprilis,  derived  probably  from  asperire,  to 
open,  because  spring-time  generally  commences  and  the  buds  burst 
open  in  this  month. 

May.— Latin,  Mains,  derived  probably  from  Maia,  a  feminine 
divinity  worshiped  at  Rome  on  the  first  day  of  this  month. 

June. — Juno,  a  Roman  divinity  worshiped  as  the  Queen  of  Heaven. 

July. — Julius,  Julius  CiBsar  was  born  in  this  month. 

August. — Named  by  the  Roman  Emperor,  Augustus  Caesar,  after 
himself,  as  he  regarded  it  a  lucky  mouth,  being  the  month  in  which  he 
won  several  of  his  famous  victories. 

September. — Septem,  the  Latin  for  seven;  September  was  the  seventh 
month  in  the  old  Roman  year. 

October. — Octo,  the  Latin  for  eight,  it  was  the  eighth  month  in  the 
old  Roman  year. 

November. — Novem,  the  Latin  for  nine,  it  was  the  ninth  month  in 
the  old  Roman  year. 

December. — Decem,  the  Latin  for  ten,  it  being  the  tenth  month  in 
the  old  Roman  year. 


The  Origin  of  the  Names  of  the  Days 

Sunday. — It  was  so-called  because  it  was  anciently  dedicated  to  the 
worship  of  the  sun. 

Monday. — Means  literally,  the  day  of  the  Moon. 

Tuesday. — Was  dedicated  to  Tuisco,  the  Mars  of  our  Saxon  Ances- 
tors, the  deity  or  god  that  presided  over  wars,  combats,  strife  and 
litigation. 

Wednesday. — It's  so-called  from  Wodin  or  Odin,  a  deity  or  chief 
among  ancient  nations  of  Northern  Europe. 

Thursday. — It  is  named  after  Thor,  the  old  Teutonic  god  of  Thunder. 

Friday. — Is  named  from  Frea  or  Friga,  a  goddess  of  the  old  Saxon 
m  y  thology. 

Saturday. — Means  simply  Saturn's  day,  the  name  being  derived  from 
the  deity  of  that  name. 


42 


Emblematic  Names  of  States  of  the  U.  S. 


State  Name 
Arkansas 
California     - 
Colorado 
Connecticut 
Delaware 
Florida 
Greorgia    - 
Illinois 
Indiana 
Iowa 
Kansas     - 
Kentucky     - 
Louisiana 
Maine 

Massachusetts     - 
Michigan 
Minnesota 
Mississippi    - 
Missouri     - 
Nevada 

New  Hampshire 
New  Jersey- 
New  York 
North  Carolina 
Ohio 
Oregon 
Pennsylvania 
Rhode  Island 
South  Carolina 
Tennessee 
Texas 
Vermont 

Virginia 

West  Virginia 
Wisconsin 


EMBLE3IATIC  NaME. 

Bear  State. 

The  Golden  State. 

Centennial  State. 

-    Nutmeg  or  Freestone  State. 

Diamond  State. 

Peninsular  State. 

Empire  State  of  the  South. 

Prairie  or  Sucker  State. 

Hoosier  State. 

Hawkey e  State. 

Garden  of  the  West. 

Corn  Cracker  State. 

Creole  State. 

Pine  Tree  State. 

Old  Bay  State  or  Old  Colony. 

Wolverine  or  Lake  State. 

Gopher  State. 

The  Bayou  State. 

-     The  Pennsylvania  of  the  West. 

Sage  Hen  State. 

Granite  State. 

-    Jersey  Blue. 

Empire  or  Excelsior  State. 

Old  North  or  Turpentine  State. 

-     Buckeye  State. 

Webfoot  State. 

Keystone  State. 

Little  Rhody. 

Palmetto   State. 

Big  Bend  State. 

Lone  Star  State. 

Green  Mountain  State. 

f  Old  Dominion,  Mother  of  States, 

I  or  Mother  of  Presidents. 

Pan  Handle  State. 
-     Badger  State. 


43 


Fictitious  Names  of  Cities  of  U.  S. 


City  Name. 
Baltimore 
Boston 

Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 
Buffalo 
Chicasjo    - 
Cincinnati 
Cleveland 
Detroit 
Hannibal,  Mo. 
Indianapolis 
Keokuk,  la. 
Louisville 
Lowell     - 
Nashville 
New  Haven 
New  Orleans 
New  York     - 

Philadelphia 

Pittsburg 
Portland,  Me     - 
Rochester     - 
Springfield,  111. 
St.  Louis 
Washington,  D. 


Fictitious  Name. 

Monumental  City. 
3 Hub  of  the  Universe,  Puritan 
(      City  or  City  of  Notions. 

City  of  Churches 

Queen  City  of  the  Lakes 

Garden  City 

Queen  City 

Forest  City 

City  of  Straits 

Bluff  City 

Railroad  City 

Gate  City 

-  Falls  City 
-      City  of  Spindles 

-     City  of  Rocks 

City  of  Elms 

Crescent  City 

Empire  City  or  Gotham 

jQuaker  City  or  City 

/of  Brotherly  Love 

Smoky  City  or  Iron  City 

-  Forest  City 

Flour  City 
Flower  City 

-  Mound  City 
City  of  Magnificent  Distances 


National  Flower  of  Different 
Nations 


STATE 

EMBLEM 

STATE 

EMBLEM 

Athens 

Violet 

Italy 

Lily 

Canada 

Sugar  Maple 

Prussia 

Linden 

Egypt 

Lotus 

Saxony 

Mignonette 

England 

Roses 

Scotland 

Thistle 

France 

Fleur  de  Lis 

Spain 

Pomegranat( 

Germany 

Cornflower 

Wales 

Leek 

Ireland 

Shamrock 



44 


TiMK  Required  for  Digesting  Food 


Name  of  Food 

How  Cooked 

Hrs.  Miu. 

Apples,  sweet 

Boiled 

2.30 

Apples,  sweet,  mellow 

Raw 

-   1.30 

Apples,  sour,  hard 

-  Raw 

2.50 

Barley 

Boiled 

2.00 

Bass,  striped 

-   Broiled     - 

-     3.00 

Beans,  Lima 

Boiled 

2.30 

Beans,  pod 

-     Boiled 

2.30 

Beans  and  green  corn 

Boiled 

3.45 

Beef 

Fried 

i.OO 

Beefsteak 

Broiled             « 

-       3.00 

Beef,  fresh,  lean,  dry- 

Roasted  "    - 

3.30 

Beef,  fresh,  lean,  raw 

Roasted 

-      3.00 

Beef,  salt 

-     Boiled 

2.45 

Beets 

Boiled 

-        3.45 

Bread,  corn 

-       Baked 

-       3.15 

Bread,  wheat,  fresh 

Baked 

1.30 

Butter 

-       Fresh 

-      3.30 

Cabbage 

Raw 

2  30 

Cabbage,  with  vinegar 

-       Raw 

-       2.00 

Cabbage 

Boiled 

4.30 

Carrots 

-     Boiled 

-       3.15 

Catfish 

Fried 

3.30 

Cheese,  old 

-      Raw 

-      3.30 

Chicken 

Fricasseed 

2.45 

Codfish,  cured  dry 

-       Boiled 

-      2.00 

Custard 

Baked 

2.45 

Duck,  tame 

-      Roasted 

-      4.00 

Duck,  wild 

Roasted 

4.30 

Eggs,  fresh 

Raw 

-      2.00 

Eggs,  fresh  - 

Scrambled  - 

1.30 

Eggs,  fresh 

-      Roasted 

-      2.15 

Eggs,  fresh  - 

Soft  boiled 

3.00 

Eggs,  fresh 

Hard  boiled     - 

-      3.30 

Eggs,  fresh  - 

Fried 

3.30 

Fowls,  domestic 

Roasted 

-      4.00 

Hash  meat  and  vegetables  - 

Warmed     - 

2.30 

Lamb,  fresh 

Broiled 

-       2.30 

Lamb 

Boiled 

2.30 

Milk       - 

Raw     - 

-      2.15 

45 


Name  of  Food 

How  Cooked 

Milk 

Boiled 

Mutton 

Boiled 

Mutton 

Roasted 

Oysters,  frc.ih    - 

-      Raw     - 

Oysters,  freiili 

Roasted 

Oysters,  fresh    - 

Stewed 

Pigs'  feet,  soused     - 

Boiled 

Pork,  fat  and  lean 

Roasted 

Pork,  recently  salted 

Stewed 

Pork,  recently  salted   - 

-       Fried   - 

Potatoef?,  Irish 

Baked 

Potatoes,  Irish 

-      Boiled  - 

Rice 

Boiled 

Sago      - 

-      Boiled  - 

Salmon,  salted 

Boiled 

Sausages,  fresh 

-      Broiled 

Soup,  barley 

Boiled 

Soup,  Lean 

-      Boiled  - 

Soup,  chicken 

Boiled 

Soup,  muttoa    - 

-      Boiled  - 

Soup,  beef,  vegetables 

Boiled 

Tripe,  soused     - 

-      Boiled  - 

Trout,  salmon,  fresh 

Boiled 

Turkey  - 

Roasted 

Veal 

Boiled 

Veal       - 

-       Fried    - 

Hrs.  Min. 
2.00 

-  3.00 
3.15 

-  2.55 
3.15 

-  3.30 
1.00 

-  3.15 
3.00 

-  3.15 
2.30 

-  3.30 
1.00 

-  1.45 
4.00 

-  3.15 
130 

-  3.30 
3.00 

-  3.  SO 
4.00 

-  1.00 
1.30 

-  2.30 
4.00 

-  4.30 


Currency  of  Different  Commercial 

Nations 

Argentine  Confederation 
100  centesimos  equal     -     1  dollar  or  patacon,  equal  $1.00 
17  patacons  equal    -  ...         1  doubloon 

Austria 

100  kreutzers  equal  -  -  1  florin,  equal  $0.47 


—  46  — 

British  India 

12  pies  equal            -            -             -  -            -   1  anna 
16  anas     **          -            -            -           1  rupee,  equal  $0.48 

15  rupees "                -            -            -  -             1  mohur 

Lac  of  rupees  equal  100,000,  equal         -  £10,000 

Crore  of  rupees  equal  10,000,000  equal,  -        £1,000,000 


100  centesimi  equal 


4  great  riveh  equal 
4  bais  equal 
4  math    " 


Italy 
Burmah 

Canada 


1  lira,  equal  $0,193 


1  bais,  equal  $0.03 

-     1  math 

1  tical  or  kyat 


Accounts  are  kept  in  dollars  and  cents;   and  also  in  pounds, 
shillings  and  pence.     See  United  States  and  Great  Britain. 

Cape  of  Good  Hope 

(See  Great  Britain) 


100  Centavos  equal 
100  cents  equal 


24  skillingen  equal 
5  marks  equal 
100  ore  equal 


400  reis  equal 
480  reis  equal 
1,000  reis  equal 
4,500  reis  equal 


Chili 


Mexico 


1  peso  (dollar),  $0.96 


1  dollar,  equal  $1.00 


Norway 

1  mark  or  ort 

-    1  species-daler,  equal  $1.07 

-     1  krona,  equal  $0.25 

Portugal 

1  cruzado 

-  1  cruzado  novo  or  pinto 

-  $1.08 

1  pound  (English  Coin) 


12  skillings  equal 
6  mark  equal 


—  47  — 

Denmark 

1  mark 
1  rigsbankdaler  (rixdaler)  $0.53 


3  asper  equal 
40  para  equal 


Kgypt 


1  para 
1  piastre,  equal  $0.05 


100  centimes  equal 
20  francs  equal     - 


France 


1  franc,  equal  $0.1 93 
1  napoleon  or  louis 


10  pfennings  equal 
10  groschens  equal 
30  groschens  equal 


Germany 


1  groschen 

1  mark,  equal  $0,235 

1  thaler 


Gibraltar 

16  quartos  equal 

12  reals  equal 

100  cents  equal    - 

10  decimas  de  real  vellon  equal 

20  real  de  vellon  equal  - 

100  reals  de  vellon  equal     - 


1  real 

1  dollar,  equal  $1.00 

1  dollar 

1  real  de  vellon 

1  dollar,  equal  $1.00 

1  doblon 


100  lepta  equal 


Greece 


1  dracham,  equal  $0,193 


100  cents  equal 


Holland 

1  gulden  or  florin,  equal  $0.40 


Russia 


100  copecks  equal 

10  roubles 

The  paper  rouble  equal 


1  silver  rouble,  equal  $0. 72 

equal  1  imperial 

$0.60  (about) 


48  — 


Siam 

200  to  450  courties  or  bier  equal 
4  p'hainungs  equal 
2  fuangs  equal 
4  salungs  equal 
4  ticals  equal 


1  p'hainung 

1  fuang 

1  salung  or  niiam 

1  tical 

1  tamlung,  equal  $2.40 


Spain 


100  centimos  equal 
100  ore  equal 
40  paras  equal     - 


Sweden 


Turkey 


1  peseta,  equal  $0.19 


1  rixdaler,  equal  ^0.27 


1  pia;itre 
100  piastres  equal     1  medjidie  or  liro  turca,  equal  $4.32 

Belgium 

100  centimes  equal  -  -       1  franc,  equal  ^0.193 

20  francs  equal  -  -  1  napoleon  or  louis 


Brazil 


400  reis  equal 
480  reis      " 
1,000  reis  ** 


1  cruzardo 

1  cruzardo  novo,  or  pinto 

1  milreis,  equal  .^0.55 


Japan 


10  mons  Or  sepei  equal 

10  rin  equal 

100  sens  or  tempos  equal 


1  rin 

1  sen 

1  yen,  equal  $1.00 


China 


10  cash  equal 

10  candareens  equal 

10  mace  equal 

Among  foreigners  1,000  cash  (about)  1  dollar. 


1  candareen  (fun) 
1  mace  (tsien) 
1  tael  (leang) 


U.  S.  of  Colombia 


10  centavos  equal 
10  decimos  equal 


1  decimo 
1  peso,  equal  $1.00 


49 


Great  Wonders  in  America 

Croton  Aqueduct,  iu  New  York  City. 

City  Park,  Philadelphia,  Penn.,  the  largest  public  park  in  the  world. 

Lake  Superior,  the  largest  lake  in  the  world. 

Mammoth  Cave,  in  Kentucky. 

Niagara  Falls,  a  sheet  of  water  three-quarters  of  a  mile  in  widtli 
with  a  fall  of  175  feet. 

Natural  Bridge,  over  Cedar  Creek,  in  Virginia. 

New  State  Capitol,  at  Albany,  New  York. 

New  York  and  Brooklyn  Bridge. 

The  Central  Park  in  New  York  City. 

Yellowstone  National  Park,  in  Wyoming  Ter. 

Washington  Monument,  Washington,  D.  C,  555  feet  in  height. 

Yosemite  Valley,  California,  51  miles  from  Coulterville.  A  valley 
from  8  to  10  miles  long,  and  about  1  mile  wide.  Has  very  steep  slope  3 
abo\it  3,500  feet  high  ;  has  a  perpendicular  precipice  3,089  feet  high, 
a  rock  almost  perpendicular,  3,270  feet  high  ;  and  waterfalls  from 
700  to  1,000  feet  high. 


Chemical  Substances — their  Common  Names 


Common  Name 
Ammonia 

Aqua  Fortis 

Aqua  Pvegia 

Blue  Vitriol 

Cream  of  Tartar 

Calomel 

Chalk       - 

Caustic  Potassa 

Chloroform 

Common  Salt 

Copperas  or  Green  Vitriol 

Corrosive  Sublimate     - 

Diamond 

Dry  Alum 

Epsom  Salts 

Ethiops  Mineral 

Fire  Damp 

Galena 

Glauber's  Salt 


Chemical  Name 
Volatile  Alkali 

Nitric  Acid 

Nitro-Muriatic  Acid 

Sulphate  of  Copper 

Bitartrate  Potassium 

Chloride  of  Mercury 

Carbonate  Calcium 

Hydrate  Potassium 

Chloride  of  Gormyle 

Chloride  of  Sodium 

Sulphate  of  Iron 

Bi-Chloride  of  Mercury 

Pure  Carbon 

Sulphate  AUuminum  and  Potassium 

-  Sulphate  of  Magnesia 

Black  Sulphide  of  Mercury 

Light  Carburetted  Hydrogen 

Sulphide  of  Lead 

Sulphate  of  Sodium 


50  — 


Chemical  Substances — Conihuied 


Commou  Name 
Glucose 

Goulard  Water 
Hartshorn 
Iron  Pyrites 
Jeweler's  Putty 
King's  Yellow 
Laughing  Gas 
Lime 

Lunar  Caustic 
Mosaic  Gold 
Muriate  of  Lime 
Nitre  of  Saltpetre 
Oil  of  Vitriol 
Potash 
Realgar 
Red  Lead 
Rust  of  Iron 
Salmoniac 
Salt  of  Tartar 
Saltpetre 
Slacked  Lime 
Soda 

Spirits  of  Hartshorn     - 
Spirit  of  Salt 
Stucco  or  Plaster  of  Paris 
Sugar  of  Lead 
Verdigvis 
Vermilion 
Vinegar 
Water 

White  Precipitate 
White  Vitriol       - 


Chcmifal  Name 
-  Grape  Sugar 

-    Basic  Acetate  of  Lead 

-  Carbonate  of  Ammonia 

Bi-Sulphide  Iron 

Oxide  of  Tin 

Sulphide  of  Arsenic 

Protoxide  of  Nitrogen 

-   Oxide  of  Calcium 

Nitrate  of  Silver 

Bi-Sulphide  of  Tin 

-    Chloride  of  Calcium 

Nitrate  of  Potash 

Sulphuric  Acid 

Oxide  of  Potassium 

Sulphide  of  Arsenic 

Oxide  of  Lead 

Oxide  of  Iron 

-  Muriat  of  Ammonia 
Carbonate  of  Potassa 

Salt  of  Nitric  Acid  and  Potash 

-  Hydrate  Calcium 

Oxide  of  Sodium 

-     Ammonia 

Hydro-Chloric  or  Muriatic  Acid 

Sulphate  of  Lime 

Acetate  of  liCad 

-  Basic  Acetate  of  Copper 

-  Sulphide  of  Mercui-y 
Acetic  Acid  (Diluted) 

Oxide  of  Hydrogen 

Ammoniated  Mercury 

-    Sulphate  of  Zinc 


Antidotes  and  Treatment  for  Poisons 

Immediately  on  discovering  that  poison  has  been  swallowed,  send 
for  a  physician  with  all  possible  haste.  UntU  his  arrival,  the  treat- 
ment should  either  be  with  a  view  to  removing  the  poison  by  an  emetic 
or  neutralizing  its  effects  by  an  antidote. 


Emetics 

Ground  mustard,  a  tablespoonful  in  a  tumbler  of  warm  water,  is  an 
emetic  usually  quickly  procured.  Give  the  patient  one-fourth  of  it  at 
once,  and  follow  with  a  cup  of  warm  water.  Repeat  the  dose  every 
minute  or  two  until  vomiting  takes  place.  Give  moderately  warm 
water  freely.  Mustard  has  a  special  value  in  most  cases  where  an 
emetic  is  needed,  as  it  is  also  stimulating  in  its  effects.  Common  salt 
is  also  used  as  an  emetic,  a  teacup  of  water  with  as  much  salt  as  the 
water  will  dissolve,  being  given  every  few  moments  until  vomiting 
occurs. 

Tickling  the  throat  with  a  feather,  or  with  the  finger,  is  a  valuable 
aid  to  the  action  of  an  emetic.  After  vomiting  takes  place,  the  white 
of  eggs  in  warm  water,  warm  milk,  gum  arabic  water,  or  flour  and 
water,  may  be  given  to  further  cleanse  the  stomach  and  to  soothe  the 
irritated  mucous  membrane. 


Antidotes 

The  following  table  gives  the  common  poisons  and  suggestions  as  to 
the  treatment  for  each  poison,  and  together  with  the  above,  may  be  of 
assistance  until  the  arrival  of  a  physician. 

Acids  (mineral). — Chalk,  magnesia  (plaster  off  wall),  solution  of  cook- 
ing soda,  or  saleratus;  then  barley  water,  linseed  tea,  or  olive  oil. 

Aconite. — Emetics,  stimulants  external  and  internal. 

Antimony. — Strong  tea  in  large  quantities. 

Aqua  Fortis. — Same  as  acid,  mineral. 

Arsenic. — Give  milk  in  large  quantities,  or  the  white  of  eggs,  or  flour 
and  water;  follow  with  stimulants. 

Argenti  Nit. — Large  teaspoonful  of  salt  in  cup  of  water,  repeat  in 
ten  minutes;  then  give  castor  oil  and  linseed  tea  or  barley  water. 

Bad  Fish  or  Other  Food. — Emetics;  then  a  large  dose  of  castor  oil 
with  some  warm  spice,  mustard  plaster  to  pit  of  stomach  if  necessary. 

Bedbug  Poison. — Same  as  corrosive  sublimate. 

Blue  Vitriol. — Same  as  cupri  sulph.  and  copper. 

Cannabis  Indica. — Hot  Brandy  and  water,  lemon  juice,  vegetable 
acids,  vinegar.     Allow  patient  to  sleep,  blister  to  nape  of  neck. 

Cantharides. — Emetics,  followed  by  barley  water,  flax-seed  tea,  or 
other  soothing  drinks. 

Carbolic  Acid. — Give  flour  and  water,  or  glutinous  drinks. 


—  52  — 

Antidotes — Continued 

Caustic  Potash. — Same  as  Potash. 

Caustic  Soda. — Same  as  Potash. 

Chlorine  Water. — Albumen  (white  of  egg)  milk,  flour. 

Chloroform. — Pour  cold  water  over  the  head  and  face  (get  the  head 
as  low  as  possible),  excite  respiration,  artificial  galvanic  battery. 

Chloride  of  Tin. — Milk  in  large  quantities  with  magnesia,  chalk,  or 
whiting  in  it ;  raw  eggs  beaten  up  with  water  or  milk. 

Chloral  Hydrate. — Same  as  Chloroform. 

Chloride  of  Zinc. — Milk  with  white  of  eggs  in  it.     Large  doses. 

Cobalt. — vSame  as  arsenic. 

Carbonate  of  Soda. — Prompt  emetic,  soap  or  mucilaginous  drinks. 

Bi-Carbonate  of  Potassa. — Magnesia  or  soap,  dissolved  in  water, 
every  two  minutes. 

Colchicum. — Emetics,  then  barley  water,  linseed  tea,  etc.  If  stupor 
(coma)  be  present,  give  brandy,  coffee,  ammonia. 

Conium. — Emetics,  followed  by  stimulants  externally  and  internally. 

Copper. — Milk  and  white  of  eggs ;  large  quantities  ;  then  strong  tea. 
Don't  give  vinegar: 

Copperas. — Emetics,  and  same  as  carbonate  of  soda. 

Corrosive  Sublimate. — White  of  eggs  in  a  little  water.  Repeat 
dose  at  intervals  of  two  or  three  minutes  until  patient  vomits.  Use 
milk  or  flour  and  water  if  you  can't  get  eggs. 

Croton  Oil. — Emetics,  then  flaxseed  tea,  gum  arable  water,  slippery 
elm,  etc. 

Cupri  Sulph. — Same  as  copper. 

Cyanide  of  Potassium. — Same  as  prussic  acid. 

Digitalis. — Emetic,  keep  the  patient  lying  down.  Stimulants  exter- 
nally and  internally. 

Fowler's  Solution. — Same  as  arsenic. 

Haschisch. — Same  as  Cannabis  Indica. 

Hemlock. — Same  as  conium. 

Henbane. — Same  as  hyoscyamus. 

Hyoscyamus. — Emetics,  lemon  juice,  stimulants,  external  and 
internal. 

Hydrocyanic  Acid. — Fresh  air  and  artificial  respiration  with  dashes 
of  cold  water. 

Indelible  Ink. — Some  as  argenti  nit. 

Indian  Hemp. — Same  as  Cannabis  Indica. 

Iodine. — Emetics,  starch  or  flour  in  water,  barley  water  or  other 
demulcent  drinks. 


—  53  — 

Antidotes —  Contin  ued 

Ivy  Poisoning. — Apply  soft  soap  freely  to  the  affectedparts  ;  or  bathe 
the  poisoned  skin  frequently  with  a  weak  tincture  of  belladonna. 

Laudanum. — Same  as  opium. 

Lead. — Two  ounces  of  Epsom  salts  in  a  pint  of  water,  wineglass  full 
every  ten  minutes  until  it  operates  freely.     Afterward  milk. 

Lead  Salts.— Same  as  lead. 

Lead  Water. — Same  as  lead. 

Lobelia. — Stimulants  externally  and  internally. 

Lunar  Caustic. — Same  as  argenti  nit. 

Lye. — Same  as  potash. 

Mercury.  —  Same  as  corrosive  sublimate. 

Mineral  Acid. — Same  as  acid,  mineral. 

Morphia. — Same  as  t)pium. 

Muriatic  Acid. — Same  as  acids,  mineral. 

Nitrate  of  Silver. — Same  as  argenti  nit. 

Nitre. — Same  as  saltpetre. 

Nitric  Acid. — Same  as  acids,  mineral. 

Nux  Vomica. — Emetics,  artificial  respiration,  linseed  tea  or  barley- 
water;  to  an  adult  30  drops  of  laudanum  to  relieve  the  spasms. 

Oil  of  Bitter  Almond. — Same  as  prussic  acid. 

Oil  of  Vitriol." Same  as  r  cids,  mineral. 

Opium. — Emetics  (10  grains  of  sulphate  of  copper  if  possible);  after 
vomiting,  which  must  be  induced  quickly,  give  plenty  of  strong  coffee 
with  brandy,  put  mustard  plasters  around  calves  of  legs;  keep  patient 
aroused  by  walking  around,  dashing  cold  water  in  face,  beating  soles 
of  feet  or  whipping  body  with  towels  wrung  out  in  cold  water.  If  the 
patient  is  allowed  to  go  to  sleep  before  the  effect  of  the  opium  has 
passed  off  death  will  result. 

Oxalic  Acid.  — Same  as  acids,  mineral. 

Paregoric. — Same  as  opium. 

Paris  Green,' — Same  as  arsenic. 

Phosphorus.  —  Emetics,  large  quantitiesof  tepid  water,  with  magnesia, 
chalk,  whiting,  or  even  flour  stirred  in  it. 

Potash. — Vinegar  and  water,  oranges,  lemons,  sour  beer,  cider  or 
sour  fruit;  then  give  oil,  linseed  or  olive. 

Prussic  Acid. — Sal-volatile  and  water;  apply  smelling  salts  to  nostrils; 
dash  cold  water  in  face;  give  stimulants. 

Ratsbane. — Same  as  arsenic. 

Red  Precipitate. — Same  as  corrosive  sublimate. 

Red  Lead. — Same  as  lead. 

"Rough  on  Rats". — Same  as  arsenic. 


-  54  — 

Antidotes — Co  n  tin  ued 

Saltpetre. — ^Flour  and  water  in  large  doses;  linseed  or  sweet  oil. 
Salts  of  Tin. — Milk  in  large  quantities. 
Spanish  Fly. — Same  as  Cantharides. 
Spirits  of  Salts. — Same  as  acids,  mineral. 
Strychnine.  —  Same  as  nux  vomica. 
Sugar  of  Lead.  — Same  as  lead. 
Sulphuric  Acid. — Same  as  acids,  mineral. 
Sulphate  of  Zinc. — Same  as  zinc  salts. 
Tartar  Emetic. — Same  as  antimony. 
Tartarized  Antimony. — Same  as  antimony. 
Tobacco  Emetics. — Stimulants  external  and  internal. 
Verdigris. — Same  as  copper. 
Vermilion. — Same  as  corrosive  sublimate. 
Volatile  Alkali. — Same  as  potash. 
White  Precipitate. — Same  as  arsenic. 
White  Vitriol.— Same  as  zinc  salts. 

Zinc  Salts.— Give  milk  with  white  of  eggs,  freely,  afterward  warai 
barley-water  or  linseed  tea. 


To  Stop  Vomiting 

Drink  freely  of  hot  water,  just  as  hot  as  can  be  home. 

Rattlesnake  Bites 

Whiskey  is  supposed  to  be  the  great  cure-all.     Give  enough  to  cause 
intoxication. 

Mad  Dog  Bites 

Sse  a  physician  at  once  if  possible,  or  apply  caustic  potash  at  onco  to 
the  wound.     Give  enough  whiskey  to  cause  sleep. 

Cat  Bites 

Apply  fat  salt  pork  to  the  wound  for  a  day  or  two,  or  until  all  the 
poison  is  all  extracted. 


Bites  and  Stings  of  Insects 

Wash  with  a  solution  of  water  of  ammonia. 


Words  of  Wisdom  for  the  People 

If  you  would  know  what  a  dollar  is  worth,  try  to  borrow  one. 
When  the  dog  is  down,  everyone  is  ready  to  bite  him. 
Ask  thy  purse  what  thou  shoulds't  buy. 
A  good  example  is  the  best  sermon. 
A  silent  man's  words  are  not  brought  into  court. 
A  rich  dress  is  not  worth  a  straw  to  one  who  has  a  poor  mind. 
A  father  is  a  treasure,  a  brother  a  comfort,  a  friend  is  both. 
A  good  fame  is  better  than  a  good  face. 
A  young  man  idle,  and  old  man  needy. 
A  bridle  for  the  tongue  is  a  necessary  piece  of  furniture. 
A  civil  denial  is  better  than  a  rude  grant. 
A  nice  wife  and  a  backdoor  often  make  a  rich  man  poor. 
A  good  paymaster  never  wants  workmen. 
A  good  wife  and  health  are  a  man's  best  wealth. 
A  man  can  never  thrive  who  has  a  wasteful  wife. 
A  man  of  words,  and  not  of  deeds,  is  like  a  garden  full  of  weeds. 
A  lass  that  has  many  wooers  oft  fares  the  worst. 
A  handful  of  common  sense  is  Avorth  a  bushel  of  learning. 
A  fool  can  make  money;  it  requires  a  wise  man  to  spend  it. 
A  wealthy  man  who  obtains  his  wealth  honestly  and  uses  it  rightly 
is  a  great  blessing  to  the  community. 

An  ounce  of  mother's  Mat  is  worth  a  pound  of  clergy. 
A  single  fact  is  worth  a  shipload  of  argument. 
A  tree  is  known  by  its  fruit. 

Before  thou  marry  be  sure  of  a  house  wherein  to  tarry. 
Be  slow  to  promise,  and  quick  to  perform. 
Better  to  be  alone  than  in  bad  company. 

Charity  begins  at  heme,  but  does  not  end  there. 
Confine  your  tongue,  lest  it  confine  you. 
Constant  occupation  prevents  tempation. 

Daub  yourself  with  honey  and  you  will  have  plenty  of  flies. 

Deeds  are  fruit,  words  are  but  leaves. 

Delays  are  dangerous. 

Dependence  is  a  poor  trade  to  follow. 

Despise  none,  despair  of  none. 

Diligence  is  the  mistress  of  success. 

Diseases  are  the  interests  paid  for  pleasures. 

Do  as  you  would  be  done  by. 


—  56 


Words  of  Wisdom  for  the  People — Conti7iiied 

Do  not  halloo  till  you  are  out  of  the  wood. 

Do  not  rip  up  old  sores. 

Do  not  throw  your  opinions  in  everybody's  teeth. 

Don't  run  away  with  more  than  you  can  carry. 

Don't  value  a  gem  by  what  it  is  set  in. 

Do  what  thou  oughtest,  and  come  what  can. 

Drunkenness  reduces  a  man  below  the  standard  of  a  brute. 

Empty  vessels  make  the  greatest  sound. 
Everybody's  business  is  nobody's  business. 
Every  couple  is  not  a  pair. 
p]very  man  is  the  architect  of  his  own  fortune. 
Every  one  for  himself,  and  God  for  us  all. 
Experience  is  the  mother  of  science. 
Experience  teaches  fools. 

Faint  heart  never  won  fair  lady. 

False  friends  are  worse  than  open  euemies. 

Forgive  and  forget. 

G  od  helps  those  who  help  themselves. 

Grood  words  cost  nothing,  but  are  worth  much. 

(xossiping  and  lying  go  hand  in  hand. 

Half  a  loaf  is  better  than  no  bread. 

Hear  twice  before  you  speak  once. 

He  is  a  wise  man  who  speaks  little. 

He  liveth  long  that  liveth  well. 

He  loses  nothing  for  the  asking. 

He  loseth  nothing  that  keeps  God  for  his  friend. 

He  plays  well  that  wins. 

He  that  goes  a-borrowing  goes  a-sorrowing. 

He  that  is  angry  is  seldom  at  ease. 

He  that  lendeth  loseth  double  (loses  both  his  money  and  friends.) 

He  who  knows  himself  best  esteems  himself  least. 

Ho  who  marries  for  wealth  doth  sell  his  liberty. 

He  who  I'ises  late  never  does  a  good  day's  work. 

He  who  would  reap  well  must  sow  well. 

Hiders  are  good  finders. 

Humility  is  the  foundation  of  all  virtue. 


Words  of  Wisdom  for  the  People — ConHnued 
Idle  folks  have  the  most  labor. 
Idleness  is  the  root  of  all  evil. 

If  yon  have  too  many  irons  in  the  fire,  some  of  them  will  burn. 
Ignorance  is  the  parent  of  many  injuries. 
It  is  better  to  do  well  than  to  say  well. 
It  is  good  to  begin  well,  but  better  to  end  well. 
It  is  never  too  late  to  learn. 
It  is  a  wise  child  that  knows  its  own  father. 

Judge  not  of  men  or  things  at  first  sight. 

Keep  thy  shop  and  thy  shop  will  keep  thee. 

Least  said  soonest  mended. 

Life  is  half  spent  before  we  know  what  it  is. 

Live  not  to  eat,  but  eat  to  live. 

Look  before  you  leap. 

Look  twice  ere  you  determine  once. 

Make  hay  while  the  sun  shines. 
Marry  in  haste  and  repent  at  leisure. 
Misfortunes  seldom  come  alone. 
Modesty  is  the  handmaid  of  virtue. 

Necessity  is  the  mother  of  invention. 
Never  find  any  thing  before  it  is  lost. 
Never  sound  the  trumpet  of  your  own  praise. 
Next  to  love,  quietness. 
None  so  blind  as  those  who  will  not  see. 
Nothing  venture,  nothing  win. 

Of  all  studies,  study  your  present  condition. 

One  eye-witness  is  better  than  ten  hearsays. 

One  is  not  so  soon  healed  as  hurt. 

One  never  loses  by  doing  a  good  turn. 

One  ouu'.  e  of  discretion  is  worth  a  pound  of  wit. 

Opportunity  makes  the  thief. 

Our  own  opinion  is  never  wrong. 

Pay  as  you  go. 

Perfection  is  the  point  at  which  all  should  aim. 

Possession  is  nine  points  of  the  law. 

Poverty  parts  friends. 

Prevention  is  better  than  cure. 

Promise  little  and  do  much. 


—  58  — 

Reckless  youth  mahes  rueful  age. 

Seeing  is  believing. 

Self -preservation  is  the  first  law  of  nature. 

Show  me  a  liar  and  I  will  show  you  a  thief. 

Silence  does  seldom  any  harm. 

Sloth  is  the  mother  of  poverty. 

Sooner  said  than  done. 

Spare  when  you  are  young,  and  spend  when  you  are  old. 

Speak  the  truth  and  shame  the  devil. 

Strike  while  the  iron  is  hot. 

Study  to  be  worthy  of  your  parents. 

Tell  me  the  company  you  keep,  and  I'll  tell  you  who  you  are. 

Temperance  is  the  best  physic. 

The  more  noble  the  more  humble. 

The  path  of  virtue  is  the  path  of  peace. 

They  love  too  much  that  die  for  love. 

Too  much  familiarity  breeds  contempt. 

Trade  is  the  mother  of  money. 

Two  heads  are  better  than  one. 

When  all  is  consumed,  repentance  comes  too  late. 

When  fortune  smiles  on  thee,  take  the  advantage. 

When  poverty  comes  in  at  the  door,  love  flies  out  at  the  window. 

Where  there  is  a  will  there  is  always  a  way. 

While  there's  life  there's  hope. 

You  cannot  take  blood  out  of  a  stone. 


Uberty  Bell 

In  a  room  on  the  ground  floor  of  the  eld  State  House,  Philadelphia, 
is  the  old  bell  that  rang  out,  in  conjunction  with  human  voices,  the 
joyful  tidings  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  in  July,  1776.  It 
was  cast  by  Pass  &  Stow,  Philadelphia,  and  was  hung  in  the  belfry  of  the 
State  House  early  in  June,  1753.  It  weighed  2,080  pounds,  and  around 
it,  near  it's  top,  were  cast  the  words,  prophetic  of  it's  destiny.  '^Pro- 
claim Liberty  throughout  all  the  Land,  unto  all  the  Jnhahiianls  thereof.  Lev. 
XXV.  10."  PHLAD.  MDCCLIII.  When  the  British  forces  approached 
Philadelphia,    in   1777,    the   bell   was   taken   down  and    carried    to 


—  59  — 

Allentown,  to  prevent  it's  falling  into  the  hands  of  the  enemy.  In 
1781  it  was  placed  in  the  brick  tower  of  the  State  House,  helow  the 
original  belfry,  which,  being  of  wood,  had  becoine  decayed.  For  more 
than  fifty  years  the  bell  participated  in  the  celebration  of  the  anniver- 
sary of  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  when  it  was  cracked  while 
ringing.  An  effort  was  made  to  restore  it's  sound,  the  crack  was  cut 
wider,  but  it  was  unsuccessful.  A  new  steeple  and  a  new  bell  were 
put  up  in  1828.  For  many  years  the  old  bell  remained  in  silent  dignity 
in  the  tower,  when  it  was  taken  down  and  placed  on  a  platform  in 
Independence  Hall,  whence  it  was  removed  to  a  little  room  opposite  in 
1876,  and  there  it  remains. 


Railway  Signal  Code 

One  whistle  signifies  "down  brakes."  Two  whistles  signify  "oft 
brakes."  Three  whistles  signify  "back  up."  Continued  whistles 
signify  "danger,"  Rapid  short  whistles  "a  cattle  alarm."  A  sweep- 
ing parting  of  the  hands  on  a  level  with  the  eyes,  signifies  "go  ahead." 
Downward  motion  of  the  hands  with  extended  arms  signifies  "stop." 
Beckoning  motion  of  one  hand  signifies  "back."  Red  flag  waved  np 
the  track,  signifies  "danger."  Red  flag  stuck  up  by  the  roadside, 
signifies  "  danger  ahead, "  Red  flag  carried  on  a  locomotive,  signifies 
"  an  engine  following. "  Red  flag  hoisted  at  a  station,  is  a  signal  to 
"stop."  Lantern  at  night,  raised  and  lowered  vertically,  is  a  signal  to 
"start."  Lantern  swung  at  right  angles  across  the  track  is  a  signal  to 
"start."     Lantern  swung  in  a  circle  signifies  "  back  the  train." 


Time  on  Shipboard,  divided  into  Three  Watches 

First  watch,  1  bell,  12:30  o'clock;  2  bells,  1:00;  3  bells,  1:30;  4  bells, 
2:00;  5  bells,  2:30;  6  bells,  3:00;  7  bells,  3:30;  8  bells,  4:00. 

Second  Watch,  1  bell,  4:30;  2  bells,  5:00;  3  bells,  5:30;  4  bells,  G:00; 
5  bells,  6:30;  6  bells,  7:00;  7  bells,  7:30;  8  bells,  8:00. 

Third  watch,  1  bell,  8:30;  2  bells,  9:00;  3  bells,  9:30;  4  bells,  10:00; 
5  bells,  10:30;  6  bells,  11:00;  7  bells,  11:30;  8  bells,  12:00, 

A  watch  is  that  part  of  the  officers  and  crew  of  a  vessel  who  together 
attend  to  working  her  for  an  allotted  time. 


uo  — 


States   and 

Territories, 

Capitals,   Term 

OF  Office 

AND  Sai^aries 

OF  Governors 

state 

Capital 

Yearly  Salary 

Terra  of  Office 

Alabama 

Montgomery 

$3,000 

Two  Years 

Arizona  Ty. 

Prescott 

2,600 

Four  Years 

Arkansas 

Little  Rock 

3,000 

Two   Years 

California 

Sacramento 

6,000 

Four  Years 

Colorado 

Denver 

5,000 

Two  Years 

Connecticut 

Hartford 

2,000 

Two  Years 

Delaware 

Dover 

2,000 

Four  Years 

Florida 

Tallahassee 

3,500 

Four  Years 

Georgia 

Atlanta 

3,000 

Two  Years 

Idaho  Ty. 

Boise  City 

2,600 

Four  Years 

Illinois 

Springfield 

6,000 

Four  Years 

Indiana 

Indianapolis 

5,000 

Four  Years 

Iowa 

Des  Moines 

3,000 

Two  Years 

Kansas 

Topeka 

3,000 

Two  Years 

Kentucky 

Frankfort 

5,000 

Four  Years 

Louisiana 

Baton  Rouge 

4,000 

Four  Years 

Maine 

Augusta 

2,000 

Two  Years 

Maryland 

Annapolis 

4,500 

Four  Years 

Massachusettes 

Boston 

5,000 

One  Year 

Michigan 

Lansing 

1,000 

Two  Years 

Minnesota 

St.  Paul 

3,300 

Two  Years 

Mississippi 

Jackson 

4,000 

Four  Years 

Missouri 

Jefferson  City 

5,000 

Four  Years 

Montana 

Helena 

5,000 

Four  Years 

Nebraska 

Lincoln 

2,500 

Two  Years 

Nevada 

Carson  City 

5,000 

Four  Years 

New  Hampshire 

Concord 

1,000 

Two  Years 

New  Jersey 

Trenton 

5,000 

Three  Years 

New  Mexico  Ty. 

Santa  Fe 

2,600 

Four  Years 

New  York 

Albany 
Raleigh 

10.000 

Three  Years 

North  Carolina 

3,000 

Four  Years 

North  Dakota 

?ismark 

3,000 

Two   Years 

Ohio 

Columbus 

4,000 

Two  Years 

Oregon 

Salem 

1,500 

Four  Years 

Pennsylvania 

Harrisburg 

10,000 

Four  Years 

Rhode  Island 

Newport 

1,000 

One  Year 

South  Carolina 

Columbia 

3,500 

Two  Years 

South  Dakota 

Pierre 

2,500 

Two   Years 

Tennessee 

Nashville 

4,000 

Two  Years 

Texas 

Austin 

4,000 

Two  Years 

Utah  Ty. 

Salt  Lake  City 

2,600 

Four  Years 

Vermont 

M^ontpelier 

1,000 

Two  Years 

Virginia 

Richmond 

5,000 

Four  Years 

Washington 

Olympia 

4,000 

Four  Years 

West  Virginia 

Wlieeling 

2,700 

Four  Years 

Wisconsin 

Madison 

5,000 

Two  Years 

Wyoming  Ty. 

Cheyenne 

2,600 

Four  Years 

Alaska 

Sitka 

3,000 

Four  Years 

Indian  Ty. 

Tablequah 

2,600 

Four  Years 

The  Governor  of  i 
ident  of  the  United 
the  people  directly. 


L  Territory  is  appointed  to  the  office   by  the  Pres- 
States  ;  but  the  Governor  of  a  State  is  elected   by 


~  Gl  — 

Kings  and  Queens  of  England 

Name  Saxons  and  Danes  Ace.         D.    Rj 

Egbert First  King  of  all  England 81 

Ethelwulf Son  of  Egbert 839. . 

Ethelbald)    Son  of  Ethelwulf 858) 

Ethelbert  f  Second  son  of  Ethelwulf 858 f 

Ethelred Third  son  of  Ethelwulf 866 . 

Alfred Fourth  son  of  Ethelwulf 871 . 

Edward  the  Elder. . .  .Son  of  Alfred 901 . 

Athelstan Eldest  son  of  Edward 925. 

Edmund Brother  of  Athelstan 940 . 

Edred Brother  of  Edmund 946. , 

Ed wy Son  of  Edmund 955 . . 

Edgar Second  son  of  Edmund 958 . , 

Edward  the  Martyr . .  Son  of  Edgar 975 . . 

Ethelred  II Half-brother  of  Edward 979 . . 

Edmund  Ironside  . . .  .Eldest  son  of  Ethelred 1016.-. 

Canute By  conquest  and  election 1017 . . 

Harold  I .... , Son  of  Canute 1035 . . 

Hardicanute Another  son  of  Canute 1040. . 

Edward  the  ConfessorSon  of  Ethelred  II 1042. . 

Harold  II Brother-in-law  of  Edward 1066 . . 

The  House  of  Normandy 

William  I Obtained  Crown  by  conquest 1066 .. .  1087 ...  21 

William  II Third  son  of  William  1 1087. .  .1100.  .  .13 

Henry  I Youngest  son  of  Wm.  1 1100. .  .1135. .  .35 

Stephen Third  son  of  Stephen,  Count  of 

Blois,  by  Adela,  fourth  daugh- 
ter of  William  1 1135. .  .1154. . .  19 


The  House  of  York 

Edward  IV. ...,...,,  .His  grandfather  was  Richard, 
son  of  Edmund,  fifth  son  of  Ed- 
ward III,  and  his  grandmother, 
Anne,  was  great  granddaughter 
of  Lionel,  third  son  of  Edw.  Ill .  1461 ...  1483 . .   22 

Edward  Y Eldest  son  of  Edward  IV 1483... 1483.  ..  0 

Richard  III Younger  brother  of  Edw.  IV. .  1483. .    1485.  . .   2 


,.  839. 

..12 

.  858. 

..19 

.  860. 

..  2 

.  866. 

..  8 

.  871. 

. .   5 

.  901., 

..30 

.  925. 

..24 

.  940., 

,.15 

946 . 

,.   6 

.  955. . 

,.  9 

.  958., 

..   3 

.  975.. 

.17 

.  979.. 

.  4 

.1016.. 

.87 

.1017.. 

.   1 

.1035.. 

.18 

.1040.. 

.  5 

.1042.. 

.  2 

.1066.. 

.24 

.1066.. 

.  0 

—  G2  — 
l*he  House  of  Plantagenet 

Name  Ace.       D.     Rgd. 

Henry  11 Son    of    Geoffrey   Plantagenet 

by  Matilda,  only  daughter  of 

Henry  1 11 54 ...  1 189 ...  35 

Richard  I Eldest  surviv'g  son  of  Henry  11.1189. .  .1199.  . .  10 

John Sixth  and  youngest  son  of 

Henry  II 1199. .  .1216.  .  .  17 

Henry  III Eldest  son  of  John 1216. . .  1272. .  .50 

Edward  I Eldest  son  of  Henry  III 1272. . .  1307.  .  .35 

Edward  II , Eldest  surviving  son  of  Edward  1 .  1307 . .  .  1327 ...  20 

Edward  III Eldest  son  of  Edward  II  1327. . .  1377 .  .  .50 

Kichard  II Son  of  the  Black  Prince,  eldest 

son  of  Edward  III 1377. .  .1399.  .  .22 


The  House  of  lyancaster 

Henry  IV Son  of  John  of  Gaunt,  fourth 

son  of  Edward  III 1399. .  .  1413.  . .  14 

Henry  V Eldest  son  of  Henry  IV 1413. .  .1422.  . .  9 

Henry  VI Only  sou  of  Henry  V.  died  1471 .  1422 . .  .  1461 ...  39 


The  House  of  Tudor 

Henry  VII Son  of  Edmund,  eldest  son  of 

Owen  Tudor,  by  Katharine, 
widow  of  Henry  V ;  his  mother 
Margaret  Beaufort,  was  great- 
granddaughter  of  John  of 
Gaunt 1485..  .1509.  ..24 

Henry  VIII Only  surviv'g  son  of  Henry  VII.  1509 . . .  1547 ...  38 

Edward  VI Son   of   Henry  VIII,   by  Jane 

Seymour 1547 .  .  .  1553.  . .   6 

Mary  I     Daughter  of   Henry  VIII,   by 

Katharine  of  Arragon. 1553 . . .  1558.  . .   5 

Elizabeth Daughter   of   Henry  VIII,   by 

Anne  Boleyn 1558 .  .  .  1603 ...  45 


""^^  or 


—  03  — 


The  House  of  Stuart 

JSTame  Ace.        D.    Rgd. 

James  I Son  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots, 

granddaughter  of  James  IV 
and  Margaret,  daughter  of 
Henry  YII 1603. .  .1625. .  22 

Charles  I  Only  surviving  son  of  James  1 .  1625 . . .  1649 ...  24 

{Common  with  declared  May  19. 1649 ...  1653 ..  .00 
Oliver  Cromwell,  lord  protector.  1653. .  .1658. .  .Oq 
Richd  Cromwell,lord  protector.  1658. .  .1659. .  .00 


The  House  of  Stuart— Restored 

Charles  II Eldest  son  of  Charles  1 1660. .  .1685. .  .25 

James  II Second  son  of  Charles  I,  died 

Sept.     16,   1701    (Interregnum,  1685. 
Dec.  11,  1688,  Feb.  13,  1689).. 0000. 

William  III Son  of  William,  Prince  of  Or- 

,  ange,    by   Mary,    daughter   of 

^"""^  Charles  1 1689. 

Mary  II Eldest  daughter  of  James  II . .  1689 . 

Anne Second  daughter  of  James  II . ,  1702. 


.1688. 

..  3 

.1701. 

..00 

.1702. 

..13 

.1694., 

,.  6 

.1714.. 

.12 

The  House  of  Hanover 

George  I Son  of  Elector  of  Hanover,  by 

Sophia,  daughter  of  Elizabeth, 
daughter  of  James  1 1714. 

George  II Only  &on  of  George  1 1727 . 

George  III Grandson  of  George  II 1760. 

George  IV Eldest  son  of  George  III 1820. 

William  IV Third  son  of  George  III 1830. 

Victoria Daughter  of  Edw'd,  fourth  son 

of  George  III 1837. .  .0000.  ..00 


1727. 

..13 

1760. 

..33 

1820. 

..60 

1830. 

..10 

1837. 

..  7 

—  04  — 

What  Royalty  Costs  England 

As  a  sample  of  what  royalty  costs  the  people  of  Great  Britain  alone 
Whitaker  gives  the  following  annuities  to  the  Royal  family  : 

Her  Majesty,  privy  purse £  00,000 

Salaries  of  household  .    131,260 

Expenses  of  household. 172,500 

Royal  bounty,  etc 13,500 

Unappropriated 8,540 

£385,800 
Equals,  $1,929,000 

Prince  of  Wales £  40,000 

Princess  of  Wales 10,000 

Prince  Albert  Victor 10, (XK) 

Ex-Empress  of  Prussia 8,000 

Duke  of  Edinburgh 25,000 

Princess  Christian  of  Schles wig- Holstein C,000 

Princess  Louise  (Marchioness  of  Lome) 6,000 

Duke  of  Connaught 25,000 

Duke  of  Albany 25,000 

Duke  of  Cambridge 6,000 

Duchess  of  Mecklenburg-Strelitz 3,000 

Duke  of  Cambridge  12,000 

Duchess  of  Teck 5,000 

Grand  Total  £566,800 
Equals,  $2,834,000 


Salaries  per  year  of  the  British  Cabinet 

Secretary  of  Foreign  Affairs  and  Lord  of  the  Treasury,  $50,000; 
Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer,  $25,000;  Lord  High  Chancellor,  $50,000; 
Lord  Lieutenant  of  Ireland,  $100,000;  Lord  President  of  Privy  Council, 
$20,000;  Secretary  for  Colonies,  $25,000;  Home  Secretary,  $25,000. 
Secretary  of  War,  $25,000;  Secretary  of  India,  $25,000;  First  Lord  of 
the  Admiralty,  $22,500;  Lord  Chancellor  of  Ir^-land,  $30,000;  President 
Board  of  Trade,  $10,000. 


-  65  — 

The  British  House  of  Commons 

The  House  of  Commons  dates  since  Edward  II  and  is  called  the  lower 
House.  The  English  House  of  Commons,  at  the  time  of  the  union  with 
Scotland  in  1707,  consisted  of  513  members;  45  were  then  added  for 
Scotland,  and  in  1801  100  for  Ireland,  making  the  total  of  658.  This 
total  number  was  preserved  by  the  Reform  Act  (1832),  as  well  as  by 
the  recent  one  ('30  and  '31,  Vict,  cap,  102),  but  in  each  case  the  apportion- 
ment was  altered,  and  it  now  stands — England  and  Wales,  493  mem- 
bers; Scotland,  60;  and  Ireland,  105  members.  By  the  Reform  Act  of 
1S67,  11  English  boroughs  were  totally  disfranchised  and  23  others lo^t 
one  member  each;  but  25  seats  were  bestowed  on  new  boroughs  and 
universities  and  28  on  counties.  Four  boroughs  with  6  seats  have 
since  been  disfranchised  for  corrupt  practices,  viz.,  Beverlj;,  Bridge- 
water,  Sligo  and  Cashel,  and  in  eight  others,  representing  12  seats,  the 
writs  are  suspended,  making  the  present  number  of  sitting  members 
040  in  all. 

French  Dynasties  and  Sovereigns 

The  Merovingians 

Clovis,  "  The  Hairy,"  King  of  the  Salic  Franks 428 

Childeric  III.,  last  of  the  race 737 

The  Carlvovingians 

Rep  in,  "  The  Short,"  son  of  Charles  Martel 752 

Charlemagne,  The  Great  Emperor  of  the  West 768 

Louis  v.,  *'  The  Indolent,"  the  last  of  the  race 986 

The  Capets 

Hugh  Capet,  '*  The  Great " 987 

Louis  IX.,  "St.  Louis" 1226 

Charles  IV.,  "The  Handsome  " 1322 

The  House  of  Bourbon 

Henry  IV.,  "The  Great,"  King  of  Navarre 1580 

Louis  XIIL,  "The  Just " 1610 

Louis  XIV.,  "The  Great,"  Dieudonni 1643 

Louis  XV.,   "The  Well-beloved  " 1715 

Louis  XVI.  (guillotined  January  21,  1793) 1774 

Louis  XVII.  (never  reigned) '. 1793 


—  66  — 

The  House  of  Valois 

Philip  VT.  de  Valois,  "  The  Fortunate  " 1328 

Henry  III. ,  last  of  the  race 1574 

The  First  Republic 

The  National  Convention  First  Sat September  21 ,  1792 

The  Directory  Nominated November  1,  1795 

The  Consulate 

Bonaparte,  Cambaceres,  and  Lel)rmi December  24,  1799 

Bonaparte,  Consul  for  10  years May  6,  1802 

Bonaparte,  Consul  for  life August  2,  1802 


The  Empire 

Napoleon  I.  decreed  Emperor May  18,  1804 

Napoleon  II.  (never  reigned)  died July  22,  1832 


The  Restoration 

Louis  XVIII.  re-entered  Paris May  3,  1814 

Charles  X.,  deposed  July  30,  1830,  died November  6,  1836 

Heir-expectant,  Henry,  Comte  de  Chambord.  ..September  29,  1820-24 

The  House  of  Orleans 

Louis  Philippe,  King  of  the  French 18.30 

(Abdicated  February  24,  1848,  died  August  26,  1850.) 
Heir-expectant,  Comte  de  Paris,  born August  19,  1848 

The  Second  Republic 

Provisional  Government  formed ,  .February  22,  1848 

Louis  Napoleon  elected  President December  19,  1848 

The  Second  Empire 

Napoleon  III.  elected  Emperor ' November  22,  1852 

(Deposed,  September  4,  1870,  died  January  9,  1873.) 


—  67  — 

Third  Republic 

Committee  of  Public  Defense September  4,  1870 

L.  A.  Thiers,  elected  President August  31,  1871 

Marshal  MacMahon,  elected  President May  24,  1873 

Jules  Grevy  elected  President January  30,  1879 

M.  F.  S.  Carnot  elected  President December  3,  1887 


Highest  Tower  in  the  World 

The  highest  tower  is  Eiffel  Tower,  at  Paris,  France.  The  iron  tower, 
of  which  engineer  Eiffel  was  the  designer,  is  erected  on  the  banks  of  the 
Seine  River,  opposite  the  Trocadero  Palace,  as  a  feature  of  the  Paris 
Exposition  of  1889.  This  piece  of  work  is  extraordinary,  not  only  on 
account  of  its  height  (300  metres,  or  984  feet)  which  is  nearly  twice  the 
height  of  the  Washington  Monument,  formerly  considered  the  highest 
artificial  structure  in  the  world,  but  because  alco  it  is  entirely  of  iron. 
It  is  in  the  form  of  an  open  framework  or  latticework,  standing  on 
four  great  "legs"  or  columns,  each  placed  at  the  angle  of  a  squar<5 
whose  sides  are  375  feet  long.  At  a  point  480  feet  above  the  ground 
the  legs  meet  at  a  landing  and  from  this  elevation  up,  tapers.  The 
total  weight  of  the  tower  is  about  15,400,000  pounds,  or  6,875  tons,  and 
it  cost  $1,000,000. 

Largest  Deposit  of  Anthracite  Coal 

The  largest  deposit  of  anthracite  coal  in  the  world  is  in  Pennsylvania. 

Seven  Wonders  of  the  World 

A  name  given  to  seven  very  remarkable  objects  of  ancient  times. 
Ihe  Pyramids  of  Egypt;  Second,  the  Pharos  or  Watch  Tower  at 
Alexandria,  Egypt,  built  by  order  of  Philadelphus  about  280  B.  C. ;  it 
was  built  of  white  marble  and  could  be  seen  at  a  distance  of  100  miles- 
Third,  the  Walls  and  Hanging  Gardens  of  Babylon.  Fourth,  the 
Temple  of  Diana  at  Ephesus;  it  was  supposed  to  have  been  220  years 
in  building.  Fifth,  the  statue  at  Olympia,  in  Ellis,  sculptured  in  ivory 
and  gold  by  Phidias,  the  most  eminent  among  the  ancients.  Sixth,  the 
Tomb  built  for  Mausolus,  King  of  Caria,  by  Artemesia,  his  Queen. 
Seventh,  the  Colossus  at  Rhode:^;  it  was  a  brazen  statue  of  Apollo,  70 
cubits  high. 


—  68  — 

Tpie  Seven  Dolours  of  the  Virgin  Mary 

The  seven  Dolours  of  the  Virgin  Mary:  It  is  a  feast  in  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church,  and  while  it  bears  the  name  of  devotion  to  the  Virgin 
Mary,  it  in  reality  regards  those  incidents  in  the  life  and  passion  of 
Christ  with  which  his  mother  is  most  closely  associated.  The  seven 
incidents  are  as  follows:  First,  the  prediction  of  Simeon.  Second,  the 
flight  into  Egypt.  Third,  the  loss  of  Jesus  in  Jerusalem.  Fourth,  the 
sight  of  Jesus  bearing  his  cross  toward  Calvary.  Fifth,  the  sight  of 
Jesus  upon  the  cross.  Sixth,  the  piercing  of  his  side  with  the  lance. 
Seventh,  his  burial. 


Seven  in  the  Bible 

Seven  is  frequently  used  as  a  mystical  number  in  the  Bible,  as  well 
as  among  the  principal  nations  of  antiquity,  such  as  the  Persians, 
Egyptians,  Romans,  Greeks,  etc. 

In  the  Bible  we  have  the  creation  completed  in  seven  days.  Every 
seventh  year  was  the  Sabbatic  year,  and  seven  times  seven  ushered  in 
the  Jubilee. 

We  have  the  seven  altars,  seven  green  withes,  seven  locks,  seven 
troubles,  seven  eyes,  which  are  the  seven  spirits  of  God,  the  perfect  Holy 
Spirit.  In  light  we  have  the  seven  prismatic  colors,  which  make  the 
pure  white  light. 


T\^  Seven  Sleepers 

According  to  a  legend  of  early  Christianity,  seven  noble  youths  of 
Ephesus  having  fled  from  persecution  to  a  certain  cavern  for  refuge, 
where  they  -were  discovered,  and  walled  in  for  a  cruel  death,  were 
made  to  fall  asleep,  and  in  that  state  lived  for  two  centuries.  Their 
names  are  said  to  have  been  :  Maximian,  Malclius,  Martinian,  Denis, 
John,  Serapion  and  Constantine. 


Seven  Wise  Men  of  Greece 

These  men,  distinguished  for  their  practical  sagacity  and  wise 
maxims  on  the  principles  of  life,  flourished  in  Greece  in  the  sixth 
century  B.  C.  Their  names  were  Solon,  Cliilo,  Pittacus,  Bias,  Peri- 
ander,  Cleobulus,  and  Thalcs. 


—  69  — 

Decisive  Battles  of  the  World 

The  Battle  of  Marathon,  B.  C,  490,  in  which  the  Athenians,  under 
Miltiades,  defeated  the  Persians  under  Datis. 

The  Battle  of  Syracuse,  B.  C.  413,  in  which  the  Athenians  were 
defeated  by  the  Syracusans  and  their  allies. 

The  Battle  of  Arela,  B.  C.  331,  in  which  the  Persians,  under  Darius 
were  defeated  by  the  Macedonians  and  Greeks  under  Alexander  the 
Great. 

The  Battle  of  Metaurus,  B.  C.  207,  in  which  the  Carthagenians, 
under  Hasdrubul,  were  defeated  by  the  Romans  under  the  Consuls  Caius, 
Claudius,  Nero  and  Marcus  Livius. 

The  Battle  of  Philippi,  B.  C.  42,  in  which  Brutus  and  Cassius  were 
defeated  by  Octavius  and  Antony.  The  fate  of  the  republic  was 
decided. 

The  Battle  of  Actium,  B.  C.  31,  in  which  the  combined  fleets  of 
Antony  and  Cleopatra  were  defeated  by  Octavius,  and  imperialism 
established  in  the  person  of  Octavius. 

The  victory  of  the  German  Arminius  over  the  Roman  Legions  under 
Varus,  A.  D.  9. 

The  Battle  of  Chalons,  A.  D.  451,  in  which  the  Huns,  under  Attila, 
called  the  "Scourge  of  God,"  were  defeated  by  the  confederate  armies 
of  Romans  and  Visigoths. 

The  Battle  of  Tours,  A.  D.  732,  in  which  the  Saracens  were  defeated 
by  Charles  Martel.     Christendom  was  rescued  from  Islam. 

The  Battle  of  Hastings,  A.  D.  1066,  in  which  Harold,  commanding 
the  English  army,  was  defeated  by  William  the  Conqueror,  of  Normandy. 

Joan  of  Arc's  victory  over  the  English  at  Orleans,  A.  D.  1429. 

The  defeat  of  the  Spanish  Armada  by  the  English,  A.  D.  1588. 

The  Battle  of  Lutzen,  A.  D.  1632,  which  decided  the  religious  liberties 
of  Germany.     Gustavus  Adolphus  was  killed. 

The  Battle  of  Blenheim,  A.  D.  1704,  in  which  the  French  and  Bava- 
rians, under  Marshal  Tallard,  were  defeated  by  the  English  and  their 
allies  under  Marlborough. 

The  Battle  of  Pultowa,  A.  D.  1709,  in  which  Charles  XII  of  Sweden 
was  defeated  by  the  Russians  under  Peter  the  Great. 

The  victory  of  the  Americans  under  General  Gates  over  General 
Burgoyne  at  Saratoga,  A.  D.  1777. 

The  Battle  of  Valmy,  A.  D.  1792;  in  which  an  invading  army  of 
Prussians,  Austrians  and  Hessians,  under  the  command  of  the  Duke 
of  Brunswick,  were  defeated  by  the  French  under  Dumouriez. 


—  70  — 

Decisive  Battles — Continued 

The  Battle  of  Waterloo,  A.  D.  1815,  in  which  the  French  under 
Napoleon  were  defeated  by  the  allied  armies  of  Russia,  Austria,  Prussia 
and  England  under  the  Duke  of  Wellington.  The  last  battle  of 
Napoleon.  On  the  21st  of  October,  A.  D.  1805,  the  Great  Naval  Battle 
of  Trafalgar  was  fought.  The  English,  under  Lord  Nelson,  defeated 
the  French  and  Spanish.  It  destroyed  the  hopes  of  Napoleon  as  to  a 
successful  invasion  of  England.     Lord  Nelson  was  killed. 


Notable  Bridges  of  the  World 

Brooklyn  Bridge  was  commenced  under  the  directions  of  J.  Roebling 
in  1870  and  completed  in  about  thirteen  years.  It  is  3,475  feet  long 
and  135  feet  wide.     The  cost  was  nearly  $15,000,000. 

The  Cantilever  Bridge,  1874,  over  the  Niagara,  is  built  almost  of 
steel.  Its  length  is  910  feet;  the  total  weight  is  3,000  tons,  and  the  cost 
was  $222,000. 

The  Niagara  Suspension  Bridge  was  built  by  Roebling  in  1852-55,  at 
a  cost  of  $400,000.     It  is  245  feet  above  the  water,  1,268  feet  long. 

The  bridge  at  Havre  de  Grace,  over  the  Susquehanna  River,  is  3,271 
feet  long  and  is  divided  into  twelve  wooden  spans,  resting  on  granite 
piers. 

The  Britannia  Bridge,  over  the  Menai  Strait,  Wales,  at  an  elevation 
of  103  feet  above  high  water.  It  is  of  wrought  iron,  1,511  feet  long, 
and  was  finished  in  1850.     Cost  $3,008,000. 

The  Old  London  Bridge  was  the  first  stone  bridge.  It  was  commenced 
in  117G  and  completed  in  1209.  Its  founder,  Peter  of  Cole  Church,  was 
buried  in  the  crypt  of  the  chapel  erected  on  the  center  pier. 

The  new  London  Bridge  is  constructed  of  granite,  from  the  designs 
of  L.  Rennier.  It  was  commenced  in  1824,  and  was  completed  in 
about  seven  years,  at  a  cost  of  $7,291,000. 

Coalbrookdale  Bridge,  England,  is  the  first  cast-iron  bridge.  It  was 
built  over  the  Severn  in  1779. 

The  bridge  at  Burton,  over  the  Trent,  was  formerly  the  longest 
bridge  in  England,  being  1,545  feet.  It  is  now  partly  removed. 
Built  in  the  twelfth  century. 

The  Rialto,  at  Venice,  Italy,  is  said  to  have  been  built  from  designs 
of  Michael  Angelo.  It  is  a  single  marble  arch,  98|  feet  long,  and  as 
completed  in  1591. 


71 


Notable  Bridges — Continued 

The  Bridge  of  Sighs,  at  Venice,  over  which  condemned  prisoners 
were  transported  from  the  hall  of  judgment  to  the  place  of  execution, 
was  built  in  1589. 

The  bridge  of  the  Holy  Trinity  at  Florence,  Italy,  was  built  in  1569. 
It  is  322  feet  long,  constructed  of  white  marble,  and  stands  unrivaled 
as  a  work  of  art. 

The  covered  bridge  at  Pavia,  Italy,  over  the  Ticino,  was  built  in  the 
14th  century.     The  roof  is  held  up  by  100  granite  columns. 

Sublician  bridge  at  Rome,  the  oldest  wooden  bridge  known,  was 
erected  in  the  seventh  century.  Twice  rebuilt,  but  ruins  still  of  the 
structure  remain. 

Rush  Street  Bridge,  Chicago,  111.,  erected  in  1884  at  a  cost  of 
$132,000,  is  the  largest  general  traffic  drawbridge  in  the  world.  Its 
roadway  will  accommodate  four  teams  abreast,  and  its  foot  passages 
are  seven  feet  wide.  It  is  swung  by  steam  power  and  lighted  b  y 
electric  light. 

Victoria  Bridge,  Montreal  (tubular),  0,144  feet  long;  Louisville, 
over  Ohio  River  (truss),  5,218  feet  long;  Trajans,  over  Danube  River 
(stone),  4,770  feet  long  ;  Cincinnati,  over  Ohio  River  (suspension),  2,220 
feet  long ;  St.  Louis,  over  the  Mississippi  (steel),  2,045  feet  long  ; 
Highbridge,  Harlem  (stone),  1,460  feet  long. 


Average  Velocity  of  Bodies 


Bodies 

per 

hour 

per  second 

A  man  walks 

3  miles  or 

4  feet 

A  horse  tiots 

7 

(( 

10    " 

A  horse  runs 

20 

(( 

29    ** 

A  steamboat  moves 

18 

" 

26    '• 

A  sailing  vessel  moves 

10 

'« 

14    " 

Slow  rivers  flow 

3 

" 

4    " 

Rapid  rivers  flow 

7 

" 

10    " 

A  moderate  wind  blows 

5         7 

(( 

10    " 

A  storm  moves 

36 

" 

52    " 

A  hurricane  moves 

80 

" 

117    " 

A  rifle  ball  moves 

1,000 

" 

1,466    " 

Sound  moves 

743 

" 

1,142    «' 

Light  moves  192,000  miles  per  second. 
Electricity  moves  288,000  miles  per  second. 


—  12  — 

Mason  and  Dixon's  Line 

A  name  given  to  the  southern  boundary  line  of  the  Free  State  of 
Pennsylvania  which  formerly  separated  it  from  the  Slave  States  of 
Maryland  and  Virginia.  It  was  run — with  the  exception  of  about 
twenty-two  miles— by  Charles  Mason  and  Jeremiah  Dixon,  two  English 
mathematicians  and  surveyors,  between  Nov.  15,  1763,  and  Dec.  20, 
1767.  During  the  excited  debate  in  Congress,  in  1820,  on  the  question 
of  excluding  slavery  from  Missouri,  the  eccentric  John  Randolph  of 
Roanoke  made  great  use  of  this  phrase,  which  was  caught  up  and 
re-echoed  by  every  newspaper  in  the  land,  and  thus  gained  a  celebrity 
which  it  still  retains. 


The  Age  Which  Various  Animals  Attain 


Name 
Whale,  is  said  to  live. 

Elephant 

Swan 

Parrots 

Raven 

Tortoise 

Camel 


Crocodile 

Geese 

Lion 


r>eaver 

Leopards 

Jaguars 

Hyenas 

Chamois 

Peacock 

Cat 

Dog 

Fox 

Blackcap  

Queen  Bee . .  . . 

Drones 

Working  Bees 


Years  Name                                         Years 

..1,000       Stag 45 

400       Hawks , 40 

300       Pelican 40 

100       Horse 30 

100       Porpoise CO 

100       Ox 30 

100      Bear 20 

100      Cow ....20 

100      Deer 20 

80      Rhinoceros 20 

70      Wolf 20 

50      Swine 20 

25      Llamas 15 

25       Monkey 16 

25      Baboon IS 

25      Hens 16 

20      Pigeon 16 

. 15       Nightingale 15 

20       Sheep 10 

15       Hare 8 

, 15       Squirrel 7 

4      Rabbit 7 

(months)       4       Eel ' 10 

.  (months)       6       Wren 3 


—  73  — 

The  Oldest  Newspaper  in  the  World 

The  oldest  newspaper  in  the  world  is  the  Iwperial  Gazette,  pub- 
lished in  the  Chinese  language  at  Pekin,  China.  In  August,  1882,  its 
proprietors  celebrated  the  l,oOOth  anniversary  of  its  publication. 


Duties  of  the  Engineer 

(About  the  boiler) 

Water. — Before  lighting  fire,  fill  the  boiler  until  water  runs*  out  of 
the  lower  gauge-cock  and  be  careful,  too,  that  the  boiler  is  not  full. 
Stationary  boilers  are  usually  filled  from  tanks  elevated  above  them 
through  the  regular  feed-water  pipes,  or  through  a  separate  pipe  con- 
nected to  the  blow-off  pipe  or  other  convenient  connection  to  the  boiler. 
If  there  is  no  elevated  tank  they  may  be  filled  with  buckets  through 
the  dome,  Dy  removing  the  safety  valve  or  by  a  hand  pump  suitably 
connected. 

Building  Fire  under  a  Cold  Boiler. — Do  this  slowly  and  cautiously 
until  the  gauge  shows  five  or  ten  pounds  of  steam.  Then  replenish 
the  fire  to  the  usual  heat.  Many  boilers  are  injured  by  a  c[uick,  flashing 
fire,  heating  the  boiler  unevenly,  causing  a  great  strain  on  the  tubes 
and  rivets  through  unequal  expansion. 

Condition  of  Water  and  Fire.  — Never  unbank  or  replenish  the  fire 
before  first  ascertaining  how  high  the  water  is  in  the  water  gauge. 

In  Case  of  Low  Water. — Smooth  the  fire  wath  ashes,  dirt  or  fresh 
coal  or  draw  it  out  of  the  furnace  and  wet  it  to  extinguish  fire.  Never 
put  water  in  the  furnace. 

Management  of  Fires  and  Draught. — Replenish  the  fire  quickly  and 
a  little  at  a  time,  not  enough  to  smother  the  fire  and  do  not  keep  the 
door  open  long  enough  to  cool  the  boiler.  If  burning  coal,  spread  it 
thinly  and  evenly  over  the  surface.  Leave  no  air  holes  or  dark  spots. 
This  will,  in  fact,  apply  to  any  kind  of  fuel,  which  is  frequently  wasted 
and  the  boiler  injured  through  irregular  firing  and  cold-air  draughts 
through  the  doors.  Too  much  draught  or  too  little  causes  waste  of 
fuel  and  justenoughis  essential  to  the  best  economy.  Its  management 
is  of  the  greatest  importance.  A  fireman  who  is  painstaking  and 
observant  can  save  his  wages  to  his  employer  by  closely  following  the 
suggestion  outlined  above  and  keeping  his  boiler  clean  inside  and  out. 

Clean  Boiler. — Particular  care  should  be  taken  to  keep  the  flues  or 
tubes  and  connections  well  swept  and  all  sheets  exposed  to  the  fire 


—  74  — 

Leaks. — When  discovered  in  the  seams,  rivets,  valves,  cocks  or  else- 
where should  be  repaired  at  once  to  avoid  further  damage. 

Blisters. — V/hen  they  appear,  must  be  promptly  trimmed  or  patched, 
as  they  may  require. 

Blowing  Off. — Should  never  be  done  when  the  boiler  is  hot,  as  the 
hot  iron  would  bake  the  sediment  into  a  scale.  The  blow-off  valve 
should  be  opened  frequently  while  at  work  or  before  commencing  work 
and  just  before  leaving  at  night.  This  will  keep  the  blow-off  clear 
and  remove  all  the  sediment  that  pressure  can  remove.  The  time 
required  to  open  the  valve  and  ch>se  it  again  is  sufficient  for  the  purpose. 

Then  every  week  or  two,  when  the  boiler  is  cold,  let  the  water  run 
out.  Open  the  hand-hole,  and  clean  all  sediment  from  the  sheets  over 
the  fire  before  filling  again.  When  the  boiler  is  new,  or  if  there  is  mud 
or  other  sediment  in  the  water,  this  should  be  done  often. 

Boiler  Compounds. —For  preventing  or  removing  scale.  There  are 
several  kinds  on  the  market,  but  care  should  be  taken  in  selecting,  as 
they  frequently  contain  acids  injurious  to  iron.  A  good  solvent  is  one 
part  of  gum  gatechu,  and  two  parts  of  soda.  A  couple  of  pounds  once 
a  week,  introduced  through  the  hand-hole,  will  be  found  sufficient.  A 
half-gallon  of  molasses  pumped  into  the  boiler  with  the  water  a  half  a 
day  before  cleaning  out  will  remove  scale. 

Safety  Valve. — Raise  it  often,  as  it  is  liable  to  become  fast  to  it's 
seat. 

Pressure  Gauge  or  Steam  Gauge.— Should  it  at  any  time  indicate  the 
limit  of  pressure,  see  that  the  safety  valve  is  blowing  off  steam. 

Gauge  Cocks  and  Gauge  Glass. — Keep  the  connection  to  the  glas3 
clear,  by  frequently  shutting  one  end  and  blowing  the  other,  so  you 
know  that  the  passage  is  clear  to  both  steam  and  water,  and  constantly 
use  the  try-cocks  to  prove  the  glass. 

In  Case  of  Foaming. — Close  the  throttle  long  enough  to  show  true 
level  of  water.  If  water  is  too  high,  blow  down  to  first  gauge-cock,  as 
shown  when  the  throttle  is  closed,  check  the  draft,  and  replenish  fire; 
if  possible,  lighten  the  load  on  the  engine  until  you  can  pump  up  and 
blow  down  a  few  times.  Then  carry  a  steady  fire  and  high  pressure  of 
steam.  This  will,  usually,  stop  the  foaming;  after  which,  improve  the 
first  opportunity  to  clean  the  boiler. 

Important. — Never  carry  the  water  too  high,  but  carry  a  steady 
level  first  and  second  gauge-cocks,  thus  avoiding  wrecking  the  engine 
with  water  in  the  cylinder,  and  insuring  best  economy  of  fuel.  Keep 
the  gauges,  cocks,  etc.,  tight  and  in  good  order,  and  things  generally 
about  the  engine  and  boiler  in  neat  condition. 


75 


Thickness  of  Boiler  Iron  and  Pressure  allowed  by  United 

States  lyaws 

Pressure  equivalent  to  the  standard  for  a  boiler  42  inches  in  diameter, 
and  I  inch  thick. 


Thick 

DIAMETERS 

ness 

lU 

34  in. 

36  in. 

38  in. 

40  in. 

42  in. 

44  in. 

46  in. 

T^ths 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

Ib3. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

5 

169.9 

160.4 

152. 

144.4 

137.5 

131.2 

125.5 

4.^ 

158.5 

149.7 

141.8 

134.7 

128.3 

122.5 

117.2 

4| 

147.2 

139.1 

131.8 

125.1 

119.2 

113.7 

108.8 

4 

135.9 

128.3 

121.6 

115.5 

110. 

105. 

100. 

3f 

124.5 

117.6 

111.4 

105.9 

104.8 

96.2 

92. 

3^ 

113.2 

106.9 

101.3 

96.2 

91.7 

87.5 

83. 

3 

101.9 

96.2 

91.2 

82.6 

82.5 

78.7 

75.1 

Mechanical    Horse-Power 
A  mechanical  horse  power  is  33,000  pounds  elevated  one  foot  per 
minute,  and  is  equal  to  elevating  3,957  gallons  of  water  one  foot  per 
minute. 

Animal- Power 

Animal -Power  ;  working  eight  hours  per  day,  in  pounds  raised  one 
foot  per  minute 

Horse  or  mule,  large  -  22,000  Man,  as  in  rowing  -  -  4,000 
Horse  or  mule,  small  -  -  18,000  Man,  on  tread -wheel  -  3,100 
Ox,  average  -  .  -  -  12,000  Man,  turning  a  crank  -  2,600 
Ass,  average 3,500        Mechanical  Horse-Power  33,000 


Horse- Powe 

r,  Belting  will  Transmit  with  Safety 

Horse-Power,  per     100 

Horse-Power  pur  100  feet 

Width  of 
Belt  in 
Inches 

feet  Velocity  of  Belt 

Width 

of  Belt  in 

Inches 

Velocity  of  Belt 

Belt 
Single 

Double 
Belt 

Single  Belt 

Double  Belt 

1 

.09 

.18 

12 

1.09 

2.18 

2 

.18 

.36 

14 

1.27 

2.55 

3 

.27 

.55 

16 

1.45 

2.91 

4 

.36 

.73 

18 

1.64 

3.27 

5 

.45 

.91 

20 

1.82 

3.64 

6 

.55 

1.09 

22 

2.00 

4.00 

7 

.64 

1.27 

24 

2.18 

4.36 

8 

.73 

1.46 

28 

2.55 

5.09 

9 

.82 

1.64 

32 

2.91 

5.82 

10 

.91 

1.82 

36 

3.27 

6.55 

11 

1.00 

2.00 

40 

3.64 

7.27 

—  76  — 


HoRSK- Power 

The  following  table  shows  the  indicated  horse-power  for  each  pound 
average  pressure  on  a  square  inch  for  different  diameters  and  speeds 
of  pistons. 


Diameter 
of  Cylinder 

Speed  of  Piston  iu 

Feet  a  Minute 

Inches 

240 

300 

400 

500 

GOO 

4 

.091 

.114 

.152 

.19 

.2-J8 

4K 

.115 

.144 

.192 

.24 

.283 

5 

.144 

.18 

.24 

.30 

.36 

^'A 

.173 

.216 

.288 

.36 

.432 

6 

.205 

.256 

.342 

.428 

.513 

cx 

.245 

.307 

.409 

.512 

.614 

7 

.279 

.348 

.466 

.583 

.699 

7K 

.321 

.401 

.534 

.669 

.802 

8 

.365 

.450 

.608 

.761 

.912 

8K 

.413 

.516 

.688 

.86 

1.032 

9 

.462 

.577 

.77 

.963 

1.154 

^% 

.515 

.644 

.859 

1.074 

1.288 

10 

.571 

.714 

.952 

1.190 

1.428 

10>^ 

.63 

.787 

1.050 

1313 

1.575 

11 

.091 

.864 

1.152 

1.44 

1.728 

n% 

.754 

.943 

1.257 

1.572 

1.886 

12 

.820 

1.025 

1.366 

1.708 

2.050 

13 

.964 

1.206 

1.608 

2.01 

2.412 

14 

1.119 

1.398 

1.864 

2.3;u 

2.797 

J5 

1.285 

1.606 

2.131 

2.671 

3.212 

16 

1.461 

1.827 

2.436 

3.045 

3.654 

17 

1.643 

2.054 

2.739 

3.424 

4.108 

18 

1.849 

2.312 

3.083 

3.854 

4.624 

:9 

2.C61 

2.577 

3.436 

4.295 

5.154 

20 

2.292 

2.855 

3.807 

4.759 

5.731 

21 

2.518 

3.148 

4.197 

5.247 

•6.296 

22 

2.764 

3.455 

4.007 

5.759 

6.911 

23 

3.021 

3.776 

5.035 

6.294 

7.552 

24 

3.2u9 

4.111 

5.482 

6.853 

8.223 

25 

3.569 

4.461 

5.948 

7.436 

8.923 

26 

3.861 

4.826 

6.435 

8.044 

9.652 

27 

4.156 

5.199 

6.932 

8.666 

10.399 

28 

4.477 

5.596 

7.462 

9.328 

11.193 

Rules  for  Calculating  Speed  of  Pulleys 

1.  The  diameter  of  the  driver  and  driven  being  given,  to  find  the 
number  of  revolutions  of  the  driven: 

Rule. — Multiply  ttie  diameter  of  the  driver  by  its  number  of 
revolutions  and  divide  the  product  by  the  diameter  of  the  driven;  the 

quient  will  be  the  number  of  revolutions. 


-11  — 

1.  The  diameter  and  revolutions  of  the  driver  being  given  to  find 
the  diameter  of  the  driven,  that  shall  make  any  given  number  of 
revolutions  in  the  same  time. 

Rule. — Multiply  the  diameter  of  the  driver  by  its  number  of  revolu- 
tions and  divide  the  product  by  the  number  of  revolutions  of  the  driven; 
the  quotient  will  be  its  diameter. 

3.     To  ascertain  the  size  of  the  driver: 

Rule. — Multiply  the  diameter  of  the  driven  by  the  number  of 
revolutions  you  wish  to  make  ar?d  divide  the  product  by  the  revolutions 
of  the  driver;  the  quotient  will  be  the  size  of  the  driver. 

Belts 

Leather  belts  must  be  well  protected  against  water,  and  even  mois- 
ture. 

India-rubber  is  the  proper  substance  for  belts  exposed  to  the  weather, 
as  it  does  not  absorb  moisture,  and  stretch  and  decay. 

Leather  belts  run  with  grain  side  to  the  pulley  will  drive  30 per  cent 
more  than  if  run  with  flesh  side.  The  belt,  as  well  as  the  pulley, 
adheres  best  when  smooth  and  the  grain  side  adheres  best  because  it  is 
smoothest.  It  is  desirable  to  run  the  grain  (hair)  side  of  leather  belts 
on  the  pulley  in  order  that  the  strongest  part  of  the  belt  may  be  subject 
to  the  least  wear. 

The  transmitting  power  of  a  double  belt  is  to  that  of  single  belt  as  10 
is  to  7.  In  ordering  pulleys  the  kind  of  belt  to  be  used  should  always 
be  specified. 

Belts  should  be  kept  soft  and  pliable.  For  this  purpose  blood-warm 
tallow,  dried  in  by  heat  of  fire  or  the  sun,  is  advised.  Castor  Oil 
Dressing  is  also  good. 

The  motion  of  driving  should  run  with  and  not  against  the  laps  of 
the  belts. 

If  too  great  a  distance  is  attempted,  the  weight  of  the  belt  will  pro- 
duce a  very  heavy  sag,  drawing  so  hard  on  the  shaft  as  to  produce 
great  friction  in  the  bearing;  while  at  the  same  time  the  belt  will  have 
an  xmsteady,  flappi'jg  motion,  Avhich  will  destroy  both  the  belt  and  the 
machinery. 

If  possible  to  avoid  it,  connected  shafts  should  never  be  placed  one 
directly  over  the  other  as  in  such  case  the  belt  must  be  kept  very  tight 
to  do  the  work.  For  this  purpose  belts  should  be  carefully  selected 
of  well-stretched  leather. 


—  78  — 

It  is  desirable  that  the  angle  of  the  belt  with  the  floor  should  not 
exceed  45°.  It  is  also  desirable  to  locate  the  shafting  and  machinery 
so  that  belts  should  run  oflF  from  each  shaft  in  opposite  directions,  as 
this  arrangement  will  relieve  the  bearings  from  the  friction  that  would 
result  when  the  belts  all  pull  one  way  on  the  shaft. 

The  diameter  of  the  pulleys  should  be  as  large  as  can  be  admitted. 

The  pulley  should  be  a  little  wider  than  the  belt  required  for  the 
work. 

Having  properly  arranged  the  machinery  for  the  reception  of  the 
belts,  the  next  thing  to  be  determined  is  the  length  and  width  of  the  belts. 

When  it  is  not  convenient  to  measure  with  the  tape-line  the  length 
required,  apply  the  following  rule:  Add  the  diameter  of  the  two 
pulleys  together,  divide  the  result  by  2,  and  multiply  the  quotient  by 
3^,  then  add  this  product  to  twice  the  distance  between  the  centers  of 
the  shafts,  and  you  have  the  length  required. 

The  width  of  belt  needed  depends  on  three  conditions: 

1.  The  tension  of  the  belt.  2.  The  size  of  the  smaller  pulley  and 
the  proportion  of  the  surface  touched  by  the  belt.  3.  The  speed  of  the 
boit. 

The  working  adhesion  of  a  belt  to  the  pulley  will  be  in  proportion 
both  to  the  number  of  square  inches  of  belt  contact  with  the  surface 
of  the  pulley  and  also  to  the  arc  of  the  circumference  of  the  pulley 
touched  by  the  belt.  This  adhesion  forms  the  basis  of  all  right  galcu- 
lation  in  ascertaining  the  width  of  belt  necessary  to  transmit  a  given 
horse-power. 

Strength  of  Belt  Leather 

The  tensile  strength  of  good  ox-hide,  well  tanned,  has  been  carefully 
examined  with  the  following  results: 

The  solid  leather  will  sustain,  per  inches  of  width..C75  lbs. 

At  the  rivet-holes  of  the  splices,  per  inches  of  width.  382  lbs. 

At  the  lacing,  per  inches  of  width 210  lbs. 

Safe-working  tension,  per  inches  of  width 55  lbs. 

The  belts  are  assumed  to  be  three-sixteenths  of  an  inch  thick. 


Shrinkage  of  Casting 


Pattern-maker's   ru 


e   should  be   for  Cast-iron,    1-8 
Brass  ....3-16 

«        Lead 1-8   \'^.f^}'tf'^.^'' 

Tin.- 1-12 

Zinc 3-lG 


linear  foot 


—  79 


Weight  of  Liquids  Per  Gallon 


1  Gallon  Pounds 

Ale     8.33 

Acid,  Nitric 10.C8 

Acid,  Sulphuric 15.42 

Acid,  Muriatic 10. 

Alcoliol,  Commerce 6.74 

Alcohol,  Proof  Spirit. . .   7.9375 

Naphtha 7.08 

0.1,  Linseed 7.75 


1  Gallon  Pounds 

Oil  of  Turpentine 7.25 

Oil,  Whale 7.25 

Petroleum 7.35 

Vinegar 8.43 

Saltwater 8.59 

Tar 8.43 

Distilled  Water 8.33 


Facts  for  Builders 

1,000  shingles  laid  4  inches  to  the  weather  will  cover  100  square  feet 
of  surface,  and  5  pounds  of  shingle  nails  will  fasten  them  on. 

One-iifth  more  siding  and  flooring  is  needed  than  the  number  of 
square  feet  of  surface  to  he  covered,  because  of  the  lap  in  the  siding 
and  matching.  100  laths  will  cover  70  yards  of  surface,  and  11  pounds 
of  lath  nails  will  nail  them  on.  8  bushels  of  good  lime,  16  bushels  of 
sand,  and  1  bushel  of  hair  will  make  enough  good  mortar  to  plaster  100 
square  yards. 

A  cord  of  stone,  3  bushels  of  lime,  and  a  cubic  yard  of  sand,  will 
lay  100  cubic  feet  of  wall. 

Five  courses  of  brick  will  lay  one  foot  in  height  on  a  chimney, 
8  bricks  in  a  course  will  make  a  flue  4  inches  wide  and  12  inches  long, 
and  16  bricks  in  a  course  will  make  a  flue  8  inches  wide  and  16  inches 
long. 

Cement,  one  bushel,  and  sand,  two  bushels,  will  cover  3.}  square 
yards  1  inch  thick,  4J  square  yards  f  inch  thick,  and  6|  square  yards 
^  inch  thick ;  1  bushel  cement  and  1  bushel  of  sand  will  cover  2^ 
square  yards  1  inch  thick,  3  square  yards  |  inch  thick,  and  4^  square 
yards  ^  inch  thick. 


Number  of  Bricks  Required  in  Wall   per  Square   Foot 
Face  of  Wall 


Thickness  of  Wall  No. 

4  inches 7^ 

8       "      15 

12       - 22i 

16       "     30 

20       " 37i 


Thickness  of  WmU  No. 

24  inches 46 


28 
32 
36 
42 


52 

60^ 
67 

75i 


—  80  - 


The  Number  of  Bricks  Required  to  Construct  any- 
Building 

Keckoning  7  bricks  to  each  superficial  foot.  Example — Requirod 
the  number  of  bricks  in  100  superficial  feet  of  wall,  12  inches  thick. 
Under  12  inch,  and  opposite  100,  you  will  find  the  answer,  2,250,  the 
number  of  bricks  required. 


Super- 

Number of  Bricks  to  Thickness  of 

ficial 

Feet  of 

WaU 

4  inch 

8  inch 

12  inch 

16  inch 

20  inch 

24  inch 

1 

7 

15 

23 

30 

88 

45 

2 

15 

30 

45 

60 

75 

90 

3 

23 

45 

68 

90 

118 

135 

4 

80 

60 

90 

120 

150 

180 

5 

38 

75 

113 

150 

188 

225 

6 

45 

90 

135 

180 

225 

270 

7 

53 

105 

158 

210 

263 

315 

8 

60 

120 

180 

240 

300 

860 

9 

68 

135 

203 

270 

338 

405 

10 

75 

150 

225 

300 

875 

450 

20 

150 

300 

450 

600 

750 

909 

30 

225 

450 

675 

900 

1,125 

1,350 

40 

800 

600 

900 

1,200 

1 ,500 

1 ,800 

50 

375 

750 

1,125 

1,500 

1,875 

2,250 

60 

450 

900 

1,850 

1,800 

2,250 

2,700 

70 

525 

1,050 

1,575 

2,100 

2,625 

3,150 

80 

600 

1,200 

1.800 

2,400 

8,000 

3,600 

90 

675 

1,350 

2,025 

2,700 

8.375 

4.030 

100 

750 

1,500 

2,250 

8,0J0 

3,750 

4,500 

200 

1,500 

3,000 

4,500 

6,000 

7,500 

9,000 

300 

2,250 

4,500 

6,750 

9,000 

11,250 

18,500 

400 

3,000 

6,030 

9,000 

12,000 

15,000 

18,000 

600 

3,750 

7,500 

11,250 

15,000 

18,750 

22  500 

600 

4,500 

9,000 

13,500 

18,000 

22,500 

27,C00 

700 

5,230 

10,500 

15,750 

21,000 

26,250 

31,500 

800 

6,000 

12,000 

18,000 

24,000 

30,000 

36,000 

900 

6,750 

13,500 

20,250 

27,000 

33,750 

40,500 

1,000 

7,500 

15,000 

22,500 

80,000 

37,500 

45,000 

Value  of  a  Ton  of  Gold  or  Silver 

A  ton  of  pure  gold  is  worth  $602,799.21. 
$1,000,000  gold  coin  weighs  3,685.8  pounds. 
A  ton  of  silver  is  worth  $37,704.84. 
$1,000,000  silver  coin  weighs  58,929.9  pounds. 


—  81  — 

Hints   to    Painter,    Glazier    and    Paper- 
Hanger 

One  pound  of  paint  will  cover  about  four  superficial  yards  the  first 
coat  and  about  six  yards  each  additional  coat. 

About  one  pound  of  putty  for  stopping,  will  be  required  for  every 
twenty  yards. 

One  gallon  of  tar  and  one  pound  of  pitch  will  cover  about  twelve 
yards  of  superficial  the  first  coat,  and  about  seventeen  yards  each 
additional  coat. 

White  Paint 

20  pounds  white  lead,  6  pints  linseed  oil,  2  pints  turpentine  and  1 
pound  litharge,  will  cover  about  100  square  yards. 

Black  Paint 
28  pounds  black  paint,  10  pints  linseed  oil,  2  pints  turpentine,  and 
i  pound  litharge  will  cover  about  160  square  yards. 

Distemper 

112  pounds  whiting,  28  pounds  dry  white  lead,  and  7  pounds  glue,, 
mixed  with  boiling  water. 

Slating 

A  square  of  slate  or  slating  is  100  superficial  feet. 

In  measuring,  the  jvidth  of  the  eaves  is  allowed  at  the  widest  part. 
Hips,  valleys,  and  cutting  are  to  be  measured  lineal,  and  six  inches 
width  extra  is  allowed. 

The  pitch  of  a  slate  roof  should  not  be  less  than  one  inch  height  to 
four  inches  in  length. 


Table  of  Approximate  Numbers  in  Decimals 
FOR  Circles,  Spheres,  Squares,  Cubes,  etc. 

Diameter  of  a  circle  multiplied  by  3.1416  equals  circumference. 
Radius  of  a  circle  multiplied  by  6.283185  equals  circumference. 
Square  of  the  radius  of  a  circle  multiplied  by  3.1416  equals  area. 
Square  of  the  diameter  of  a  circle  multiplied  by  0. 7854  equals  area. 
Square  of  the  circumference  of  a  circle  multiplied  by  0.07958  equals 


—  82  — 

Half  the  circumference  of  a  circle  multiplied  by  half  its  diameter 
equals  area. 

Cii'cumference  of  a  circle  multiplied  by  0.159155  equals  radius. 

Square  root  of  the  area  of  a  circle  multiplied  by  0.56419  equals 
radius. 

Circumference  of  a  circle  multiplied  by  0.31831  equals  diameter. 

Square  root  of  the  area  of  a  circle  multiplied  by  1.12839  equals  diam- 
eter. 

Diameter  of  a  circle  multiplied  by  0.86  equals  side  of  inscribed 
equilateral  triangle. 

Diameter  of  a  circle  multiplied  by  0.7071  equals  side  of  an  inscribed 
square. 

Circumference  of  a  circle  multiplied  by  0.226  equals  side  of  an 
inscribed  square. 

Radius  of  a  circle  multiplied  by  6.2832  equals  circumference. 

Circumference  of  a  circle  multiplied  by  0.282  equals  side  of  an  equal 
square. 

Diameter  of  a  circle  multiplied  by  0.8862  equals  side  of  an  equal 
square. 

Base  of  a  triangle  multiplied  by  one-half  the  altitude  equals  area. 

Multiply  both  diameters  and  0.7854  together  equals  area  of  an  ellipse. 

Surface  of  a  sphere  multij)lied  by  one-sixth  of  its  diameter  equals 
solidity. 

Circumference  of  a  sphere  multiplied  by  its  diameter  equals  surface. 

Square  of  the  diameter  of  a  sphere  multiplied  by  3.1416  equals 
surface. 

Square  of  the  circumference  of  a  sphere  multiplied  by  10.3183  eqiials 
surface. 

Cube  of  the  diameter  of  a  sphere  multiplied  by  0.5236  equals  solidity. 

Cube  of  the  radius  of  a  sphere  multiplied  by  4.1888  equals  solidity. 

Cube  of  the  circumference  of  a  sphere  multiplied  by  0.016887  equals 
solidity. 

Square  root  of  the  surface  of  a  sphere  multiplied  by  0.56419  equals 
diameter. 

Square  root  of  the  surface  of  a  sphere  multiplied  by  1.772454  equals 
circumference. 

Cube  root  of  the  solidity  of  a  sphere  multiplied  by  1.2407  equals 
diameter. 

Cube  root  of  the  solidity  of  a  si)here  multiplied  by  3.8978  equals 
circumference. 

Radius  of  a  sphere  multiplied  by  1.1547  equals  side  of  an  inscribed 
cube. 


—  83 


Square  root  of  (g  of  the  square  of)  the  diameter  of  a  sphere  equals 
side  of  inscribed  cube. 

Area  of  its  base  multiplied  by  ^  of  its  altitude  equals  solidity  of  a 
cone  or  pyramid  whether  round,  square,  or  triangular. 

Area  of  one  of  its  sides  multiplied  by  6  equals  surface  of  a  cube. 

Altitude  of  trapezoid  multiplied  by  half  the  sum  of  its  parallel  sides 
equals  area. 

Square  root  of  area  of  a  circle  multiplied  by  3.54  equals  circumference. 

Radius  multiplied  by  diameter  of  a  circle  multiplied  by  1.57  equals 
area. 

Number  of  degrees  multiplied  by  radius  multiplied  by  .0174  equals 
length  of  arc. 

Square  of  diameter  of  sphere  multiplied  by  .31416  equals  convex 
surface. 

Diameter  of  sphere  multiplied  by  .806  equals  dimensions  of  equal 
cube. 

Diameter  of  sphere  multiplied  by  .6667  equals  length  of  equal  cylinder. 

Square  inches  multiplied  by  .00695  equals  square  feet. 

Cubic  inches  multiplied  by  .00058  equals  cubic  feet. 

Cubic  feet  multiplied  by  .03704  equals  cubic  yards. 

Cylindrical  inches  multiplied  by  .0004546  equals  cubic  feet. 

Cylindrical  feet  multiplied  by  .02909  equals  cubic  yards. 


Degrees  of  Heat  and  Cold  Required   to 

Freeze,  Melt,  and  Boil  the 

Following  Substances 


Air  furnace  melts 3300  above 

Antimony  melts 950 

Bismuth  melts 476 

Brass  melts . .    1900 

Cadium  melts 600 

Cast  Iron  melts 3479 

Copper  melts 2160 

Gold  melts 1983 

Glass  melts 2377 

Gutta  Percha  melts 150 

Iron,  wrought,  melts 3980 

Iron,  bright  red  heat  in  the  dark 752 


—  84  - 
Degrees  of  Heat,  Etc. — Continued 

Iron,  red  hot  in  twilight 884  above  zero 

Heat,  cherry  red 1500 

Heat,  bright  red 1860 

Heat,  red,  visible  by  day 1077  " 

Heat,  white 2900  " 

Lead  melts 590  " 

Lard  melts 96  " 

Silver  melts 1850  •* 

Steel  melts 2500 

Platinum  melts 3080  '* 

Tin  melts 424 

Zinc  melts 740 

Ice  melts 35  " 

The  Specific  Gravities  ok  Bodies 

Barometer,  30  inches;  Fahrenheit's  Thermometer,  60° 
{From  the  Work  of  Drs.  Thompson,  Young  and  Ure) 

Platinum 22.069  Steel 7.833 

Gold 19.360  Iron  (cast) 7.645 

Quicksilver 13.568  Tin 7.320 

Lead 11.352  Glass  (crystal) 3. 150 

Silver 10.474  Granite 3.000 

Copper 8.878  Marble  (Parian) 2.838 

Brass 8.396  Flint 2.570 

Brick 2.000  Oak  (English) 760 

Nitre 1.900  Walnut 671 

Ivory 1.825  Cedar 613 

Brimstone 1.810  Elm 600 

Coal 1.250  Willow 585 

Boxwood 1.030  Fir 550 

Sea  Water 1.026  Poplar 383 

Common  Water 1.000  Cork 240 

Degrees  of  Cold  at  which  the  following  Articles  Freeze 

Milk  freezes 29  above  zero 

Strong  wine  freezes 20  " 

Water  freezes '.....  32  " 

Turpentine  (spirits)  freezes 15  " 


85  — 


Degrees  of  Heat  at  which  the  foUowiug  Articles  Boil 

Alchohol  boils 175  above  zero 

Blood  Heat 98 

Linseed  Oil  boils COO  " 

Petroleum  boils 305  " 

Quicksilver  boils 622  " 

Quicksilver  volatilizes 680  ** 

Water  boils 210  " 

Water  in  vacuo  boils 98  " 


Weight  of  a  Cubic  Foot  of  Earth,  Stone, 
Metal,  Wood,  Etc. 


Avoirdupois 
Article  Pounds 

Air  (at  the  sea  level) 07529 

Alum ....107 

Asbestos  (starry) 192 

Bismuth  (cast) G13 

Bronze 513 

Brick  (common) 102 

Beach  Wood 4G 

Bay  Wood 51 

Blood 66 

Cobalt  (cast) 488 

Clay 120 

Cork 15 

Charcoal  (hardwood) 18.5 

Charcoal  (softwood) 18 

Cider 35 

Chestnut 38 

Chalk 174 

Ebony 83 


Firebrick 

Granite 

Grindstones 

Glass 

Hickory  (pignut) 

Hickory  (shell-bark), 


137 
165 
133 
180 
49 
43 


Avoirdupois 
Article  Pounds 

Alcohol 49 

Antimony 418 

Ash  Wood 52 

Brass  (cast) 524 

Brass  (wire) 534 

Brass  (gun  metal) 543 

Brandy 58 

Beer 65 

Copper  (cast) 549 

Copper  (sheet) 557 

Copper  (wire) 554 

Coal,  Lehigh 56 

Coal,  Lackawanna 50 

Coal,  anthracite 89 

Coal,  cannel 77 

Cedar  Wood 35 

Earth  (loose) 94 

Elm  Wood 44 

Gold  (pure) 1.203§ 

Gold  (standard) 1.102 

Gold  (hammered) 1.210 

Glass  (window) 165 

Hay  (bale) 9 

Hay  (pressed) 25 


—  86 


Weight  of  a  Cubic  Foot,  Etc. — Continued 


Avoirdupois 
Article  Pounds 

Honey 90 

Ice 57.5 

Lead  (cast) 709 

Lead  (rolled) 711 

Limestone 185 

Mercury  (fluid) 848 

Mercury  (solid) 977 

Millstone 155 

Mud 102 

Marl  (mean) 109 

Mortar 110 

Nickel  (cast) 487 

Oil,  Olive 57 

Oil,  Whale 57.7 

Oil,  Linseed 59 

Platinum  (pure) 1.218 

Platinum  (hammered) 1,271 

Plaster  of  Paris 73.5 

Plumbago 131 

Peat 375  to  83 

Poplar  Wood 46 

Rock  Crystal 170 

Red  Hickory 52 

Steel  (soft) 489 

Steel  (plates) 487 

Slate 167 

Sand 95 

Steel 490 

Sulphur 127 

Salt  (common) 133 

Tin 455 

Tar 63 

Vinegar 67 

Water  (Dead  Sea) 77 

Willow  Wood 36 


Avoirdupois 
Article  Pounds 

Iron  (wrought) 486 

Iron  (plates) 481 

Iron  (cast) 450 

Lignum  Vitse  Wood 83 

Logwood 57 

Marble 171 

Marble  (Italian) 169 

Marble  (Vermont) 1 65 

Milk 64 

Maple  Wood 47 

Mahogany 66 

Oak  (English) 52 

Oak  (Live,  seasoned) 67 

Oak  (Canadian) 54 

Oak  (American  White) 45 

Port  Wine 62 

Paving  Stone 151 

Pine  (yellow) 38 

Pine  (white) 34 

Pine  (pitch) 43 

Pine  (red) 37 

Red  Lead . . ., 558 

Silver  (pure) 654 

Silver  (hammered) 656 

Silver  (standard) 658 

Sandstone 130 

Sand  (coarse) 112 

Stone  (common) 158 

Steam  (not  under  pressure). 03689 

Spruce  Wood 31 

Type  Metal 653 

Tallow 59 

Water  (fresh) .  62 

Water  (sea) 64 

Zmc 429 


—  87 


Common  Mining  Terms  (Dictionary) 

Adit. — A  level;  a  horizontal  drift  or  passage  from  the  surface  into  a 


mine. 


Alluvium.  — A  deposit  of  loose  gravel  between  the  superficial  covering 
of  vegetable  mold  and  subjacent  rocks. 

Amalgam. — Gold  or  silver  combined  with  quicksilver. 

Arastra  (Mexican). — A  circular  combination  in  which  ore  is  ground 
to  powder  by  attrition  of  heavy  stones. 

Assaying. — Finding  the  percentage  of  a  given  metal  in  ore  or  bullion. 

Assessment. — Amount  levied  on  capital  stock. 

Barren  Contract. — A  contract  vein,  or  a  place  in  the  contract  vein, 
which  has  no  mineral. 

Base  Bullion.  —  Precious  metals  contained  in  lead. 

Bedrock. — The  formation  underlying  pay-dirt. 

Blende. — An  ore  of  zinc,  consisting  of  zinc  and  sulphur. 

Blind  Lode. — A  lode  having  no  outcrop. 

Blossom  Rock. — Float  ore,  found  upon  the  surface  or  near  where 
lodes  or  ledges  outcrop,  and  from  which  they  have  become  detached. 

Bonanza.— Fair  weather;  a  mine  said  to  en  honajiza  when  it  is  yield- 
ing a  profit.     It  is  a  Spanish  term  meaning  good-luck. 

Breasting  Ore. — Taking  ore  from  the  face,  breast  or  end  of  a  tunnel. 

Bullion, — Precious  metals,  gold  and  silver,  etc.,  not  coined. 

Cage. — The  elevator  used  for  hoisting  and  lowering  the  ore  cars, 
men  and  materials  of  a  mine. 

Cap  Rock. — Formation  overlaying  the  ore  or  vein  stone. 

Carbonate. — A  geological  formation  which  carries  silver  ore,  and 
from  5  to  70  per  cent,  of  lead. 

Carboniferous. — Containing  coal. 

Chlorides. — A  compound  of  chlorine  and  silver. 

Chute. — An  inclined  channel  through  which  ore  slides. 

Chopping. — The  rock  that  appears  on  the  surface  indicating  the 
presence  of  a  lode. 

Claim. — A  piece  of  land  25  to  300  feet  wide  and  1,500  feet  long, 
which  the  government  sells  to  the  man  who  finds  mineral  within  its 
limits. 

Conglomerate. — Pudding  stones,  composed  of  gravel  and  pebble 
cemented  together. 

Contact. — A  touching,  meeting  or  junction  of  two  diflferent  kinds  of 
rock,  a  porphyry  and  slate. 


_  88  — 

Contact  Vein. — A  vein  along  the  contact  plane  of,  or  between,  two 
dissimilai  rock  masses. 

Cord  of  Ore. — 128  cubic  feet  of  broken  ore;  about  seven  tons  in  quartz 
rock. 

Country  Rock. — Rock  on  either  side  cf  a  lode  or  ledge,  usually  bar- 
ren; the  permanent  rock  inclosing  a  vein. 

Crevice. — A  narrow  opening,  resulting  from  a  vsplitor  crack;  a  fissure. 

Cribbing. — A  timber  or  plank  lining  of  a  shaft;  the  confining  of  a 
wall-rock. 

Cross  Cut. — A  level  driven  across  the  course  of  a  vein. 

Cupriferous. — Containing  copper. 

Debris. — Sediment  from  mines. 

Denudation. — Rocks  laid  bare  by  running  water  or  other  agencies. 

Deposit, — A  body  of  ore  distinct  from  a  ledge. 

Diggings. — Name  applied  to  plicers  being  worked. 

Diluvium. — A  deposit  of  superficial  sand,  loam,  gravel,  pebbles,  etc. 

Dip. — The  slope,  pitch  or  angle  which  a  vein  makes  with  the  plane 
of  the  horizon. 

Drift. — A  horizontal  passage  underground. 

Dump. — The  pile  of  ore  or  debris  taken  from  mines,  or  tailings  from 
sluicing. 

End  Lines. — The  lines  bounding  the  ends  of  a  claim. 

Face. — End  of  level  or  tunnel  against  the  ore  or  rock. 

Fathom. — Six  feet  square  on  the  vein. 

Feeder. — A  small  vein  joining  a  larger  one. 

Fissure  Vein.  A  fissure  or  crack  in  the  earth's  crust  filled  with 
mineral  matter. 

Float. — Loose  rock  or  isolated  masses  of  ore,  or  ore  detached  from 
the  original  formation. 

Flume. — A  boxing  or  piping  for  carrying  water. 

Flux. — The  flow  of  the  ore  in  the  furnace  of  the  smelter. 

Foot-M'all. — The  layer  of  rock  immediately  under  the  vein. 

Forfeiture. — A  failure  to  comply  with  the  laws  prescribing  the 
quantity  of  work. 

Free  Gold. — Gold  easily  separated  from  the  quartz  or  dirt. 

Galena. — Lead  ore;  sulphur  and  lead. 

Gangue. — The  substance  inclosing  and  accompanying  the  ore  in  a  vein. 

Gash  Vein. — A  vein  wide  above  and  narrow  below. 

Geode.  A  cavity  studded  around  with  crystals  or  mineral  matter, 
a  rounded  stone  containing  such  a  cavity. 

Grizzly.— Bars  set  in  a  Hume  to  strain  out  the  large  stones  used  in 
hydraulic  luining. 


—  80  — 

Gulch. — A  ravine. 

Hanging  Wall. — The  layer  of  rock  or  wall  over  a  lode. 

Heading. — The  vein  above  the  drift. 

Headings. — In  placer  mi-iing,  the  mass  or  gravel  above  the  head  of 
sluice. 

High  Grade  Ore. — Ore  which  runs  more  silver  than  twenty  ounces 
to  the  ton,  with  50  or  more  per  cent  of  lead. 

Horse. — A  mass  of  rock  matter  occurring  in  or  between  the  branches 
of  a  vein. 

Inch  of  Water. — About  two  and  a  half  cubic  feet  per  minute;  the 
water  that  will  run  out  of  an  opening  one  inch  square. 

Incline. — A  slanting  shaft. 

Jumping  a  Claim. — Relocating  i  claim  on  which  the  required  work 
has  been  done. 

Level. — A  tunnel  cut  on  the  vein  from  the  main  tunnel.     A  drift. 

Ledge, — A  vein  or  lode. 

Little  Giant. — A  movable  nozzle  attached  to  hydraulic  pipes. 

Locate. — To  establish  the  possessory  right  to  a  mining  claim. 

Lode. — A  metallic  vein. 

Low  Grade  Ore.  — Ore  which  runs  below  twenty  ounces  of  silver  to 
the  ton,  fifty  per  cent  of  the  ton  being  lead. 

Mill  Run. — A  test  of  quality  of  ore  after  reduction. 

Outcrop. — That  portion  of  a  vein  appearing  at  the  surface. 

Pan  or  Panning. — Usually  to  wash  the  dirt  from  the  free  gold  with 
a  pan,  the  pan  resembles  an  ordinary  milk-pan. 

Patch. — A  small  placer  claim. 

Petering. — The  ore  giving  out. 

Pitch. — The  same  as  a  dip. 

Piping. — Washing  gravel  in  a  hydraulic  claim  by  discharging  water 
upon  it  through  a  nozzle. 

Placer.— A  gravelly  place  where  gold  is  found;  includes  all  forms  of 
mineral  deposits,  excepting  veins  in  place. 

Pocket. — A  rich  spot  in  a  vein  or  deposit;  sometimes  an  entire 
claim  contains  but  one  or  two  pockets. 

Porphyry. — A  rock  consisting  of  a  compact  base,  usually  felds- 
pathic,  through  Avhich  crystals  of  feldspar  are  disseminated. 

Primary  or  Primitive  Rocks. — Consist  of  the  various  kinds  of  slate, 
quartz,  serpentine,  granite  and  gneiss;  they  are  the  lowest  group  of 
rooks,  are  irregularly  crystallized,  and  contain  a  few  animal  relics. 

Prospecting. — Hunting  for  mineral  lodes  or  placers. 

Pulp. — Pulverized  ore  in  the  lixiviation  process. 

Reducing. — Separating  from  foreign  substances;  the  reductioa  of 
ores  consists  in  extracting  from  tliem  the  metals  they  contain. 


—  &0  — 

Salting  a  Mine. — Placing  mineral  or  ore  in  barren  places  to  swindle. 

Shaft. — A  vertical  or  inclined  excavation  for  purpose  of  prospecting 
or  working  mines. 

Side  Lines. — The  lines  which  bound  the  sides  of  a  claim. 

Slag. — Scum;  dross;  the  excrement  of  a  metal;  vitrified  cinders; 
waste  from  the  smelters. 

Slimes. — The  finest  of  the  crushed  ore  and  gangue  from  mills. 

Sluices. — Boxes  or  troughs  through  which  gold-bearing  gravel  is 
washed. 

Smelting. — Reducing  the  ores  in  furnaces  to  metals. 

Soft  Carbonate. — Silver-bearing  mineral  so  soft  that  it  can  be 
readily  taken  out  with  a  pick  and  shovel.  It  is  usually  sand  impreg- 
nated with  mineral,  the  mineral  having  been  carbonated  or  oxydized. 

Stamps. — Machines  for  crushing  ores. 

Stope. — A  body  or  column  of  mineral  left  by  running  drifts  about  it. 

Stoping. — The  act  of  breaking  down  a  stope  and  excavating  it  with 
a  pick. 

Strata. — A  series  of  beds  of  rock. 

Stull. — Platforms  of  timbers  between  levels  for  strengthening  the 
mine  by  supporting  the  walls,  and  for  storing  ore  and  depositing  wall 
rock  and  waste  material  upon. 

Stull  Timbers. — The  large  timbers  placed  across  the  vein  or  lode 
from  one  wall  to  another,  to  support  the  lagging  upon  which  the  ore  or 
waste  is  placed. 

Strike. — A  find;  a  valuable  mineral  development  made  in  an 
unexpected  manner. 

Sulphuret. — Combination  of  sulphur  with  a  metallic,  earthy  or 
alkaline  base. 

Sump  or  Sumph. — A  pit  sunk  at  the  bottom  of  a  mine  to  collect  the 
water.     It  can  be  the  bottom  of  a  shaft. 

'Tailings. — The  auriferous  earth  that  has  once  been  washed  and 
deprived  of  the  greater  portion  of  the  gold  it  contained. 

Tunnel.  A  level,  driven  at  right  angles  to  the  vein  which  its  object 
is  to  reach. 

Vein. — Aggregations  of  mineral  matter  in  fissures  of  rocks. 

Walls. — The  sides  next  to  the  lode. 

Wash. — The  first  geological  formation,  being  composed  of  earth, 
sand,  gravel,  and  other  mineral  "washed"  down  from  the  mountains 
during  a  long  series  of  ages. 

Whim. — A  machine  for  raising  ores  and  refuse. 

Wizen. — A  shaft  sunk  from  one  level  to  the  other. 


—  91  — 

Distances  Sound  May  be  Heard 

Human  Voice 150  j'ards 

Rifle  Shot 5,300  yards 

Military  Band  Playing 5,200  yards 

Cannon 35,000  yards 


Strength  of  Ice  of  Various  Thicknesses 

Ice  two  inches  thick  will  bear  men  or  infantry  to  walk  on. 

Ice  four  inches  thick  will  bear  cavalry  or  light  guns. 

Ice  six  inches  thick  will  bear  teams  with  moderate  load  or  heavy 
field  guns. 

Ice  eight  inches  thick  will  bear  teams  with  very  heavy  loads,  and 
sledges. 

Ice  ten  inches  thick  will  sustain  a  pressure  of  1,000  pounds  per 
square  foot. 

A  cubic  foot  of  ice  weighs  57.5  pounds. 


Dates  of  Dignities 

The  first  English  Duke  was  Edward,  the  Black  Prince;  he  was  created 
Duke  of  Cornwall  by  his  father,  Edward  HI,  in  1.337. 

The  title  Marquis  was  first  bestowed  by  Richard  II  on  his  favorite, 
Robert  de  Vere,  Earl  of  Oxford,  created  Marquis  of  Dublin  in  1386. 

The  Saxon  titles  of  Alderman  or  Earl  and  Thane  were  changed  into 
Earl  and  Baron  by  William  I.  The  title  of  Viscount  was  long  in  use 
in  France  before  it  was  bestowed  on  any  person  in  England;  the  first 
person  who  held  it  wa^  John  Beaumont,  created  Viscount  Beaumont 
and  Count  of  Boulogne  in  France  in  1440. 

The  order  of  Baronets  was  established  by  James  I  in  1611  and  exists 
only  in  British  Dominions. 

The  Saxons  in  the  fifth  and  sixth  centuries  founded  the  Heptarchy, 
meaning  the  seven  States,  though  there  really  were  nine;  these  were 
all  subdued  by  Egbert,  King  of  Wessex,  who,  in  consequence,  took  the 
title  of  King  of  England  in  827. 

The  Norman  Kings,  beginning  with  William  I  in  1066,  were  also 
Dukes  of  Normandy. 

Henry  II,  in  1172,  styled  himself  Lord  of  Ireland,  which  title  Henry 
VIII  changed  into  King  in  1541. 


—  92  — 

Inventions  and  Discoveries 

Accordeon — Invented  by  Damian,  a  Viennese,  a.  d.  1829. 

Actinometer — Invented  by  Sir  John  Herschel,  A.  d.  1825. 

JEolian   Harp — Invented   by  Athanasius    Kircher   (German),  a.d. 
1653. 

Air  Brakes  for  railway  cars — Invented  by  George  Westinghouse, 
(American),  a.  d.  1871. 

Air  Gun — Invented  by  Marin,  of  Lesseau,  Normandy,  a.  d.  1408. 

Air  Pump — Invented  by  Otto  von  Guericke,  of  Magdeburg,  A.  D.  1G54. 

Alum — Manufactured  at  Smyrna  in  the  13th  century. 

Aluminium— A  metal,  discovered  by  F.  Wohler,  a.  d.  1827. 

Anaesthesia — "Discovered  by  Dr.  Horace  Wells,  a.  o.  1884. 

Anchor — First  forged  in  England,  A.  d.  578,  invented  by  Anacharsia 
594  B.  c. 

Anemometer — Invented  by  Wolfius,  a.  d.  1709. 

Antimony  —  A  metal,  first  extracted  from  the  ore  by  Basiliua 
Valentinus,  a.  d.  1490. 

Arsenic — Discovered  by  Schroder,  a.  d.  1C94. 

Automatic  Circuit  Breaker — For  Electro-Harmonic,  in  telegraphy,  by 
0.  Gray,  a.  d.  1876. 

Automatic  Valve  Gear,  for  Newcomen  steam  engine,  invented  by 
Humphrey  Patten,  1713. 

Backgammon — Invented  by  Palamedes  of  Greece  about  1224  B.  c. 

Balloon — The  first  inception,  by  Jesuit  Francis  Lana,  a.  d.  1670. 

Bank— The  first  mention  of  it  occurs  at  Rome  352  B.  C. 

Barometer — Wa?  invented  by  Torricelli,  a.  d.  1643. 

Bassoon — Invented  by  Alfranio  in  a.  d.  1539. 

Bayonet — Invented  in  Bayonne,  France,  a.  d.  1640. 

Bellows — Invented  by  Anacharsis,  593  b.  c. 

Bismuth — A  metal,  by  Basilius  Valentinu.j  in  the  15th  century. 

Blood  Circulation — Discovered  by  Dr.  William  Harvey,  a.  d.  1617. 

Bombs — Invented  at  Venlo,  Holland,  in  1495. 

Borax — Its  chemical  nature  was  discovered  by  GeoflFrey,  a.  d.  1732. 

Brandy — Manufactured  in  France  early  in  the  14th  century. 

Bromine — Discovered  by  Balard  of  France,  A.  T>.  1826. 

Bullets — Made  of  stone  were  in  use  a.  d.  1514. 

Bullets — Made  of  iron  are  mentioned  a.  d.  1550. 

Bullets — :Madeof  lead  before  the  17th  century. 

Butter — Was  used  as  food  by  the  ancient  Hebrews. 

Butter,  Artificial — Oleomargarine,  invented  by  M.  Mega  Monrfes, 
Paris,  A.  D.  1869. 


—  93  — 

Cable  Railways,  Underground— Invented  by  A.  S.  Hallidie,  San 
Francisco,  Cal.,  a.  d.  1871. 

Cadmium — A  metal  discovered  by  Friedrich  Stromeyer  of  Gottingen, 
A.  1).  1818. 

Caesium— A  metal  discovered  by  Kirchoff  and  Bunsen,  a.  d.  1860-61. 

Calcium — A  metal  first  isolated  by  Sir  Humphrey  Davy,  a.  d.  1808. 

Caliper  Compass — Invented  in  Nuremberg,  A.  d.  1540. 

Calomel — Mentioned  by  Crollius  in  the  17th  century,  but  undoubt- 
edly know^n  at  an  earlier  period. 

Camera  Obscura — Said  to  have  been  invented  in  the  ICth  century  by 
Baptisa  Porta;  invention  claimed  by  some  for  Roger  Bacon,  A.  D.  1290 

Cannon — Said  to  have  been  used  in  the  I2th  and  13th  centuries  by 
the  Moors;  were  used  by  the  Spaniards,  A.  D,  1309,  at  the  taking  of 
Gibraltar;  were  used  by  Edward  III  of  England,  A.  D.  1327,  in  his 
campaigns  against  the  Scots;  were  used  by  the  French,  A.  D.  1338,  at 
the  siege  of  Puy  Guillaume.  Cannon  first  made  for  iron,  balls  A.  D. 
1440. 

Mortars  came  into  use,  A.  d.  1435,  at  the  siege  of  Naples. 

Howitzers  came  into  use,  A.  D.  1697,  at  the  siege  of  Ath. 

Carronades  were  introduced  about  A.  D.  1779. 

Brass  Cannon  were  cast  in  England  by  John  Owen,  A.  D.  1535. 

Camel  Machine-  -Invented  by  Bakker  about  1688. 

Carbon — Discovered  by  Antoine  Lavoisier  of  France,  A.  D.  1788. 

Carbonic  Acid  Gas — discovered  by  Dr.  Black  a.  d.  1757;  liquefied  by 
Faraday,  a.  d.  1823. 

Celluloid  Billiard  Balls— Invented  by  J.  W.  and  I.  S.  Hyat,  A.  D. 
1869. 

Chloral — First  obtained  by  Liebig,  a.  d.  1831. 

Chlorine — First  obtained  by  Scheele,  A.  d.  1774. 

Chloroform — Discovered  by  Samuel  Guthrie  of  Sacketts  Harbor^ 
N.  Y.,  A.  D.   1831. 

Chromium— A  metal  discovered  by  Vauquelin,  a.  d.  1797. 

Chronometer — First  experiment  with  chronometers  on  a  voyage  to 
the  coast  of  Guinea  by  Major  Holmes,  A,  D.  1665. 

Clarionets — Invented  by  John  Christopher  Denner  of  Leipjsic,  A*  D, 
1690. 

Clock — Invented  in  the  6th  century  by  Boethius. 

Water  Clocks  —Invented  by  Scipio  Nasica,  159  b.  C. 

Cobalt— Discovered  as  a  metal  by  Brandt,  A.  d.  1733. 

Coin— Brass  money  is  spoken  of  by  Homer  as  existing  1184  B.  C.;. 
bronze  was  coined  in  China  1120  b.  c;  first  copper  and  silver  money 
was  coined  by  Pheidon,  King  of  Argos  in  ^gina,  895  B.  c, ;  tin  coin 


—  94  — 

was  coined  by  Dionysius  of  Syracuse;  gold  was  first  coined  in  Rome 
207  B.  c. ;  leaden  coin  is  current  in  the  Burman  Empire;  platinum  was 
coined  in  Russia,  a.  d.  1828-1845. 

Columbium— A  metal  discovered  by  Mr.  Hatchett,  a.  d.  1801. 

Cotton  Gin— Invented  by  Eli  Whitney,  a.  d.  1793. 

Cyanogen — A  gas  discovered  by  Gay-Lussac,  A.  D.  1815. 

Diamonds— The  mines  of  Golconda,  India,  were  discovered  A.  D. 
1534. 

Diamond  Drills— Invented  by  Rudolphe  Leschot,  A.  d.  1864. 

Dice — Invented  by  Palamedes  about  1224  b.  c. 

Didymium — A  metal  discovered  by  Mosander,  a.  d.  1841. 

Diving  Bell— First  used  in  Europe,  a.  d.  1509. 

Drum — An  Oriental  invention  introduced  by  the  Moors  into  Spain, 
A.  D.  713. 

Dynamite — Invented  by  Ascagne  Sobrero,  1846. 

Electricity— The  electrical  properties  of  certain  bodies  were  discov- 
ered about  600  B.  c. ,  by  Thales  of  Miletus. 

Electric  Light— Invented  by  C.  F.  Bush,   1879;  T.  A.  Edison,  1879. 

Electric  Light  Carbon — Invented  by  M.  Paul  Jablochkoff,  Paris, 
1877. 

Electric  Railway — Invented  by  T.  A.  Edison,  1881. 

Electrotype — Invented  by  Professor  Jacobi  in  1839. 

Erbium — A  metal  discovered  by  Mosander,  a.  d.  1843. 

Eudiometer — Invented  by  Dr.  Priestly,  a.  d.  1772. 

Flute — Known  to  the  ancient  Greeks. 

French  Horn — Was  invented  in  the  18th  century. 

Galvanic  Battery — First  constructed  by  Volta,  A.  D.  1800. 

Gas  (Illuminating)— Made  by  Dr.  Clayton  about  A.  D.  J  735. 

Gas  Meter — Invented  by  Mr.  Clegg,  a.  d.  1815. 

Geography— Known  first  as  a  study  to  the  Romans. 

Geometry — Origin  ascribed  to  the  Egyptians. 

Glass — Discovered  by  the  Phoenicians. 

Glycerine — Discovered  by  Scheele,  a.  d.  1789. 

Gold — A  metal  known  as  old  as  history. 

Guillotine — Invented  by  J.  I.  Guillotin  of  Paris. 

Gun  Cotton — Discovered  by  Professor  Schonbein  of  Basel,  Switzer- 
land, A.  D.  1846. 

Gunpowder — Known  to  some  Hindoo  tribes,  B.  c.  355. 

Harmonium — Invented  by  Grenie,  a.  d.  1810. 

Hats — First  made  by  a  Swiss  at  Paris,  a.  d.  1404. 

Heliometer — Invented  byBouguer,  a.  d.  1747. 


—  95  — 

Hydraulic  Ram — Invented  by  Montgolfier  in  the  18th  century. 

Hydraulic  Press — Invented  by  Pascal;  constructed  by  Joseph  Bramak, 
A.  D.  1796. 

Hydrogen — Discovered  in  the  16th  century  by  Paracelsus. 

Indium — A  metal  discovered  by  Reich  and  Ritcher  of  Frieberg, 
Saxony,  a.  d.  1863. 

Iridium — Discovered  by  Descotils,  a.  d.  1803. 

Iron — A  metal  known  to  the  ancients. 

Lanthanium — A  metal  discovered  by  Mosander,  a.  d.  1841. 

Lead — A  metal  known  to  the  ancients. 

Lightning  Rods — Invented  bj'^  B.  Franklin,  1752. 

Lithium — A  metal  first  obtained  by  Day,  a.  d.   1818. 

Locomotive — Invented  by  Watt,  1759. 

Lyre — The  earliest  known  of  all  stringed  instruments. 

Magic  Lantern — Invented  by  Athanasius  Kircher. 

Magnesium — The  metal  first  obtained  by  Bussy,  a.  d.  1830. 

Magnet— The  properties  of  the  loadstone  were  discovered  by  the 
Greeks. 

Manganese — First  isolated  by  Gahn,  a.  d.  1774. 

Mariner's  Compass — Invention  claimed  by  the  Chinese  for  the 
Emperor  Hong-ti,  a  grandson  of  Noah,  about  2634  b.  c. 

Matches,  Lucifer — Invented  by  Godfrey  Hanckurtz,  a.  d.  1680. 

Melodeon— Invented  by  Jeremiah  Carhart,  a.  d.  1836. 

Mercury— Known  from  the  earliest  ages. 

Microscope — It  was  invented  by  Tansen,  a.  d.   1590. 

Mirrors — Invented  by  the  Venetians  with  a  coating  of  tinfoil  and 
mercury  on  the  glass  in  the  16tii  century. 

Mower  and  Reaper — Suggested  by  the  ancients. 

Musket — The  first  portable  firearm,  called  the  bombard,  A-  D,   1468. 

The  Arquebuse  came  into  use  about  a.  d.  1480. 

The  Musket  was  used  a.  d.  1521. 

The  Wheel  Lock  was  invented  at  Nuremberg  about  A.  D.  1517. 

The  Flint  Lock  came  into  use  about  a.  d.  1692. 

Percussion  Caps  came  into  general  use  between  1820  and  1830. 

Nails — First  machine  for  cutting  nails  was  invented  in  New  York, 
A.  D.  1794. 

Nickel — A  metal  discovered  by  Cronstedt,  a.  i>.  1751. 

Nitric  Acid — First  obtained  by  Raymond  Sully,  a.  d.  1287. 

Nitrogen — Discovered  by  Rutherford,  a.  d.  1772. 

Observatories — The  Tower  of  Babel,  erected  2247  B.  c. 

Omnibus — First  appeared  in  Paris,  a.  d.  1825. 

Oratorio — 6rigan  ascribed  to  St.  Philip  Neri,  a.  d.  1550. 


7ffnu*f^ 


—  96  - 

Organs — Invention  ascribed  to  Archimedes  about  220  B.  c. 

Osmiuno — A  metal  discovered  by  Tennant,  A.  D.  1803. 

Oxygen — Discovered  by  Priestley  in  England,  a.  d.  1774, 

Padlock — Invented  by  Bccliar  at  Nuremberg,  a.  p.  1540. 

Palladium — A  metal  discovered  by  Wollasten,  a.  d.  1803. 

Paper — From  fibrous  matter  l)y  the  Chinese,  a.  d.  95;  first  made 
from  cotton,  a.  d.  1000;  first  paper  made  from  rags,  A.  D.  1319. 

Pens — From  quills,  used  about  a.  d.  553;  steel  pens  were  first  made 
by  Mr  Wise  of  England,  a.  d.  1803. 

Phonograph— Invented  by  T.  A.  Edison,  a.  d.  1878. 

Phonography — Invented  by  Isaac  Pitman  of  England,  a.  d.  1837. 

Photographing  Objects  in  Motion — Invented  by  E.  J.  Muybridge  of 
San  Francisco,  Cal.,  a.  d.  1879. 

Phosphorus — Discovered  by  Brandt  of  Hamburg,  a.  d.   1G69. 

Photography — First  known  in  the  16th  century;  the  Daguerieotype 
process  discovered  by  M.  Daguerre,  a.  d.  1839;  producing  negative 
photographs,  invented  by  H.  F.  Tabbot,  a.  u.  1839;  collodion  was 
used  by  F.  Archer,  a.  d.  1851. 

Piano  Forte— Invented  by  Cristofali,  a.  d.  1711. 

Pistols — Known  before  the  middle  of  the  IGth  century. 

Platinum — Discovered  by  Don  Antonio  Qlloa,  a,  d.  1735. 

Potassium — Obtained  in  a  metallic  state  by  Sir  Humphrey  Davy, 
a.  d.  1807. 

Printing — Was  practiced  by  the  Chinese  50  b.  c. 

Printing  Press — The  inventor  of  the  hand  press  is  unknoMu;  cylin- 
der press  invented  by  Mr.  Nicholson,  a.  d.  1790. 

Prussic  Acid — Discovered  by  Dissbach  (German),  a.  d.  1709. 

Pump— Invention  of  valve  pump  by  Ctesibius  of  Alexandria,  224 
B.  c. 

Quinine — Discovered  by  Pellitier  and  Caventou,  A.  d.  1820. 

Rifle —Invented  in  the  loth  century  by  Gaspard  Zollner. 

Rubidium— A  metal  discovered  by  Bunsen  and  Kirchofi",  a.  d.  1860. 

Ruthenium — A  metal  observed  l)y  Professor  Osman  in  the  Ural 
Mountains. 

Saddles — Were  used  first  in  the  13th  century. 

Safety  Lamp— Invented  by  Sir  Humphrey  Davy,  A.  D.  1815. 

Saw— According  to  Pliny,  invented  by  Daedalus. 

Screw — Known  to  the  Greek. 

Sewing  Machine — lavented  by  Elias  Howe,  Jr.,  A.  D.  1846. 

Silver — Known  to  the  ancients. 

Soap — An  invention  of  the  Gauls. 

Sodium— A  metal  first  obtained  by  Sir  Humphrey  Davy,  a.  d.  1807. 


-  97  - 

Spectacles — Invented  by  Alexander  de  Spina,  a.  d.  1285. 

Spinning  Wheel — Invented  1330. 

Spinning  Jenny — Invented  by  Hargreaves,  a.  d.  1767. 

StAamboat — Invented  by  Robert  Fulton,  1807. 

SteaiA  Engine — James  Watt  invented  the  first  perfect  steam  engine 
ill  Engl  ind,  A.  d.  1 764. 

Steam  Hammer — Invented  by  James  Nasmyth,  a.  d,  183S. 

Steel — Has  been  fabricated  from  the  earliest;  tin.es. 

Steel  Manufacture,  Purification  of  Iron — Invented  by  H.  Bessemer 
1856. 

Stereoscope — Was  known  to  Euclid,  300  b.  c. 

Stereotype— Invented  by  M.  M.  Didot  in  the  18th  century. 

Stethoscope — Invented  by  M.  Laennec  of  Paris,  a.  d.  1823. 

Strontium — A  metal  first  obtained  by  Sir  Humphrey  Davy,  a.  d.  1808. 

Swords — Were  formed  of  iron  by  the  Chinese,  1879  b.  c. 

Telegraph — Invented  by  Professor  S.  F.  B.  Morse,  a.  d,  1837. 

Telescope— Was  invented  by  Lifferbeinin  1608.     The  first  reflecting 
one  was  made  by  Isaac  Newton,  a.  d.  1668. 

Tellurium — A  metal  discovered  by  Kloproth,  a.  d.  1798. 

Telephone— Invented  by  A.  G.  Bell,  a.  d.  1876. 

Thallium — A  metal  discovered  by  Crookes,  A.  D.   1861. 

Theatres— The  first  erected,   the   Bacchus  at  Athens,  Greece,    by 
Philos,  420  B.  c. 

Thermometer — The  invention  is  generally  credited  to  Galileo,  \    d 
1596. 

Threshing  Machine — Invented  by  Michael  Menizies  at  Edinburgh 
A.  D.  1732. 

Thorium — A  metal  discovered  by  Berzelius,  a.  d.   1828. 

Tinanium — A   metal   discovered  by  Gregoi  in  Cornwall,  England 
A.  D.  1789. 

Tin — Was  known  to  the  ancients. 

Tobacco — Was  discovered  in  San  Domingo  in  1496. 

Torpedo — Invented  by  David  Bushnell,  1777. 

Trigonometry — Invented  by  the  Greek  astronomers  at  Alexandria. 

Vaccination — Proposed  by  Dr.  Edward  Jenner,  A.  d.  1796. 

Vanadium — A  metal  discovered  by  Sefstrom,  a.  d.  1830. 

Velocipede — Invented  by  M.  Drais,  a.  d.  1817. 

Violin— Believed  to  have  been  invented  by  Ravana,  King  of  Cevlon 
500  B.  c. 

Watch — Said  to  have  been  made  first  at  Nuremberg,  a.  d.  1477. 
Wire — The   invention    of   drawing    wire   invented    by   Rodolph   of 
Nuremberg,  a.  d.  1410. 

Zinc — The  ore  from  which  the  metal  is  made  was  by  the  Greeks. 
Zirconium — A  metal  first  obtained  by  Berzelius,  a,  d.  1824. 


Dictionary  of  Abbreviations 


A.  or  @.     At  or  to 

A.    A.    G.     Assistant   Adjutant- 

A.  B.     Bachelor  of  Arts 

General. 

Abbr.     Abbreviated 

Abb.     Abbott,  Abbess 

A.  C.     Before  Christ  {Ante  Christum)  Abp.  Archbishop 

Acct.       Account 

Adj.     Adjective 

A.  D.  {Anno  Domini).     In  the  year     Adjt.     Adjutant 

of  our  Lord 

A.  D.  C.     Aide-de-camp 

Adjt. -Gen.     Adjutant-General 

Ad.  lib.     At  pleasure  {Ad  lilntum) 

Adm.     Admiral,  Admiralty 

Admx,     Administratrix 

Admr.     Administrator 

Mt.  {^tatis).     Of  age,  aged. 

Adv.      Adverb 

Ala.     Alabama 

Agt.     Agent 

A.  M.     Master  of  arts 

Alex.     Alexander 

Amt.     Amount 

A,M.    Before  Noon 

Ans.     Answer 

Anon.     Anonymous 

A.  R.     Year  of  the  reign 

Apr.     April 

Ark.     Arkansas 

Ariz.  Ter.     Arizona  Territory 

Atty. -Gen.     Attorney -General 

Atty.     Attorney 

Aug.     August 

A.  U.  C.     In  the  year  of  Rome 

Avoir.     Avoirdupois 

Ave.     Avenue 

B 

b.     Bom 

B.  A.     British  America 

Bal.     Balance 

B.A.     Bachelor  of  Arts 

Bart,  or  Bt.     Baronet 

Bbl.     Barrel 

B.  C.     Before  Christ 

B.  D .     Bachelor  of  Divinity 

Bk.     Bank;  book 

Bot.     Botany 

Bp.     Bishop 

Br.  or  bro.     Brother 

Brig.     Brigade;  brigadier 

Brig.-G^n.     Brigadier-General 

C 

Chap.     Chapter 

C.  or  cent,  {centum).      A  hundred 

Cal.     California 

Capt.     Captain 

Cath.     Catholic 

Cat.  ■  Catalogue 

C.  C.  P.     Court  of  Common  Pleas      Cen.     Century 

99  — 


Dictionary  of  Abbreviations. — Continued 


C.  H.     Court  House 

Chas.     Charles 

Chron.     Chronicles 

C.  J.     Chief  Justice 

C.  M.     Common  Master 

Colo.     Colorado 

C.   0.    D.      Cash   (or  collect)    on 

delivery 
Conn,  or  Ct.     Connecticut 
Cor.  Mem.    Corresponding  Member 
Cor.  Sec.    Corresponding  Secretary 


d.     Penny;  pence 

D.     Five  hundred 

D.  C.     District  of  Columbia 

D.  C.  L.     Doctor  of  Civil  Law 

Dea.     Deacon 

Deft,  or  dft.     Defendant 

Del.     Delaware 

Dept.     Department 

Diam.    Diameter 

Dist.     District 

Div.       Dividend 

Dol.;  dols.;  %.     Dollars 

Dr.       Doctor;  debtor;  dram 


D 


Chap.     Chaplain 

Chem.     Chemistry 

Cin.     Cincinnati 

Cld.  or  eld.     Cleared 

Co,     Company;  county 

Col.     Colonel;  Colossians 

Col.     Colorado. 

Cor.     Corinthians;  corner 

Cr.     Creditor;  credit 

Cwt.     Hundredweight 

Ct.     Connecticut;  Count;  Court 

d.     Died;  day 

Dan.     Daniel;  Danish 

D.  0.  {da  ca'po).     Again 

D.  D.     Doctor  of  Divinity 

Dec.     December 

Deg.     Degree  or  degrees 

Dep.     Deputy 

Deut.     Deuteronomy 

Disc.     Discount 

Dist.  -  Atty .     Distric  t- Attorney 

Do.  or  do.  {ditto).     The  same 

Doz.  or  doz.     Dozen 

Dwt.     Pennyweight 


E 


E.     East 

Ed.     Editor;  edition 

Edw.     Edward 

e.  g.  {exempli  gratid).    For  example 

Eliz.     Elizabeth 

Eng.     England;  English 

Esd.     Esdras 

Esq.  or  Esqr.     Esquire 

Etc.  or  etc.  or  &c.     And  so  forth;  and  the  like;  and  others. 

Et  seq.  {et  sequentia).     And  what      Ex.     Example 

follows  Exch.     Exchequer 

Ex.     Exodus  Ezek.     Ezekie) 

Exec.     Executor 


Eccl.  or  Eccles.     Ecclesiaates 
Ecclus.     Ecclesiasticus 
E.  E.     Errors  excepted 
E.  I.     East  India  or  East  Indies 
E.  N.  E.     East-northeast 
Eph.     Ephesians;  Ephraim 
E.S.E.     East-southeast 
et.  al.  {et  alii).     And  others 


—  100 


Dictionary  of  Abbreviations. — Continued 


F 


Fahr. 

Fahrenheit 

Far. 

Farthing 

Feb. 

February 

Fern. 

Feminine 

Fig. 

Figure 

Fla. 

Florida 

Fol. 

Folio 

Fr. 

French;  France;   Franc 

Fri. 

Friday- 

Ft. 

Foot;  feet;  fort 

Fur. 

Furlong 

Fir. 

G 

Firkin 

Ga. 

Georgia 

Gal. 

Galatians;  gallon 

G.  B. 

Great  Britain 

Gen. 

Genesis;  General 

Gent. 

Gentleman 

Geo. 

George 

Geog. 

Geography 

Geol. 

Geology 

Geom 

.     Geometry 

Ger. 

German:  Germany 

Gov. 

Governor 

Gr. 

Greek;  gross 

Gram. 

Grammar 

Gro. 

Gross 

H 


H.  B.  M.     His  (or  Her),  Britannic 

Majesty 
Hdkf.     Handkerchief 
Hhd.     Hogshead 
H.  L.     House  of  Lords 
H.  M.     His  (or  Her)  Majesty 
H.  M.  S.     His  (or  Her)  Majesty's  Steamer,  Ship  or  Service. 
Hon.     Honorable  Hort.     Horticulture 

Hos.     Hosea  H.  R.    H.     His   (or    Her)  Royal 

Highnesss 


H.  orh.     Hour 
H.  C.     House  of  Commons 
Heb.     Hebrevs^ 
Hist.     History;  historical 
H.    I.  H.     His  (or  Her)  Imperial 
Highness 


la.     Iowa  lb,  or  ibid  {ibidem).     In  the  same 

Id.  {idem).     The  same  place 

111.     Illinois  I.  e.  or  i.  e.  {id  est).     That  is 

I.  H.  S.  {fesus  {or  Jesus)  Hominum  Salvator).     Jesus  the  Savior  of  men. 

Incog,  {incognito).     Unknown  In.  or  in.     Inch;  inches 

Inst.     Of  this  month;  instant  Ind.     Indiana;  Index;  Indian 

I.  N.  R.  I.     Jesus  of  Nazareth,  King  of  the  Jews 

Ire.     Ireland  Int.     Interest 

Ital.     Italic;  Italian  I.  O.  U.     I  owe  you 


—  101  — 


Dictionary  of  Abbreviations. — Conth 

J 

J. 

Judge  or  Jufjtice 

JJ. 

Justices 

Jam. 

Jamaica 

Jan. 

January 

Jail. 

Japan;  Japanese 

Jas. 

Jatne3 

Je. 

June 

Jer. 

Jeremiah 

Jno. 

John 

Jona. 

Jonathan 

Jos. 

Joseph 

Josh. 

Joshua 

J.  P. 

Justice  of  the  Peace 

Jr. 

Junior 

Jul. 

July 

Jus. 

Justinian 

K.       King 

K.  B.     King's  Bench 

Knt.  or  Kt.     Knight 


K 


Kan.     Kansas 

Ken.  or  Ky.     Kentucky 


L.  1.  £.     A  pound  sterling 

La.     Louisiana 

Lam.     Lamentations 

Lat.     Latin 

Lat.       Latitude 

Lb.  or  Ih.     Pound  in  weight 

Ld.       Lord 

Lea.  or  lea.     League 

Lev.      Leviticus 

L.  I.     Long  Island 

Lieut.  orLt.     Lieutenant 

L.  LB.  Bachelor  of  Laws 

L.  L.  D.     Doctor  of  Law 

Lon.  or  Long.     Longitude 

L.  S.  { Locus  Sigilli).    Place  of  the  Seal 


M 


M.     Noon,  Meridian 

M.  or  Mons.     Sir,  Monsieur 

Mac.  or  Mace.     Maccabees 

Maj.       Major 

Mar.       March 

Masc.     Masculine 

Matt.      Matthew 

M.  D.     Doctor  of  Mediciae 

Mdlle.    Mademoiselle 

Mem.     Memorandum 


M.  A  thousand 

M.  A.     Master  of  Arts 

Mad.       Madam 

Maj. -Gen,     Major-General. 

Marq.     Marquis 

Mass.  or  Ms.     Massachusetts 

M.  C     Member  of  Congress 

M.  D.     Maryland 

Me.         Maine 

Messrs.  orM.  M.  Gentlemen,  Sirs 


—  102 


Dictionary  of  Abbreviations, — Continued 


Mi.  or 

Miss.     Mifssissippi 

Min. 

Minute 

Mich. 

Michigan 

Mile. 

Mademoiselle 

Minn. 

Minnesota 

Mme. 

Madame 

Miss. 

Misses 

Mmes. 

Mesdames 

M.  M. 

Their  Majesties 

Mo. 

Missouri 

M.  M. 

Gentlemen 

Mon. 

Monday- 

M.  M. 

Messieurs 

Mon. 

Monsieur  or  Sir 

Mo.  or 

mo.     Month 

M.  P. 

Member  of  Parliament 

Mr. 

Mister  or  Master 

Mrs. 

Mistress  or  Missis 

M.S. 

Manuscript 

Mt. 

Mount  or  Mountain 

MSS. 

Manuscripts 

N 


N,     North 

N.  A.     North  America 

N.  B.     Note  well;  take  notice 

N.  E.     New  England;  Northeast 

Neh.     Nehemiah 

Nev.     Nevada 

N.  H.     New  Hampshire 

N.  N.  E.     North-northeast 

Nol.  Pros.     Unwilling  to  prosecute 

Non.  Seq.     It  does  not  follow 

N.  S.     Nova  Scotia 

N.  T.     New  Testament 

N.  W.     Northwest 


N.  or  n.     Noun 

N.  B.     New  Brunswick 

N.  C.     North  Carolina 

Neb.     Nebraska 

Nem.  Con.     No  one  contradicting 

Unanimously 

N.  J.     New  Jersey 

N.  N.  W.     North -northwest 

No.  or  no.     Number 

Nov.     November 

N.  S.     New  Style  (after  1752) 

Num.     Number 

N.  Y.     New  York 


O 


O.     Ohio 

Obad.     Obadiah 

Oct.     October 

0.  S.     Old  Style  (previous  to  1762) 

Or.     Oregon 


Ob.  or  ob.  (phm).     Died 
Obj.     Objective 
Olym.  .  Olympiad 
0.  T.     Old  Testament 
Oz.  or  oz.     Ounce 


—  103  — 


Dictionary  of  Abbreviations. — Coyitinucd 


P.  or  p.     Page;  part;  pipe 

Par.      Paragraph 

Penn.  or  Pa.     Pennsylvania 

Per.  an.  (Pr/  annum).     By  tlie  year 

Per.  cent  {Per  centum).    By  the  hun- 
dred 

Phil.     Philippiaui;  Philemoa 

P.  M.  (Post  Meridian).     Afternoon 

P.  0.     Postoffice 

Pp.  or  pp.     Pages 

Prof.     Professor 

Pro.  tem.  {Pro  tempore).     For  the 
time  being 

Prox.  {proximo).     Next  (month) 

P.  S.     Postscript 


Pari. 

Parliament 

P.  E. 

I.      Prince  Edward  Island 

Per.  or  pr.     By  the 

Ph.  D. 

Doctor  of  Philosophy 

Plff. 

Plaintiff 

Phila. 

Philadelphia 

P.  M. 

Postmaster 

Pop. 

Population 

Pres. 

President 

Prot. 

Protestant 

Prov. 

Proverbs 

Prus. 

Prussia;  Prussian 

Ps. 

Psalm  or  Psalms 

Pt. 

Pint,  point,  port 

Pwt. 

Pennyweight 

Q 


Q.     Question 

Q.  C.     Queen's  Counsel 

Q.  M.     Quartermaster 

Qr.     Quarter 

Q.  V.  or  q.  v.  {quod  vide).     Which 

see 
Qy.     Query 


Q.    or    Qu.      Query ;    Question  j 
Queen 

Q.    E.    D.      Which    was   to    be 
demonstrated 

Q.    M.    G.       Quartermaster- 
General 

Qt.     Quart 


R 


R. 

Take  Recipe 

R.         River;  rood;  rod 

R.  A. 

Royal  Academy 

Rev.     Revelation;  Reverend 

Regt. 

Regiment 

Rev.     Review;  Revolution 

Rep. 

Representative;  Reporter 

R.  I.     Rhode  Island 

Rep. 

Republican;  Republic 

Richd.     Richard 

R.  N. 

Royal  Navy 

Robt.     Robert 

Rom. 

Roman;  Romans 

Rom.  Oath.     Roman  Catholic 

R.  R. 

Railroad 

Rt.  Hon.     Right  Honorable 

Russ. 

Russia 

Rt.  Rev.     Right  Reverend 

lot 


Dictionary  of  Abbreviations. — Continued 


s. 

South;  shilling 

Sam. 

Samuel 

Sax. 

Saxon 

Schr. 

Schooner 

Scot. 

Scotland 

Sec. 

Secretary 

Sen. 

Senate;  Senator;  Senior 

Ser. 

Series 

Sing. 

[Singular 

Sid.  or  sld.     Sailed 

S.  M. 

Short  meter 

Soc. 

Society 

Sq.  ft. 

Square  feet 

Sq.  iu 

.     Square  inches 

Sq.  yc 

I.     Square  yard 

SS.  or  ss.  (scilicet):    Namely 

s.  s.  : 

E.     South-southeast 

St.     Saint;  street;  strait 

S.  T.  D.     Doctor  of  Sacred  Theology 

Sun.     Sunday 

Surg.     Surgeon;  Surgery 


S.  A.  South  America 

Sat.     Saturday 

S.  C.     South  Carolina 

Scil.  or  Sc.  [scilicet).     To  wit 

S.  E.     Southeast 

Sect.     Section 

Sep,  or  Sept.     September 

Serg.     Sergeant 

S.  J.  C.     Supreme  Judicial  Court 

S.  Lat.     South  Latitude 

Sol.     Solomon 

Sp.     Spain;  Spanish 

Sq.  m.     Square  miles 

Sq.  r.     Square  rood 

Sr.     Sir;  Senior 

SS.  or  ss.  {semis).       Half 

S.  S.  W.     South-southwest 

Stat.     Statute 

Ster. ,  or  Stg.     Sterling 

Supt.     Superintendent 

S.W.     Southwest 


Ten.  or  Tenn.     Tennessee 

Tnx.     Texas 

Ihess.     Thessaloniana 

Thos.     Thomas 

Tit.     Titus 

Treas.     Treasurer 

Triu.     Trinity 


Ter.     Territory 

Theo.     Theodore 

Th.  or  Thurs.     Thursday 

Tim.     Timothy 

Tr.     Trustee 

TVs.     Trustees 

Tu.  or  Tues.     Tuesday 


U 

Ult.  or  ult.  {ultimo).   Last,  or  of  the      U.  S.     United  States 


last  montli  U.  S.  A. 

U.    S.    A.       United     States     of  U.  S.  N. 

America  U.  S.  S. 

U.  S.  M.     United  States  Mail  U.  T. 
U.  S.  V.    United  States  Volunteers 


United  States  Army 
United  States  Navy 
United  States  Senate 
Utah  Territory 


—  105 


Dictionary  of  Abbreviatious. — Continued 

¥ 


Va.     Virginia 

Ver. 

Verse;  Version 

Vice.  -Pres.     Vice-President 

Vil. 

Village 

Viz.  or  viz  {videlicet).     Namely; 

Vol. 

Volume 

To  wit 

Vt. 

Vermont 

V.  R.   (Victoria  Regina).     Queen  Victoria 
Vs.  or  vs.  {versus).     Against  or  iu  opposition 


W 


W.         West 

"Wed.     Wednesday 

W.  T.  or  W.  Ind.     West  Indies 

Wk.     Week 

W.  N.  W.     West-northwest 

W.  S.  W.     West-southwest 

W   T.  Wyoming  Territory 


Wash.     Washington 

Whf.        Wharf 

Wis.  or  Wise.     Wisconsin 

Wni.     William 

W.  S.  Writer  of  the  Signet 

W.  Va.     West  Virginia 

Wt.  or  wt.     Weight 


X.  or  Xt.     Christ 


Xmas,     Christmas 


Yd.  or  yd.     Yard 


Yrs,     Years 


Zacli.     Zachary 
Zeph.     Zephaniah 
&.  and 


Zech.     Zechariah 

Zool.      Zoology 

&c.         And  the  rest;  and  so  forth 


The  Most  Valuable  Gem  in  the  World 

The  most  valuable  gem  is  a  sapphire;  weighs  12J  loth  (a  little  over 
six  ouneeLs),  and  is  valued  at  $16,000,000,  it  is  the  property  of  the 
Royal  family  of  Germany,  at  Berlin. 


—  106  — 

Value  of  Diamonds 

Diamonds  averaging  one-half  carat  each,  ^60  per  carat;  diamonds 
averaging  three-quarters  carat  each,  ^80  per  carat;  diamonds  averag- 
ing one  carat  each,  $100  per  carat;  diamonds  averaging  one  and  one- 
quarter  carats  each,  $110  per  carat;  diamonds  averaging  one  and 
one-half  carats  each,  $120  per  carat;  diamonds  averaging  one  and 
three-quarters  carats  each,  $145  per  carat;  diamonds  averaging  two 
carats  each,  $175  per  carat.  In  other  words  the  value  of  the  gem 
increases  in  the  geometrical  ratio  of  its  weight.  Four  diamonds 
weighing  together  two  carats  are  worth  $120;  but  one  diamond  weigh, 
ing  just  as  much  is  worth  $350.  Stones  weighing  over  two  carats  are 
about  the  same  price  per  carat  as  two-carat  stones;  they  should  be 
dearer,  but  they  are  not  simply  because  the  demand  for  them  is  limited* 
If  the  demand  for  diamonds  were  as  imperative  as  the  demand  for 
flour  or  beef  the  geometrical  ratio  would  again  come  into  play,  and 
five-tarat  stones  would  be  valued  in  the  thousands. 


Diamond-Cutting  House 

The  largest  diamond-cutting  house  in  Amsterdam,  Holland,  is  the 
Amsterdam  where  they  employ  400  men.  The  famous  Kohinoor  dia- 
mond was  cut  there.  The  cutters  make  from  $7  to  $12  and  even  $14 
per  day. 

Baseball  Plates  Distances 

The  distance  from  the  home-plate  to  the  pitcher's  position  is  50  feet» 
so  that  must  be  the  distance  the  ball  is  pitched.  The  distance  from  the 
home-plate  to  the  first  base  is  90  feet,  and  127  feet  4  inches  to  second 
base. 

Centenarians 

The  most  remarkable  were  : 

Thomas  Parr,  died  after  a  dmner  party,  in  his  152d  year. 

The  Countess  of  Desmond,  killed  by  falling  from  a  cherry-tree,  in 
her  146  th  year. 

John  Riva  of  Venice,  who  chewed  citron  bark  daily,  died  at  the  age 
of  116  years,  leaving  a  son  of  14  years. 

Cardinal  de  Salis,  who  recommended  daily  exercise  in  all  weathers, 
died  in  his  1 10th  year. 

Mrs.  Ann  Butler  died  at  Portsmouth,  England,  January,  1883,  at  the 
age  of  103  years. 

Mrs.  Betty  Lloyd  died  at  Ruabon,  Wales,  1883,  in  her  107th  year, 
her  funeral  being  attended  by  two  of  her  children  aged  over  80  years. 


—  107  — 

Weight  of  Large  Bells  of  the  World 

Kremlin,  Moscow,  Russia 443,772  pounds 

St.  Ivan's,  Moscow,  Russia 127,830  " 

Vienna,  Austria 40,200  " 

Olmutz,  Bohemia ,.,., 40,000  " 

Rouen,  France 40,000  *' 

"  Big  Ben,"  London,  England 30,350  " 

Montreal,  Canada 28,560  " 

City  Hall,  New  York  City 22,300  " 

Fire  Alarm,  33d  St.,  New  York  City 21,012  " 

St.  Peter's,  Rome,  Italy 18,600  ** 

" Great  Tom,"  Oxford,  England 18,000  ** 

St.  Faul's,  London,  England 11,470  " 

Linden,  Germany 10,854  " 

Lewiston,  Maine,  United  States 10,233  ** 

Worcester,  England 6,600  '* 

York,   England 6,384  '* 

Height  of  the  Principal  Monuments, 
Towers  and  Pyramids 

Name  Height  in  feet 

Eiffel,  Paris,  France (300  metres)  984 

Washington  Monument,  Washington,  D.  C,  U.  S 555 

Cologne  Cathedral,  Cologne,  Germany 524 

Old  St.  Paul's  Church,  London,  England 505 

Pyramid  of  Cheops,  Egypt 486^ 

Antwerp  Cathedral,  Antwerp,  Belgium 476 

Strasburg  Cathedral,  Strajburg,  Germany  474 

Pyramid  of  Cephrenes,  Egypt 456 

St.  Peter's  Church,  Rome,  Italy 469 

St.  Stephen's  Cathedral,  Vienna,  Austria 441 

St.  Martin's  Church,  Landshut,  Germany 411 

Salisbury  Cathedral,  England 404 

Torazzo  of  Cremona,  Cremona,  Lombardy 396 

Freiburg  Cathedral,  Freiburg,  Germany 410 

Florence  Cathedral,  Florence,  Italy 272 

Torre  Asinelli,  Bologna,  Italy 370 

St.  Paul's  Church,  London,  England 365 

Cathedral  of  Seville,  Seville,  Spain 360 

Pyramid  of  Sakkarah,  Egypt 356 


i08 


Height  of  Principal  Mountains,  Etc. — Continued 

Utrecht  Cathedral,  Utrecht,  Holland 35G 

Milan  Cathedral,  Lombardy 355 

Cathedral  of  Notre  Dame,  Munich,  Germany 34S 

Church  of  St.  Isaac,  St.  Petersburg,  Russia 33G 

Victoria  Tower,  Westminster,  England 340 

Bell  Tower,  St.  Mark's,  Venice,  Italy 323 

Cathedral,  Frankfort  on  Main,  Germany 326 

Hotel  de3  Invalides,  Paris,  France 344 

Liberty  Enlightening  the  World,  New  York  Harbor  (above  water) .  .305 
"  "  "         '«        New  York  Harbor  (above  lciud).294 

Boston  Church,  Lincolnshire,  England 292 

Trinity  Church,  New  York,  U.  S 284 

St.  Genevieva  Church,  Paris,  France 274 

Column  at  Delhi,  Hindoostan,  Asia 2C2 

Porcelain  Tower,  Nankin,  China 2(50 

Church  of  Notre  Dame,  Paris,  France 224 

Bunker  Hill  Mouument,  Massachusetts,  U.  S 221 

York  Cathedral,  England 198 

Leaning  Tower  of  Pisa,  Pisa,  Italy 188 

Mosque  of  St.  Sophia,  Constantinople,  Turkey .182 

Monument  Place  Vendome,  Paris,  Frrnce 153 

Trajan's  Pillar,  Rome,  Italy 151 

Pantheon,  Rome,  Italy 145 

Obelisk  of  Luxor,  Paris,  France 75 

Egyptian  Obelisk,  New  York,  U.  S 70 

Washington  Monument,  Baltimore,  U.  S 175 

City  Column,  London,  England 202 

Albert's  Memorial,  JLondon,  England 180 

Alexander  Column,  St.  Petersburg,  Russia 175 

Tower  of  Water  Works,  Chicago,  III,  U.  S 175 

Nelson  Column,  Loudon,  England 171 

Arc  de  Triomphe,  Paris,  France 162 

Column  of  July,  Paris,  France 157 

York  Column,  London,  England 138 

Nelson  Column,  Dublin,  Ireland 134 

Napoleon  Column,  Paris,   France 132 


—  109  — 

How  TO  Prove  that  the  Earth  Does  Move 

A  simple  and  convincing  mode  of  proving  the  assertion.  It  has 
puzzled  the  heads  of  a  good  many  people  to  known  how  the  earth  turns 
round,  A  German  educational  journal  published  in  Frankfort  gives 
the  following  directions  for  proving  that  the  earth  "does  move:"  Take 
a  good-sized  bowl,  till  it  nearly  full  of  water  and  put  it  upon  the  floor 
of  a  room  which  is  not  exposed  to  shaking  or  jarring  from  the  street. 
Sprinkle  over  the  surface  of  the  water  a  coating  of  lycopodium  powder, 
a  white  substance  sometimes  used  for  the  purposes  of  the  toilet  and 
which  can  be  obtained  at  almost  any  apothecary's.  Then  upon  the 
surface  of  this  coating  of  powder  make  with  powdered  charcoal  a 
straight  black  line,  say  an  inch  or  two  in  length.  Having  made  this 
black  mark  with  the  charcoal  powder  on  the  surface  of  the  contents  of 
the  bowl,  lay  down  upon  the  floor  close  to  the  bowl  a  stick  or  some  other 
straight  object  so  that  it  will  be  exactly  parallel  with  the  mark.  If 
the  line  happens  to  be  parallel  with  a  crack  in  the  floor  or  with  any 
stationary  object  in  the  room  this  will  serve  as  well.  Leave  the  bowl 
undisturbed  for  a  few  hours  and  then  observe  the  position  of  the  black 
mark  with  reference  to  the  object  that  it  was  parallel  with.  It  will  be 
found  to  have  moved  about,  and  to  have  moved  from  east  to  west — that 
is  to  say  in  the  direction  opposite  to  that  of  the  movement  of  the  earth 
on  its  axis.  The  earth,  in  simply  revolving,  has  carried  the  water  and 
everything  else  in  the  bowl  around  with  it,  but  the  powder  on  the  sur- 
face has  been  left  behind  a  little.  The  line  will  always  be  found  to 
have  moved  from  east  to  west,  which  is  perfectly  good  proof  that  every- 
thing else  has  moved  the  other  way. 


Two  Natural  Compasses 

Allen  Thompson,  the  old  White  Mountain  guide,  says  :  "  When  I  am 
in  the  woods  I  never  use  a  compass,  in  fact,  I  don't  need  any.  There 
are  three  sure  ways  that  I  have  for  finding  out  the  points  of  the  com- 
pass. You  will  notice  that  three-fourths  of  the  moss  on  trees  grows  on 
the  north  side  ;  the  heaviest  boughs  on  spruce  trees  are  always  on  the 
south  side ;  and  thirdly,  the  topmost  twig  on  every  uninjured  hemlock 
tree  tips  to  the  east.  You  just  remember  this  and  you'll  never  get 
lost." 

At  any  hour  during  the  day-time,  even  in  a  dense  fog  or  blinding 
snowstorm,  the  right  direction  may  be  readily  ascertained  by  a  very 
simple  means  of  finding  the  position  of  the  sun.  All  that  is  required 
is  to  place  the  point  of  a  knife  blade  or  a  sharp  lead-pencil  on  the 
thumb-nail,  when  a  shadow  will  be  cast  directly  from  the'sun,  however 
dense  may  be  the  fog  or  snow. 


—  no  — 


How  TO  Make  a  Compass  at  Home 

Get  from  a  druggist  a  common  pasteboard  pill-box  of  about  one  and 
three-fourths  inches  in  diameter.  Cut  in  the  lid  a  round  hole  an  inch 
in  diameter.  Cover  the  hole  on  the  inside  with  a  piece  of  window  glass, 
which  can  be  held  in  place  by  bits  of  sealing-wax  at  the  corners. 

Break  off  about  three-eighths  of  an  inch  from  the  point  of  a  sewing 
needle  and  affix  it,  point  upward  by  means  of  sealing-wax,  to  the  cen- 
ter of  the  bottom  of  the  box.  This  is  to  be  the  pivot  upon  which  the 
magnetic  needle  is  to  swing. 

For  a  needle,  use  the  permanent  magnet  made  of  a  darning-needle. 
To  adjust  this  to  the  pivot,  cut  out  a  piece  of  ivory  or  bone — the  handle 
of  an  old  tooth-brush  is  good  material — a  quarter  of  an  inch  square  by 
a  tenth  of  an  inch  thick.  In  the  center  of  the  square  side  bore  a  hole 
by  means  of  an  knife-blade  or  the  handle  end  of  a  file,  nearly  through 
the  piece. 

The  inner  extremity  of  the  hole  must  be  smooth,  with  no  small 
crevices  or  sharp  edges.  To  the  opposite  surface  attach  by  sealing-wax 
the  needle,  and  after  placing  it  upon  the  pivot,  put  the  cover  on  the 
box.  If  the  hole  in  the  ivory  be  well  made,  one  end  of  the  needle  will 
point  to  the  north. 

Place  the  compass  near  any  large  mass  of  iron  as,  for  example,  the 
kitchen  stove,  and  see  where  it  will  point  then. 


News,  the  Derivation  of  the  Word 

The  word  "news"  was  not,  as  many  suppose,  derived  from  the 
adjective  new,  but  from  the  fact  that  many  years  ago  it  was  customary 
to  put  at  the  head  of  the  periodical  publications  of  the  day  the  initial 
letters  of  the  compass,  thus: 

N 


W- 


Signifying  that  the   matter  contained  therein    was  from  the  four 
quarters  of  the  globe.     From  the  letters  came  the  word  "news." 


—  HI  — 

Abbreviations  Used  by  Physicians  in  Pre- 
scriptions, Medical  Books  and  Journals 

ss.  {Semiisii).     Half. 

iss  {Sesqui).     One  and  a  half. 

A.  aa.   {ana,  utrlusque).     Of  each. 
Abdom.     Abdomen. 

Abs.  Febr.  {Absentefebre).     In  the  absence  of  fever. 

Ad.  or  Add  {Adde  or  Addator).     Add,  or  let  there  be  added. 

Ad  Lib.  {Ad  WAtum).     At  pleasure. 

Altern.  Hor.  {Alternishoiis).     Every  other  hour. 

Aq.  {Aqua).     Water. 

Aq.  Bull.  {Aqua  Bulliens).     Boiling  Water. 

Aq.  Conm.  {Aqua  Cormnunk).     Common  water. 

Aq.  Ferv.  {Aqua/ervens).     Hot  water. 

Aq.  Font.  {Aquafontis).     Spring  water. 

B.  A.  {Balneum  Arence).     A  sand  bath. 
Bib.  {Bihe).     Drink. 

Bis  Ind.  {Bis  indies).     Twice  daily. 
Bol.  {Bolus).     A  large  pill. 
^uW.  {Bulliat).     Let  it  boil. 

B.  V.  {Balneum  vaporv^).     A  vapor  bath. 
Cap.  (Capiat).     Let  him  take. 

Chart.  {Chxxrtuh) .     A  small  paper. 
Cochl.  {Cochleare).     A  spoonful. 
Col.  {Cola).     Strain. 
Colly r.  {Colly rium).     An  eye  water. 
Comp.  {Compositus).     Compound. 

C.  or  Cong.  {Congius).     A  gallon. 
Coq.  {Coque),    Boil. 

Cort.  {Cortex).     Bark. 

C.  M.  {Cras  Mane).     To-morrow  morning. 

C.  N.  {Cras  Nocte).     To-morrow  night. 
Crast.  {Crastintcs).     For  to-morrow. 

D.  {Detur).     Let  it  be  given. 
Decub.  {Dtcubitus).     Lying  down. 

De  D.  in  D.  {De  die  in  diem).     From  day  to  day. 

Dig.  {Digeratur).     Let  it  be  digested. 

Dil.  {Dilutus).    Dilute. 

Dim.  {Dimidius).     One-half.  ' 

Div.  {Divide)     Divide. 

Enem.  {Enema).     A  clyster. 


_  112  — 

Abbreviations,  Etc. — Continued 

F.  {Fiat).     Let  it  be  made. 

F.  Pil.  {Fiatpihcld).     Make  into  a  pill. 

Feb.  Dur.  {Febre  durante).     During  the  fever. 

Fl.  {Fluidus)  Fluid. 

GrT.  {Granum).     A  grain. 

Gt.  {Gutta).     A  drop. 

Gtt.  (Outtce).     Drops. 

Guttat.  {Guttatini).     By  drops. 

Hor.  Decub.  [Hora  decuUtus).     At  bedtime. 

Lb.  and  Lib.  {Libra).     A  pound  weight. 

Liq.     Liquor. 

M.  {Misce).     Mix. 

Man.  {Minijpulv^).     A  handful. 

Mic.  Pan.  {Mica  Panis).     Crumb  of  bread. 

Min.  {Minimum).     The  sixtieth  part  of  a  drachm  by  measure. 

Mist.  {Mistura).     A  mixture. 

Muc.  {Mucilago).     Mucilage. 

0.  {Octarius).     A  pint. 

01.  {Okum).     Oil. 

Omn.  Hor.  {Omni  Jwra).     Every  hour. 

Omn.  Man.  {Omni  Mane).     Every  morning. 

Omn.  Nocte.     Every  night. 

Oz.  {(Jncia).     An  ounce. 

P.  M.  {Partes  yEquales).     Equal  parts. 

Pil.  {Pilula).     A  pill. 

P.  R.  N.  {Pro  re  nata).     As  occasion  may  require. 

Pulv.  (Pulvis).     A  powder. 

Q.  S.  {Qu£intum  siifficit).     As  much  as  ifi  yufl&cient. 

Rad.  {Radix).     Root. 

Rep.  {Repetatur).     Let  it  be  repeated. 

S.  {Signa).     Write. 

S.  A.  {Secundum  Artem).     According  to  art. 

Sem,  {Semen).     Seed. 

Si  Non  Val.  {Si  non  valeat).     If  it  does  not  answer. 

Si  Op.  Sit.  {Si  opus  sit).     If  there  be  need. 

Sig.  {Sigulomm).     Of  each. 

Solv.  {Solve).     Dissolve. 

Sp.  {Spirittis).     Spirit. 

Sum.  {Sumat).     Let  him  take. 

Sp.  Vin.  {Spiritus  vini).     Spirit  of  wine, 

Syr.  {Syrupus).     Syrup. 

Tr.  Tinct.  {Tinctura).     Tincture. 

V.  S.  {Vence  sectio).     Venesection. 


—  113  — 

How  Human  Life  is  Spent 

According  to  a  French  statistician,  taking  the  mean  of  many  accounts, 
a  man  of  50  years  of  age  has  slept  6,000  days,  worked  6,500  days, 
walked  800  days,  amused  himself  4,000  days,  was  eating  1,500  days, 
was  sick  500  days,  etc.  He  ate  17,000  pounds  of  bread,  16,000  pounds 
of  meat,  4,600  pounds  of  vegetables,  eggs  and  fish,  and  drank  7,000 
gallons  of  liquid,  namely,  water,  tea,  coflfee,  beer,  wine,  etc.,  altogether. 


The  Smallest  Steam  Engine  in  the  World 

The  smallest  steam  engine  in  the  world  was  built  by  Mr.  D.  A.  A. 
Buck  (American).  The  engine,  boiler,  governor  and  pumps  stand  in  a 
space  of  seven-sixteenths  of  an  inch  square,  or  the  area  of  a  gold  dollar 
and  five-eighths  of  an  inch  high,  composed  of  148  distinct  parts  held 
together  by  52  screws.  Three  drops  of  water  fill  the  boiler  to  its 
proper  capacity.  Diameter  of  cylinder,  one-sixteenth  of  an  inch;  length 
of  3troke,  three  thirty-seconds  of  an  inch;  weight  of  engine,  15  grains. 


The  Smallest   Locomotive  in  the  World 

A  mechanic  living  in  Jamestown,  New  York  State,  has  constructed 
a  perfect  locomotive,  which  is  said  to  be  the  smallest  in  the  world. 
The  engine  is  only  eight  and  a  quarter  inches  in  length,  with  a  tender 
ten  inches  long.  The  pumps  throw  one  drop  of  water  per  stroke.  As 
many  a  3  585  screws  were  required  to  put  the  parts  together.  The 
engine  itself  weighs  one  and  a  half  pounds,  and  the  tender  two  pounds 
and  two  and  a  half  ounces.  The  mechanic  was  at  work  on  the  loco- 
motive for  eight  years,  though  intervals  of  time  only  were  given  to 
the  labor  of  constructing  it. 


Jumbo,  the  Elephant 

Jumbo,  the  famous  elephant,  was  bought  from  a  wandering  band  of 
Arabs — according  to  Sir  Samuel  Baker — when  four  years  of  age. 
Then  was  brought  to  the  Jardin  des  Plantes,  Paris,  Finance,  from  there 
he  was  transferred  to  the  London  Zoological  Gardens,  in  1866,  and 
remained  there  until  bought  by  Barnum,  Bailey  &  Hutchinson,  in 
1882.     Jumbo  was  killed  by  a  locomotive  at  Ontario,  Canada,  in  1885. 


—  114  — 

General  Councils 

A.  D. 

Jerusalem,  against  Judaizers ...     51 

Aries,  against  the  Donatists 314 

Nice,  First  (Ecumenical  Council 325 

Constantinople,  Arian 337 

Rome,  Athanasian 342 

Sardis,  against  Arius 347 

Constantinople,  Second  (Ecumenical 38^ 

Ephesus,  Third  (Ecumciical 431 

Chalcedon,   Fourth  (Ecumenical 451 

Constantinople,  Fifth  (Ecumenical 553 

Constantinople,  Sixth  (Ecumenical G81 

•Nice,  Seventh  (Ecumenical 787 

Constantinople,  Eighth  (Ecumenical 870 

Rome,  First  Lateran 1123 

Rome,  Second  Lateran 1 139 

Rome,  Third  Lateran 1 197 

Rome,  Fourth  Lateran 1215 

Lyons,  Emperor  Frederick  deposed 1243 

Lyons,  Temporary  reunion  of  Greek  and  Latin  Churches 1274 

Vienne,  Fifteenth  (Ecumenical 1312 

Pisa,  Popes  elected  and  deposed 140o 

Constance,  Huss  condemned  to  be  Ijurnt 1414 

Basle,  Eighteenth  (Ecumenical 1431 

Rome,  Fifth  Lateran 1512  to  1517 

Trent,  Nineteenth  (Ecumenical 1545  to  15G3 

Rome,  Last  (Ecumenical 1870 

Lucky   Stones 

The  stones  sacred  to  the  different  months  are: 

January Garnet  July Ruby 

February. . .    , Amethyst  August Sardonyx 

March Bloodstone  September Sapphire 

April Diamond  October Opal 

May.    Emerald  November Topaz 

June Agate  December Turquoise 

Limit  of  Perpetual  Snow  at  the  Equator 

The  limit  of  perpetual  snow  is  15,200  feet  above  the  sea  level  at  the 
Equator 


-  115  — 

Highest  Mountains  in  the  World 

Feet  Miles 

Name                                                                                                  High  High 

*Mt.  Hercules,  New  Guinea 32,787  61-5 

Mt.  Everest,  India,  Thibet 29,002  5| 

Mt.  Peterman,  India,  Thibet 28, 156  5^ 

Mt.  Chumulri,  India,  Thibet 23,946  4| 

Mt.  Sorato,  Bolivia,  S.  Am 21,284  4 

Mt.  Chimborazo,  Ecuador,  S.  Am 21, 149  4 

Mt.  lUimani,  Bolivia,  S.  Am 21, 147  4 

Mt.  Hindoo-Koosh,  Afghanistan,  Asia 20,600  3| 

Mt.  Demavend,  Persia,  Asia 19,998  3§ 

Mt.  Cotopaxi,  Ecuador,  South  Am 19,495  3§ 

Mt.  Antisana,  Ecuador,  S.  Am. 19, 150  3^ 

Mt.  St.  Elias,  Alaska,  N.  Am 17,900  3J 

Mt.  Popocatepetl,  Mexico,  N.   Am 17,773  3^ 

Mt.  Ararat,  Armenia,  Asia   17,260  3^ 

Mt.  Roa  Hawaii 16,000  3 

Mt.  Brown,  British  America,  N.  Am 15,900  3 

Mt.  Blanc,  Savoy,  Europe 15,744  21 

Monte  Rosa,  Switzerland,  Europe 15,284  2g 

Mt.  Wliitney,  California,  N.   Am 14,887  2f 

Mt.  Fairweather,  Alaska,  N.  Am 14,796  2| 

Mt.  Shasta,  California,  N.  Am 14,442  2^ 

Mt.  Rauier,  Washington,  N.  Am 14,444  2| 

Long's  Peak,  Colorado,  N.  Am 14,271  2§ 

Pike's  Peak,  Colorado,  N.  Am 14,216  2§ 

Mt.  Ophir,  Sumatra 13,800  2| 

Mt.  Jungfrau,  Switzerland,  Europe 13,781  28 

Fremont's  Peak,  Wyoming  Ter.,  N.  Am 13,570  2§ 

Mt.  St.  Helena,  Washington,  N.  Am 1 3,400  21 

Peak  of  TeneriflFe,  Canary  Islands,  Atlantic  Ocean .12,236  2^ 

Mt.  Miltzin,  Morocco,  Africa 12,000  2 

Mt.  Hood,  Oregon,  N.  Am 11,225  2 

Mt.  Lebanon,  Syria,  Asia 10,600  2 

Mont.  Perdou,  Spain,  Europe 10,994  2 

Mt.  Etna,  Sicily,  Europe 10,874  2 

Mt.  Olympus,  Greece,  Europe 9,754  1£ 

Monte  Corno,  Naples,  Europe 9,523  If 

*This  mountain  has  only  lately  been  estimated  as  to  its  height,  but  not  yet 

measured  by  the  Geographical  Society;  thus  Mt.  Everest  is  considered  the 

highest  mountain. 


—  116  — 
Highest  MountainvS — Continued 

Feet  Miles 

Name  High  High 

Pass  of  Stelvio,  Tyrol,  Europe 9,177  If 

Grimsel  Pass,  Switzerland,  Europe 8,400  1^ 

Mt.  Sneehattan,  Norway,  Europe 8,115  1^ 

Mt.  Pindus,  Greece,  Europe 7,G77  1^ 

Great  Pass  of  St.  Bernard,  Switzerland,  Europe 7,173  1:^ 

Mt.  Sinai,  Arabia,  Asia 0,985  \\ 

Black  Mountain,  North  Carolina,  N.   Am 0,707  \\ 

Pass  of  Simplon,  Switzerland,  Europe 6,578  1^ 

Mt.  Washington,  New  Hampshire,  N.  Am 6,293  \\ 

Mt.  Marcy,  New  York,  N.  Am 5,402  1 

Mt.  Hecla,  Iceland,  Atlantic  Ocean 5,095  1 

Mt.  Ben  Nevis,  Scotland,  Great  Britain 4,368  | 

Mt.  Mansfield,  Vermont,  N.  Am 4,279  I 

Peak  of  Otter,  Virginia,  N.  Am 4,260  | 

Mt.  Vesuvius,  Naples,  Europe 3,932  f 

Mt.  Round  Top,  New  York,  N.   Am 3,804  | 

Macgillicuddy's  Reeks,  Ireland,  Great  Britain 3,404  | 


Rulers  of  Germany 

House  of  Charlemange                                  Time  of  Reign  Yrs 

Charles  I,  the  Great,  second  son  of  Pepin 800-814  14 

Louis  I,  the  Pious,  son  of  Charles  1 814-840  26 

Charles  II,  the  Bald,  son  of  Louis  1 840-843  3 

Louis  II,  the  German,  son  of  liouis  1 843-876  33 

Charles  III,  the  Fat,  Son  of  Louis  II 880-887  7 

Arnulf,  grandson  of  Louis  II 887-899  12 

Louis  III,  the  Child,  Son  of  Arnulf 899-91 1  12 

House  of  Franconia 
Conrad  I,  Duke  of  Franks,  elected  by  the  Princes   of 

Germany 91 1-918  7 

House  of  Saxony 

Henry  I,  the  Fowler,  Duke  of  Saxony 919-936  17 

Otho  I,  the  Great,  son  of  Henry  1 936-973  37 

Otho  II,  son  of  Otho  1 973-983  10 

Otho  III,  son  of  Ofcho  II 983-1002  19 

Henry  II,  the  Saint  and  the  Lame,  grandson  of  Henry 

I,  Duke  of  Bavaria 1002-1024  22 


—  117  — 
Rulers  of  Germany — Continued 

House  of  Franconia                                Time  of  Reign  Yrs. 

Conrad  II,  the  Salic,  elected  to  the  throne 1024-1039  15 

Henry  III,  the  Black,  son  of  Conrad  II 1039-1056  17 

Henry  IV,  son  of  Henry  III 1056-1 106  50 

Henry  V,  son  of  Henry  IV 1106-1125  19 

House  of  Saxony 

Lathaire  II,  the  Saxon,  Duke  of  Saxony 1125-1137  12 

House  of  Hohenstaufen 

Conrad  III,  son  of  Frederick  of  Swabia 1138-1152  14 

Frederick  I,  Barbarossa,  a  nephew  of  Conrad  HI 1152-1190  38 

Henry  VI,  son  of  Frederick  1 1190-1197  7 

Philip  of  Swabia,  brother  of  Henry  VI 1 197-1208  1 1 

Otho  IV,  son  of  Henry,  the  Lion 1197-1215  18 

Frederick  II,  son  of  Henry  VI 1215-1250  35 

William  of  Holland,  elected  King  of  the  Romans 1247-1256  9 

Conrad  IV,  son  of  Frederick  II 1250-1254  4 

Interregnum 

Wilhelm  of  Holland , 1254-1256  2 

Richard  of  Cornwall,  brother  of  Henry  III  of  England.  1256-1273  17 

House  of  Hapsburg 

Rudolphus  I,  son  of  Albert  IV,  Count  of  Hapsburg . . .  1273-1291  18 

House  of  Nassau 

Adolphus  I,  elected  in  opposition  to  Albert  1 1292-1298  6 

House  of  Hapsburg 

Albert  I.  son  of  Rudolphus  1 1298-1308  10 

House  of  IvUxemboug  and  Bavaria 

Henry  VII,  Count  Henry  of  Luxembourg 1308-1313  5 

Louis  IV,  Louis  of  Bavaria 1313-1347  34 

Charles  IV,  son  of  John  King  of  Bohemia 1347-1378  31 

Interregnum 

Wenceslaus  (deposed),  son  of  Charles  IV 1378-1400  22 

Rupert,  Count  Palatine 1400-1410  10 

Sigismund,  brother  of  Wenceslaus 1410-1437  27 


—  118  — 
Rulers  of  Germauy — Co7itinued 

House  of  Hapsburg                               Time  of  Reign  Yrs. 

Albert  II,  son  of  Albert  IV  of  Austria. 1438-141^9  1 

Frederick  Til,  Duke  of  Styria  and  cousin  of  Albert  II . .  1440-1493  63 

Maximilian  I,  son  of  Frederick  III 1491^1519  26 

Charles  V  (Chas.  I  of  Spain),  grandson  of  Maximilian  1. 1519-1556  37 

Ferdinand  I,  brother  of  Charles  V 1558-1564  6 

Maximilian  II,  son  of  Ferdinand  I 1564-1576  12 

Rudolphus  II,  son  of  Maximilian  II 1576-1612  36 

Matthias  I,  brother  of  Rudolphus  II 1612-1619  7 

Ferdinand  II,  cousin  of  Matthias  1 1619-1637  18 

Ferdinand  III,  son  of  Ferdinand  II 1637-1657  20 

Leopold  I,  son  of  Ferdinand  III 1658-1705  47 

Joseph  I,  son  of  Leopold  1 1705-1711  6 

Charles  VI,  brother  of  Joseph  1 1711-1740  29 

House  of  Bavaria 

Charles  VII,  Charles  Albert,  electoral  Prince  of  Bavaria.  1742-1 745  3 
House  of  Hapsburg— Lorraine 

Francis  I,  son  of  Leopold,  Duke  of  Lorraine 1745-1765  20 

Joseph  II,  son  of  Francis  1 1765-1790  25 

Leopold  II,  brother  of  Joseph  II 1790-1 792  2 

Francis  II,  son  of  Leopold  II 1792-1806  14 

Interregnum 

Confederation  of  the  Rhine 1806-1815  9 

German  Bund 1815-1866  51 

North  German  Confederation 1806-1871  5 

House  of  Hohenzollern 

William  I,  King  of  Prussia  (see  Prussia) 1871-1888  17 

Frederick  III,  son  of  William  1 1 888-1888  \ 

William  II,  son  of  Frederick  III 1888 

Rulers  of  Prussia 

Frederick  I,  son  of  Frederick  William  of  Brandenburg.  1701-1713  12 

Frederick  William  I,  son  of  Frederick  1 1713-1740  27 

Frederick  II,  the  Great,  sou  of  Frederick  William  I.  .1740-1786  46 

Frederick  William  II,  nephew  of  Frederick  II 1786-1797  11 

Frederick  William  III,  son  of  Frederick  William  II. .  1797-1840  43 

Frederick  William  IV,  son  of  Frederick  William  III . .  1840-1861  21 

William  I,  brother  of  Frederick  William  IV 1861 


—  119  — 

Weight  of  the  Earth 

It  has  been  estimated  that  the  average  weight  of  the  material  of  the 
earth  is  354  pounds  to  the  cubic  foot.  In  the  earth  are  about  250,800,- 
000,000  cubic  miles.  As  computed  from  these  figures  the  weight  of 
the  earth  is  6,768,838,943,539,200,000,000  tons. 


Turf  Terms  (Dictionery) 

Aged  Horses— Usually  applied  to  horses  on  the  runnmg  turf  that  are 
over  six  years  of  age.  * 

Beefy — A  horse  with  too  much  fat. 

Barney — A  race  in  which  there  has  been  a  "  cross"  or  "sell-out.'*^ 

Bar — When  a  horse  is  prohibited  from  running  or  trotting  in  a  certain 
class  or  entering  for  any  special  purse  (he  is  said  to  be  barred). 

Beat  Out — Beaten  by  a  distance  or  from  the  start. 

Bolt — To  give  up  the  race  by  running  to  one  side. 

Boots — Canvas  or  leather  appliances  to  protect  the  ankles  or  knees. 

Break — In  trotting,  to  change  to  a  run  or  skip. 

Breaker — A  horse  is  said  to  be  a  good  or  bad  breaker  as  regards  his 
ability  to  get  quickly  back  to  the  proper  gait. 

Broke  Down — When  the  tendons  supporting  the  cannon-bones  give 
way  the  horse  is  said  to  be  broken  down. 

Brush — A  short  contest  on  the  road  or  track. 

By  a  Throatlatch — When  a  horse  wins  by  a  head  he  is  sometimes 
said  to  have  won  by  a  throatlatch. 

Carom— So  called  when  one  horse  in  a  race  jostles  another  so  as  to 
interfere  with  the  latter. 

Collar — To  catch  up  with  the  leading  horse. 

Colt — Usually  applied  to  a  male  horse  until  he  has  completed  his 
fourth  year. 

Crack  (To) — This  is  said  of  a  horse  that  gives  way  and  falls  behind 
the  moment  he  is  caught  up  with. 

Cross — It  is  a  double  cross  where  the  party  who  agrees  to  lose  eitlier 
wins  or  tries  to  win  without  giving  warning  to  his  confederates. 

Campaign — To  make  a  tour  through  tlie  country  during  the  racing 
season. 

Catch — To  fall  quickly  into  the  proper  stride. 

Caution — To  admonish  a  jockey  or  driver  against  any  infraction  of 
the  rules. 


—  120  — 

Turf  Terms — Continued 

Circuit — A  number  of  tracks  associated  together,  such  as  the  Western 
Circuit,  Eastern  Circuit,  etc. 

Claim — To  protest;  to  claim  a  name  for  any  horse. 

Cluck — To  make  a  clucking  sound  to  encourage  a  horse  to  greater 
exertion. 

Collar — To  draw  upon  an  antagonist. 

Colors — The  caps  or  costumes  worn  by  jockeys  or  drivers  to  distin- 
guish one  from  another. 

Combination — A  pool  formed  by  jockeys  or  drivers  to  "fix"  an  event. 

Convert — A  term  used  by  trainers;  to  change  a  horse's  gait,  such  as 
a  pacer  to  a  trotter. 

Cup — When  a  track  is  so  moist  that  the  horse's  feet  make  deep 
impressions  it  is  said  to  "cup." 

Cut  Down — To  run  a  horse  into  another  and  injure  his  limbs  so  as  to 
disable  him. 

Cut  In— To  take  advantage  of  an  opening. 

Cut  Out — To  lead  the  others  from  the  start;  to  set  the  pace. 

Daisy  Cutter — A  horse  that  keeps  his  feet  near  the  ground  in  trotting 
or  running. 

Dash — A  single  heat  of  one  or  more  miles. 

Dead  Beat — Beaten  to  a  standstill. 

Dead  Heat — When  two  or  more  horses  cross  the  score  at  the  same 
instant. 

Dead  One — A  horse  that  will  not  run  or  has  no  chance  to  win,  or  is 
not  meant  to  win. 

Distance — In  races  of  mile  heats,  80  yards;  of  two  mile  heats,  150 
yards;  of  three  mile  heats,  220  yards;  of  mile  heats,  3  in  5,  100  yardi. 
Horses  in  these  positions  are  declared  "distanced"  when  the  leading 
horse  or  horses  have  crossed  the  score. 

Dosed — When  a  horse  has  been  given  a  drug  to  cause  him  to  lose  a 
race  he  is  said  to  have  been  dosed. 

Drawn — Withdrawn  before  or  during  a  race. 

Duflfer — A  horse  which  loses  heart  or  refuses  to  exert  himself  during 
a  race. 

Entry — The  posting  of  the  name:>  of  an  owner  and  horse  intending 
to  participate  in  a  race. 

End  to  End — A  race  in  which  the  pace  is  forced  from  start  to  finish, 

Filly — Usually,  a  mare  continues  to  be  so  called  until  she  has  com- 
pleted her  fourth  year. 

Fixed — A  race  which  is  decided,  before  coming  oflf,  to  go  a  certain 
way  is  said  to  have  been  "fixed." 


—  121  — 

Turf  Terms — Continued 

Feather  Weight — Seventy -five  pounds.  If  all  the  contestants  in  a 
race  were  privileged  to  "feather"  it  would  be  a  race  at  "catch  weight," 
although  ordinarily  ''catch  weight"  means  that  the  owner  of  a  horse 
can  place  any  weight  upon  him  that  he  chooses,  and  he  is  presumed  to 
choose  the  liglitest  practicable. 

Flag — The  signal  used  by  the  judge  to  shut  out  or  distance  a  horse. 

Fluke — So  said  when  a  horse  has  won  a  race  through  an  accident. 

Free  handicap — It  is  called  a  free  handicap  race  in  which  the  owner, 
if  he  does  not  like  the  weight  imposed  by  the  handicaper,  may  with- 
draw his  horse  without  paying  forfeit. 

For  Blood — An  expression  used  by  drivers  when  they  drive  to  win. 

Forfeit — To  pay  forfeit;  nonfulfillment  of  the  conditions. 

Gad — To  whip  or  lash  a  horse. 

Gentleman  Rider — An  amateur,  or  one  who  does  not  ride  for  pay. 

Get  Away — To  rush  from  the  score. 

Go  As  They  Please— To  wagon,  harness,  or  under  saddle,  as  the  owner 
pleases. 

Gone  Wrong — Out  of  condition,  off  the  feed,  or  incapacitated  from 
further  use  or  turf  training. 

Got  At — To  poison  a  horse  on  the  eve  of  a  race  or  otherwise  unfit  him. 

Handicaped — Weighted  according  to  age,  or  the  distance  to  be  run 
or  trotted. 

Hands  Down — A  horse  that  wins  without  the  aid  of  his  jockey^  and 
by  the  sheer  force  of  his  own  speed  is  said  to  "  win  with  [his  jockey's] 
hands  down." 

Harness — When  a  horse  trots  to  sulky  he  is  said  to  go  in  "harness." 

Headed— To  lead  the  way  by  a  head;  to  be  lead  by  a  head. 

Heat — A  division  of  the  distance  of  a  race,  such  as  half-mile  heats, 
mile  heats,  etc. 

Hippodrome — A  race  that  aims  at  gate  money  only,  while  professing 
to  be  for  a  stake,  purse,  or  prize. 

Homestretch — The  last  qiiarter  of  a  track. 

Hull  Down — A  nautical  term,  which,  in  its  application  to  the  turf, 
means  that  a  horse  is  so  far  out  of  sight  (behind)  that  he  has  no  chance 
to  win. 

Hurdle — A  fence-like  arrangement  used  in  hurdle  races  for  horses  to 
jump  over. 


—  122  — 
Turf  Terms — Continued 

In  Condition. — A  term  used  by  trainers  to  express  a  horse's  being  ia 
good  form,  or  condition  for  racing. 

Jock. — Jockey,  driver,  or  horse-dealer. 

Jog. — Generally  used  where  a  horse  has  won  easily. 

Left  at  the  Post. — A  term  used  on  the  running  turf,  where  a  horse 
scores  for  races,  but  refuses  to  go  on. 

Levanted. — Applied  to  a  word-c  f-mouth  bettor,  who  disappears  as 
soon  as  he  ascertains  that  he  has  lost. 

Level-headed. — Steady.    The  opposite  of  flighty. 

Lift. — A  term  used  by  drivers  when  manipulating  the  reins  to  rouse 
a  horse  to  greater  exertion. 

Maiden. — A  horse  that  has  never  won  a  running  race. 

Match  Race. — One  made  expressly  between  horses,  usually  not  more 
than  two,  in  contradistinction  to  a  race  for  a  purse. 

Mile  and  Repeat. — A  race  in  which  a  mile  is  trotted  and  then  repeated, 
the  horse  winning  each  mile  being  the  winner. 

Mixed-gaited. — When  ahorse  changes  from  a  trot  to  a  pace,  or  runs 
in  front  and  trots  behind,  he  is  said  to  be  mixed-gaited. 

Moral. — "A  moral '' is  a  "sure  thing."  It  is  a  contraction  of  "a 
moral  certainty." 

Mount. — A  jockey  who  is  engaged  to  ride  a  horse  in  a  race  is  said  to 
have  been  given  the  mount. 

Musician. — A  horse  that  roars. 

Naming  at  Post. — Naming  the  starters  at  the  starting-post;  used  on 
the  running  turf. 

Nobble — To  poison  a  horse  on  the  eve  of  a  race,  or  otherwise  unfit 
him. 

Nomination — The  entry  or  naming  of  a  horse  or  embryo  foal  for  a 
race. 

Off— Out  of  condition;  off  the  feed. 

Office — The  same  thing  as  the  tip,  which  is  secret  information  as  to 
the  condition  of  a  horse  or  the  purpose  ia  the  race  of  those  who  have 
him  in  charge.  It  is  called  "the  straight  tip"  when  the  information 
comea  from  owner,  trainer  or  rider. 

On— To  be  "on"  is  to  back  a  horse.  A  person  is  also  "on"  who 
fancies  he  knows  what  will  be  the  outcome  of  a  race  that  other  persons 
believe  is  to  be  conducted  squarely. 

Open  The  Gap — To  draw  away  from  the  others. 

Outsiders — All  persons  who  do  not,  in  one  way  or  another,  thrive  by 
means  of  racing. 


—  123  — 

Turf  Terms — Coyitinued 

Permission — Assent  from  the  judges  to  dismount  or  get  out  of  the 
sulky. 

Plates — Light  shoes  worn  by  horses  for  racing. 

Play  or  pay — Either  start  or  lose  the  money  paid  for  entry. 

Pole — The  inside  or  inside  fence  of  a  track. 

Pole-Horse — One  of  a  double  team;  the  one  having  the  inside  of  the 
track. 

Pool — A  combination  or  aggregation  of  bets.     A  clique. 

Protest  -  A  complaint  made  to  the  judges  for  having  been  fouled  or 
otherwise  obstructed;  a  complaint  against  a  horse-driver  or  jockey  who 
is  not  qualified  to  enter  in  a  certain  race  or  go  upon  a  certain  track. 

Pulled — When  a  horse  is  prevented  by  his  driver  from  winning  a 
race,  he  is  said  to  have  been  pulled. 

Pulling  a  Horse — ^Riding  or  driving  to  lose,  by  repressing  the  speed 
of  a  horse.  The  same  thing  is  popularly  but  erroneously  crlbd  "  hip- 
podroming." 

Punting — When  a  man  backs  a  horse  for  small  stakes  he  is  called 
"  a  punter;"  and  if  he  uses  the  money  he  wins  on  one  race  to  bet  on  the 
one  next  succeeding,  he  is  said  to  be  **  playing  on  velvet."  That  is,  as 
he  cannot  lose,  he  has  "  a  soft  thing.'" 

Quarttr-Horse— In  running  turf  parlance,  a  horse  good  for  a  short 
distance  only. 

Quarter-Pole — The  first  dividing  line  of  a  mile  track. 

Quitter — A  horse  that  loses  heart  in  a  race;  a  "duffer"  or  bolter. 

Racker — A  horse  having  a  gait  between  a  pace  and  a  trot. 

Rattle-Headed — Unsteady,  flighty,  unreliable. 

Recall — A  call  back  after  a  false  start. 

Record — The  time  made  by  a  horse,  under  the  rules;  more  specific- 
ally, his  best  time. 

Right  Off  the  Reel — Winning  in  straight  heats. 

Ringer — A  running  or  trotting  horse  that  is  entered  for  or  participates 
under  an  alias  in  races  slower  than  bhose  of  his  class. 

Road-Horoc — A  horse  used  for  road -driving. 

Roarer  —A  horse  that  is  broken-wmded  or  breathes  laboriously. 

Ruled  Off— Banished  from  a  track  or  ail  tracks  for  infraction  of  rules. 

Rules  to  G-overn — The  National  Association  Rules  are  generally 
meant  when  this  expression  is  used. 

Ruck — The  main  body  of  horses  in  a  running  race,  neither  the  lead- 
ers nor  the  tailers,  the  latter  of  whom  are  termed  whippers  iu. 

Sandwiched — When  running  and  trotting  races  are  alternated  at  the 
same  meeting,  the  events  are  said  to  be  sandwiched. 


—  124  — 

Turf  Terms — Continued 

Score— The  starting-point  on  a  track;  to  score  for  a  start. 

Scratch — When  a  horse  won  a  race  through  an  accident. 

Season— The  duration  of  racing  or  stud  service  for  the  year. 

gent — Driven  to  win,  or  driven  fast. 

Set  Back— When  a  horse  has  finished  first  in  a  heat  througli  an 
infraction  of  the  rules,  the  second  horse  is  given  his  place,  this  is  called 
a  "set  back." 

Shake  up — To  rouse  or  encourage  a  horse. 

Shut  Out — Ahorse  that  is  distanced  or  prevented  from  getting  ahead 
of  the  others. 

Side-Wheeler — A  pacer. 

Skip — A  short  break. 

Spin — A  short  burst  of  speed;  a  sharp  drive;  used  by  road-riders. 

Split  Heats — Heats  divided  among  the  contestants. 

Spoked — Having  the  spokes  taken  out  of  a  wheel  by  the  iiub  of 
another's  vehicle. 

Square  Away — To  get  awa);  steady  from  the  start. 

Square  Gaitod — Of  level,  steady  action. 

Starter — The  person  who  sees  that  the  horses  are  in  proper  positions 
and  that  they  get  away  together. 

Stayer — A  horse  that  maintains  steadiness  and  has  the  ability  to  go 
a  long  race  without  distress. 

Steady — Pure-gaited,  level-headed;  to  keep  a  horse  well  in  hand. 

Steepleciiase — A  running  race  in  which  fences,  ditches  and  other 
obstructions  are  to  be  jumped. 

Straight  Heats — Heats  of  any  race  which  are  won  in  succession  l)y 
one  horse.  As  a  technicality  the  race  is  not  one  of  straight  heats  if  the 
first  heat  is  "  dead"  or  is  lost  by  a  horse  that  wins  the  race  in  the  next 
consecutive  heats. 

Stride — The  distance  from  the  point  where  a  lior.se's  hind  foot  leaves 
the  ground  to  wliere  it  is  put  down. 

Sugared — Bribed  or  paid  to  throw  a  race  or  heat. 

Suspended — Ruled  off  a  track  or  tracks  for  a  time. 

Sweepstakes — A  race  in  which  the  winner  of  first  and  second  hor.ses 
takes  the  stakes,  each  owner  contributing  an  equal  amount. 

Swerve — O-oing  out  of  the  regular  cour.se,  such  as  cutting  in  ahead 
of  an  opponent. 

Ticker.  — Stop-watch . 

Time-bar. — A  record  which  bars  a  horse  from  entering  into  a  slower 
class. 


—  125  — 

Turf  Terms — Continued 

Tip. — Is  secret  information  as  to  the  condition  of  a  horse  or  the  pur- 
pose in  the  race  of  those  who  have  him  in  charge.  It  is  called  the 
"  straight  tip ''  when  the  information  comes  from  owner,  trainer,  or 
rider. 

Track  Horse. — A  horse  used  exclusively  for  racing. 

Train  on, — When  a  horse  is  able  to  race  season  after  season,  and 
improve. 

Trial. — A  private  test  of  a  horse's  speed. 

Turned  Out. — Withdrawn  from  the  turf  and  stabled  or  pastured. 

Touts. — Hangers-on  around  stables  for  the  purpose  of  picking  up 
information  and  selling  it. 

Unplaced. — On  the  running  turf,  where  a  field  of  more  than  four 
start,  the  first  four  are  numbered  as  they  cross  the  score  at  the  finish; 
the  rest  are  unplaced. 

Untried  Horse. — Said  of  a  stallion  or  a  mare  whose  progeny  has  not 
yet  been  a  winner. 

Wagon  (To). — To  be  driven  to  a  skeleton  four-wheeled  vehicle. 

Walk  Over. — A  race  in  which  all  the  contestants  but  one  are  with- 
drawn. 

Weaver.  — A  pacer  is  sometimes  called  a  weaver  from  the  peculiar 
motion  of  the  head  and  neck  while  in  motion. 

Weight-for-Age. — The  handicap  or  weight  apportioned  to  a  horse 
according  to  age. 

Weighing-in — Weighing  the  jockeys  with  their  whips  and  saddles, 
or  drivers  in  a  handicap  race,  before  the  start. 

Weights — Metal  appliances  for  a  horse's  feet,  to  steady  him  or  con- 
vert from  one  gait  to  another.  A  bar  of  metal  carried  by  a  driver  to 
bring  him  to  the  required  weight. 

Wearing  Silk — Said  of  a  jockey  when  he  has  donned  the  full  suit  of 
his  stable. 

Welcher — One  who  bets  with  no  intention  or  means  of  paying  if  he 


Welter  Weights — Heavy  weights. 

Whippers-in— The  mam  body  of  horses  in  a  running  race — neither 
the  leaders  nor  the  tailers,  the  latter  of  whom  are  termed  whippers-in. 
Winded — Blown  out,  exhausted. 
Winning  Straight — See  "Straight  Heats." 
"Wire — The  line  from  the  judge's  stand  which  marks  the  score. 
Word — The  signal  from  the  judges  for  a  fair  start. 


—  126  — 

What  Congress  Costs 

There  are  just  414  members  of  the  House  and  of  the  Senate,  and  to 
wait  upon  and  run  errands  and  hold  open  the  doors  as  they  pass  in  and 
out,  and  carrying  cards  of  their  callers,  and  taking  care  of  the  thousands 
of  bills  they  put  in,  they  have  employed  about  400  people,  who  are  paid 
the  snug  little  sum  of  $084,000  for  doing  so.  Every  member  has  one 
employe,  and  for  the  service  of  the  same  there  is  paid  an  average  of 
about  $1,800  each.  A  total  of  $420,000  is  required  to  pay  the  salaries 
of  the  Senators,  and  for  the  compensation  of  the  members  of  the  House 
$1,695,000  is  to  be  provided,  and  this  brings  the  salaries  of  our  national 
law-makers  to  a  total  of  over  $2,000,000  per  year.  It  costs  a  little  less 
than  $150,000  per  session  to  pay  the  mileage  of  the  meml^ers,  and  the 
country  pays  $50,000  to  purchase  the  stationery  for  the  members  and 
officers  of  the  House  alone  in  any  one  session.  The  treasury  pays 
$52,000  for  reporting  the  debates,  whether  Congress  sits  for  one  month 
or  for  12,  as  the  official  reporters,  like  most  of  the  cleiks,  are  paid  by 
the  year,  though  they  seldom  do  more  than  12  months'  work  in  the  24 
months  that  make  a  ConizreBsional  term. 


Salary  of  the  President  of  the 
United  States 

Most  people  believe  that  the  $50,000  a  year  which  the  president  gets 
as  his  salary  is  the  total  sum.  This  is  a  mistake.  $36,064  is  given  him, 
in  addition  to  his  salary  of  $50,0C0,  to  pay  the  salaries  of  his  subordi- 
nates and  clerks.  His  private  secretary  is  paid  $3,250;  his  assistant 
secretary  $2,250;  his  stenographer  $1,800;  five  messengers,  each  $1,200; 
a  steward  $1,800;  two  doorkeeper.^,  each  $1,200;  four  other  clerks  at 
good  salaries;  one  telegraph  operator;  two  ushers  $1,200  and  $1,400;  a 
night  usher  $1,200;  a  watchman  $900;  and  a  man  who  takes  care  of  the 
fires  who  receives  $864  a  year.  In  addition  to  this,  there  is  given  him 
$8,000  for  incidental  expenses  such  as  stationery,  carpets,  and  the  care 
of  the  presidental  stables.  And  under  another  heading  there  is  given 
him  nearly  $40,000  more.  Of  this  $12,500  is  for  repairs  and  refurnish- 
ing the  White  House;  $2,500  is  for  fuel;  $4,000  is  for  the  green-house; 
$15,000  is  for  gas,  matches,  and  the  stable.  The  White  House,  all 
told,  costs  the  country  in  connection  with  the  president  considerably 
over  $125,000  yearly. 


-  127  - 

Salaries  of  the  Principal  United  States 
Officers 

Legislative 

Hank  Salary  per  Annum 

President - $50,000 

Vice-President 8,000 

Secretary  of  State 8,000 

Secretary  of  Treasury 8,000 

Secretary  of  Interior 8,000 

Secretary  of  Navy 8,000 

Secretary  of  War 8,000 

Postmaster-General 8,000 

Attorney  General 8,000 

Speaker  of  House  of  Representatives 8,000 

United  States  Senators 5,000 

Representatives  in  Congress 5,000 


Salaries  of  United  States  Ministers  to 
Foreign  Countries 

Country  Salary  per  Annum 

England $17,500 

Germany 17,500 

France.'. 17,500 

Russia 17,500 

Italy 12,000 

China 12,000 

Brazil 12,000 

Spain 12,000 

Japan 12,000 

Mexico ,. 12,000 

Central  America 10,000 

Chili  10,000 

Peru 10,000 

Venezuela 7,500 

Turkey 7,500 

Sweden  and  Norway 7,500 

Netherlands 7,500 

Denmark 5,000 

Greece 5,000 

Uruguay 5,000 

Portugal 5,000 

Switzerland 5,000 

Siberia 4,000 


—  128  — 

United  States  Judges'  Salaries 

Office  Per  annum 

Chief  Justice  IT.  S.  Supreme  Court , .i?10,oOO 

Associate  Judges 10,000 

United  States  Circuit  Judge?. 0,000 

United  States  District  Judges from  $3,500  to     5,000 

Judge  of  U.  S.  Court  of  Claims 4,500 

The  Periods  of  Gestation 

The  periods  of  gestation  are  the  same  in  Horse  and  Ass,  1 1  months 
each;  Camel,  12  months;  Elephant,  2  years;  Lion,  5  months;  Buffalo, 
12  months;  Cow,  9  months;  Sheep,  5  months;  Reindeer,  8  months; 
Monkey,  7  months;  Bear,  6  months;  Sow,  4  months;  Dog,  9  weeks; 
Cat,  8  weeks;  Rabbit,  4  weeks;  Guinea  Pig,  3  weeks;  Wolf,  90  to  05 
days;  Parrots  sit  40  days;  Swans,  42  days;  Goose,  30  days;  Ducks, 
30  days;  Pea  Hens,  28  days;  Turkeys,  28  days;  Hens,  21  days; 
Pigeons,  14  days;  Canaries,  14  days. 

The  periods  of  gestation  are  subject  to  considerable  variation,  espe- 
cially in  domestic  animals,  and  various  conditions  modify  the  period, 
of  which  the  above  are  only  the  averages. 

Fecundity  of  Pish 

a  codfish  has  been  found  to  produce  3,086,760  eggs;  a  liounder, 
weighing  24  ounces  to  produce  1,357,403  eggs;  Herring,  weighing  from 
4  to  6  ounces  to  produce  from  21,285  to  36,960  eggs;  Ling  to  produce 
19,248,652  eggs;  Lobsters,  weighing  from  14  to  36  ounces  to  produce 
21,699;  a  mackerel,  weighing  20  ounces  to  produce  454,061  eggs;  a 
prawn,  to  produce  8,800  eggs;  a  shrimp  to  produce  2, 800 to  6,800  eggs; 
Soles,  weighing  4|  ounces  to  produce  100,362. 

Fecundity  of  Birds 

Eagle,  lay  at  a  sitting  2  to  3  eggs;  Falcon  lay  from  2  to  4  eggs;  Fowl, 
domestic,  lay  from  6  to  20  eggs;  Hawk,  from  2  to  4  eggs;  Owl,  from  2 
to  6  eggs;  Partridge,  from  14  to  20  eggs;  Pheasant,  from  10  to  20 
eggs;  Wren,  from  10  to  16  eggs;  Sparrow,  from  4  to  6  eggs;  Sparrow 
Hawk,  from  2  to  5  eggs;  Stork,  from  2  to  3  eggs;  Swallow,  from  5  to 
6  eggs. 


129  — 


Life  Period  of  Birds 


^^   OF  TS2 


r^ 


Blackbird,  lives  from  10  to  12  years;  Blackcap,  lives  15  years; 
Canary  (if  it  does  not  couple),  lives  24  years;  Chaffinch,  lives  from  20 
to  24  years;  Crane,  lives  24  years;  Crow,  lives  100  years;  Eagle,  lives 
100  years;  Fowl  (common),  lives  10  years;  Goldfinch,  lives  from  10  to 
15  years;  Goose,  lives  50  years;  Heron,  lives  60  yearn;  Lark,  lives 
from  16  to  18  years;  Linnet,  lives  from  14  to  23  years;  ^Nightingale, 
lives  from  16  to  18  years;  Parrot,  lives  10  years;  Partridge,  lives  15 
years;  Peacock,  lives  24  years;  Pelican,  lives  from  40  to  50  years; 
Pheasant,  lives  15  years;  Pigeon,  lives  20  years;  Raven,  lives  100 
years;  Robin,  lives  from  10  to  12  years;  Skylark,  lives  from  10  to  30 
years.  Sparrow  Hawk,  lives  40  years;  Starling,  lives  from  10  to  12 
years;  Swan,  live ;  100  years;  Thrush,  lives  from  8  to  10  years;  Tit- 
lark, from  5  to  6  years;  Wheatear,  lives  2  years;  Wren,  lives  from  2 
to  3  years. 


How  Birds  and  Beasts  are  Grouped 

A  covey  of  Partridges;  a  nide  of  Pheasa-nts;  a  wish  of  Snipe;  a  bevy 
of  Quails;  a  flight  of  Doves;  a  flight  of  Swallows;  a  muster  of  Pea- 
cocks; a  siege  of  Herons;  a  building  of  Rooks;  a  brood  of  Grouse;  a 
plump  of  Wild  Fowls;  a  strand  of  Plovers;  a  watch  of  Nightingales;  a 
clattering  of  Choughs;  a  flock  of  Geese;  a  cast  of  Hawks;  a  trip  of 
Dottrell;  a  swarm  of  Bees;  a  school  of  Whales;  a  shoal  of  Herrings;  a 
herd  of  Swine;  a  skulk  of  Foxes;  a  pack  of  Wolves;  a  drove  of  Oxen; 
a  sounder  of  Hogs;  a  troop  of  Monkeys;  a  pride  of  Lions;  a  sleuth  of 
Bears. 

The  Great  Canals  in  the  World 

The  longest  canal  is  the  Imperial  Canal  of  China;  it  is  over  1,000 
miles  long.  In  the  year  1681  was  completed  the  greatest  undertaking 
of  the  kind  on  the  European  Continent,  the  Canal  Languedoc  or  the 
Canal  du  Midi,  to  connect  the  Atlantic  Ocean  with  the  Mediterranean 
Sea;  its  length  is  about  148  miles;  it  has  over  100  locks,  and  about  50 
aqueducts,  and  its  highest  point  is  not  less  than  600  feet  above  the 
sea  level;  it  is  navigable  for  vessels  of  upward  of  100  tons.  The  largest 
shi'p  canal  in  Europe  is  the  great  North  Holland  Canal,  completed  in 
1825;  it  is  125  feet  wide  at  tiie  water  surface,  and  31  feet  wide  on  the 
bottom,  and  has  a  depth  of  20  feet;  it  extends  from  Amsterdam  to  the 
Helder,  in  all  51  miles. 

The  Caledonia  Canal  in  Scotland  is  60  miles  long,  which  includes 
three  lakes.  The  Suez  Canal  is  88  miles  long,  of  which  66  miles  is 
actual  canal.  The  Erie  Canal  is  350}  miles  long  and  cost  over 
$7,000,000.  The  Ohio  Canal  from  Cleveland  to  Portsmouth  is  332 
miles  long,  and  cost  nearly  ^5,000,000.  The  Miami  and  Erie  Canal  is 
291  miles  long,  and  cost  nearly  $4,000,000.  The  Wabash  and  Erie 
Canal  is  379  miles  long. 


—  130  — 

Elevation  of  Localities  Above  the  Sea 
Level 

Feet  Above 
Place  Location  Sea  Level 

Tunnel,  C.  &  0.  R.  R Peru,  S.  Am 15,645  feet 

City  of  Potosi Bolivia,  S.  Am 13,330  " 

LakeTiticaca Peru,  S.  Am 12,846  " 

Cityof  Cuzco Peru,  S.  Am 11,380  " 

City  of  La  Paz Bolivia,  S.  Am 10,883  " 

City  of  Quito Ecuador,  S.  Am 9,543  " 

City  of  Chuquisaca Bolivia,  S.  Am 9,343  " 

Cityof  Bogota U.  S.  of  Colombia,  S.  Am 8,732  " 

Montezuma Colorado,  N.  Am 10,295  " 

City  of  Leadville Colorado,  N.  Am 10,200  '* 

City  of  Sherman Wyoming  Ter. ,  N.  Am 8,242  '* 

Hospice  Great  St.  Bernard.  . .  Alps,  Europe 7,963  " 

City  of  Arequipa Peru,  S.  Am 7,852  " 

City  of  Mexico Mexico,  N.  Am 7,471  " 

City  of  Puebla Mexico,  N.  Am 7,200  " 

Summit  C.  P.  R.  R California,  N.  Am 7,042    " 

City  of  Valladolid Mexico,  N.  Am....... 6,395  " 

City  of  Cabul Afghanistan,  Asia 6,360  " 

Lake  Tahoe California,  K  Am 6,216  " 

City  of  Cheyenne Wyoming  Ter. ,  N.  Am 6,041  " 

City  of  Popayan U.  S.  of  Colombia,  S.  Am 6,000  " 

City  of  Kelat Beloochistan,  Asia 6,000  " 

City  of  Truckee California,  N.  Am .   5,866  " 

City  of  Cashmere India,  Asia 5,000  '' 

City  of  Ogden Utah,  N.  Am 4,340  '' 

City  of  Jalapa Mexico,  N.  Am 4,340  " 

Great  Salt  Lake Utah,  N.  Am 4,220  " 

City  of  Teheran Persia,  Asia 4,137  " 

Pyramid  Lake Nevada,  N.  Am 4,000  " 

City  of  Jerusalem Syria,   Asia 2,730  " 

City  of  Madrid Spain,  Europe 1,995  " 

City  of  Munich Germany,  Europe 1,764  " 

Lake  Neufchatel Switzerland,  Europe 1,437  " 

Gibraltar Spain,  Europe 1,400  " 

Lake  Lucerne Switzerland,  Europe 1,380  " 

Lake  Zurich Switzerland,  Europe 1,363  " 

Lake  Constance Switzerland,  Europe 1,250  " 

City  of  Geneva Switzerland,  Europe 1,230  " 

City  of  Moscow Russia,  Europe 928  " 

Lake  Superior United  States,  N.  Am 587  " 

Lake  Huron United  States,  N".  Am 574  " 

Lake  Erie United  States.  M.  Am 555  " 

Lake  Ontario United  States,'  N.  Am 282  " 

City  of  Paris Frf«,nce,  Europe 115  " 

City  of  London England,  Europe 64  '* 


—  131 


Lake  and  Seas  Below  the  Sea  Level 

Feet  Below 
Name.  Location.  the  Sea  Level 

I>ead  Sea Syria,  Asia 1,317  feet 

Lake  Gennesaret Syria,  Asia 653    " 

Caspian  Sea Between  Europe  and  Asia 83    *' 


Planets,  Distance  from  the  Sun 

Planet  Distance  in  Miles 

Neptune 2,745,998,000  miles 

Uranus 1,822,360,000     " 

Saturn 872,132,000     " 

Jupiter 480,000,000     " 

Mars 145,000,000     " 

Earth 92,000,000     " 

Venus 68,000,000     '' 

Mercury 37,000,000     " 

Earth's  Moon  distant  from  the  earth 240,000     " 

The  enormous  distance  from  us  of  the  fixed  stars,  which  are  sup- 
posed to  be  suns  for  other  planets,  are  beyond  conception.  One  of 
these  Sirius  (the  Dog  Star),  is  supposed  to  be  twenty  trillion  miles 
away. 


The  Size  of  Planets  and  Number  of  Moons. 

Planet  Number  of  Moons  It  Has  Diameter  in  Miles 

Sun 882,000  miles 

Jupiter 4  Moons 91,000     " 

Saturn 8  Moons 71,903     " 

Neptune 1  Moon 38,000     " 

Uranus 6  Moons 34,331     " 

Venus 7,621     " 

Mars 2  Moons 4,222     " 

Mercury 2,984     " 

Earth 1  Moon 8,000     " 

Earth's  Moon 2,162     " 


—  132  — 
The  Velocity  of  Speed  of  Planets 

The  velocity  cf  speed  with  which  the  various  planets  move  through 
space  a3  they  move  around  the  sun  is  shown  in  the  following: 

Planet  Miles  in  One  Hour 

Mercury 110,725  mile 

Venus 80,000     " 

Earth 68,000     " 

Jupiter 30,000     " 

Saturn 22,309     " 

Uranus , 15,000     " 

Neptune 12,000     " 

Light  moves  at  the  rate  of  192,000  miles  a  second,  and  yet  passing 
with  that  velocity  it  would  take  three  years  and  nine  months  to  reach 
Alpha,  the  nearest  star,  which  is  nineteen  trillions  of  miles  away. 

Time  in  Which  Various  Planets  Revolve  Around  the  Sun 

The  following  h  the  time  of  revolution  of  the  various  planets  around 
the  sun: 

Neptune 164^  years 

Uranus 84        " 

Saturn 29^      " 

Jupiter 12        " 

Mar.] 1  year  10.^  months 

Earth 1  yea 

Venus 224§  days 

Mercury 88 

The  Length  of  Days  of  the  Planets 

The  length  of  days  of  the  various  planets  is  indicated  by  the  follow- 
ing table,  which  shows  the  length  of  time  required  for  revolution  on 
its  axis: 
Planet  Time  of  Daily  Revolution 

Mars 24  hours,  39  minutes,    2^  seconds 

Mercury 24      "         5         "        28 

Earth 24      " 

Venus 23      "       21         "  7 

Saturn 10      "       30 

Jupiter 9     "       56 

Uranus 7      "     .5 

The  sun  revolves  upon  its  own  axis  at  the  rate  of  4,564  miles  per 
ho\ir,  and  yet  it  requires  25^  days  to  complete  one  entire  revolution. 


—  133  — 
Height  of  Cascades   and  Waterfalls 

Name                                    Location                                   Height  of  Fall  iu  feet 

Sentinel Ycsemite  Valley,  Cal.,  N.  Am 3,270  feet 

Yoscmite Ycsemite  Valley,  Cal.,  N.  Am 2,634  " 

Royal  Arch Yosemite  Valley,  Cal.,  N.  Am 2,000  " 

Cascade     Alps  Mountains,  Europe 2,400  ' * 

Arve Savoy,  Europe 1,600  '* 

Montmorency Canada,  N.  Am 250  '* 

Niagara U.  S.  and  Canada,  N.  Am 164  " 

Missouri  Montana,  N.  Am 94  " 

Missouri Montana,  N.  Am 80  " 

Missouri Montana,  N.  Am 50  '"' 

Potomac Virginia  and  Maryland,  N.  Am 74  " 

Passaic New  Jersey,  N.  Am. 74  " 

Mohawk New  York,  N.  Am 68  '* 

Cataracts  of  the  Nile,.  Egypt,  Africa 40  " 


How  Long  it  Would  Take  a  Railroad  to 
Reach  the  Sun 

If  a  railway  were  built  to  the  sun,  and  trains  upon  it  were  run  at 
the  rate  of  sixty  miles  an  hour,  run  day  and  night  without  a  stop,  it 
would  require  175  years  to  make  the  journey  from  the  earth  to  the  sun, 
distance  92,000,000  miles. 


For  Cleaning  Various  Substances 

Black  Silk 

Brush  and  wipe  it  thoroughly,  lay  on  table  with  the  side  intended  to 
show,  up;  sponge  with  hot  coffee  strained  through  muglin;  when  par- 
tially dry,  iron. 

Alabaster 

Use  strong  soap  and  water. 

To  Remove  Stains  or  Grease  from  Oil  Paint 

Use  bisulphide  of  carbon,  spirits  of  turpentine,  or  if  dry  and  old,  use 
chloroform.  These  and  tar  spots  can  be  softened  with  olive  oil  and 
lard. 


—  134  — 
Rust  from  Steel 

Take  half-ounce  of  emery  powder  mixed  with  one  ounce  of  soap,  and 
rub  well. 

Fruit  Spots  from  Cottons 

Apply  cold  soap,  then  touch  the  spot  with  a  hair  pencil  or  feather 
dipped  in  chlorate  of  soda,  then  dip  immediately  in  cold  water. 

Stains,  Iron  Rust  or  Ink  from  Vellum  or  Parchment 
Moisten  the  spot  with  a  solution  of  oxalic  acid;  absorb   the  acid 
quickly  by  blotting-paper  or  cloth. 

Grease  from  Silks 

Take  a  lump  of  magnesia,  rub  it  wet  on  the  spot,  let  it  dry,  then 
brush  the  powder  off. 

Iron  Rust  from  White  Goods 

May  be  removed  from  white  goods  by  sour  milk. 

Scorch  Stains  from  White  Linen 

Lay  in  bright  sun. 

Mildew 

Moisten  the  spot  with  clean  water;  rub  on  it  a  thick  coating  of  Cas- 
tile soap  mixed  with  chalk  scrapings;  rub  with  end  of  finger,  then  wash 
off. 

Oil  Marks  on  Wall  Paper 

Apply  paste  of  cold  water  and  pipe  clay,  leave  it  on  all  night,  brush 
off  in  the  morning. 

To  Renovate  Plush  Goods 

Sponge  carefully  with  chloroform.  This  is  also  excellent  for  restoring 
the  color  to  goods  that  are  faded. 

Spoons  Discolored  by  Cooked  Eggs 

May  be  brightened  by  a  vigorous  rubbing  with  comnuon  salt. 


—  135  — 

Paint  Spots  from  Clothing 
Saturate  with  equal  parts  turpentine  and  spirits  <  f  ammonia. 

To  Extract  Stains  from  Silver 

Salamoniac  one  part,  vinegar  sixteen  parts,  mix  well  and  use  this 
liquid  with  a  piece  of  flannel,  then  wash  the  plate  in  clean  water. 

To  Cleanse  House  Paper 

Rub  with  a  flannel  cloth  dipped  in  oatmeal. 

To  Cleanse  Black  Cloth 

Mix  one  part  of  spirits  of  ammonia  with  three  parts  warm  water, 
rub  with  sponge  or  dark  cloth,  clean  with  water;  rub  with  the  nap. 

Ink  and  Rust  Stains 

Are  removed  easily  by  a  solution  containing  ten  parts  each  of  tar- 
taric acid,  alum  and  distilled  water.  The  solution  has  the  trade  name 
of  Encrivior. 

Ink  Stains  from  White  Cloth  and  Hands 

Ripe  tomatoes  will  remove  ink  stains  from  white  cloth,  also  from  the 
hands. 

Cleanse  Chromos 

Go  over  lightly  with  a  damp  cloth. 

Cleanse  Furniture  of  Finger  Marks 

Rub  with  a  soft  rag  and  sweet  oil. 

Cleanse  Zinc 

Rub  with  a  piece  of  cotton  cloth  dipped  in  kerosene,  afterwards  with 
a  dry  cloth. 

Cleanse  Hands  from  Vegetable  Stains 

Rub  with  a  slice  of  raw  potato. 


—  136  — 
To  Cleau  Tinware 

Common  soda  applied  with  a  moistened  newspaper  and  polish  with  a 
dry  piece  will  make  it  look  like  new. 

To  Clean  Window  Glass 

Paint  can  be  removed  by  a  strong  solution  of  soda. 

How  to  Prevent  Iron  from  Rusting  or  to  Remove  Rust. 

Apply  kerosene  with  a  rag  when  you  are  about  to  put  your  stove 
away  for  the  vSummer  and  it  will  prevent  it  from  rusting.  Treat  your 
hardware  and  farming  implements  in  the  same  way  before  you  lay  them 
aside  in  the  Fall.  To  remove  rust  immerse  the  articles  in  kerosene  oil 
and  let  them  remain  for  some  time;  the  nist  will  become  so  much 
loosened  as  to  come  off  very  easy. 


How  to  Preserve  Eggs 

To  each  pailful  of  water  add  two  pints  of  fresh  slaked  lime  and  one  pint 
of  common  salt,  mix  well.  Fill  your  barrel  half  full  with  this  fluid, 
put  your  eggs  down  in  it  any  time  after  June  and  before  January,  and 
they  vail  keep  two  years  if  desired. 


How  to  Keep  Fresh  Meat  a  Week  or  Two  in  Summer. 

Any  one  can  keep  fresh  meat  very  nicely  for  a  week  or  two  by  putting 
it  into  sour  milk  or  buttermilk  (to  be  covered  over  with  it)  placing  it 
in  a  cool  cellar.  The  bone  or  fat  need  not  be  removed.  Rinse  well  when 
used. 

Prevent  Decay  of  Panning  Implements 

When  not  in  use  have  them  sheltered  from  the  sun,  wind,  rain  and 
snow.  By  this  means  sleighs,  carts,  wagons,  ploughs,  harrows, 
threshing-machines  and  the  like  would  last  twice  as  long  as  they  would 
if  bft  in  the  open  air,  swelling  from  moisture  one  week  and  shrinking 
the  aext  from  the  influence  of  the  sun  and  wind. 

Dei.  troy  Moss  on  Trees 

Paint  them  with  whitewash  made  of  quicklime  and  wood  ashes. 


-  137  — 
Protect  Fruit  Trees  from  Attack  of  Mice,  etc. 

Paint  with  tar,  1  part;  tallow,  3  parts;  mixj  apply  hot  to  the  bark 
of  a  tree  with  a  paint  brush. 

Prepare  Flannel  from  Shrinking 

Put  new  flannel  into  clean  cold  water  and  let  it  remain  a  week, 
changing  the  water  frequently,  then  wash  well  in  warm  water  using  a 
little  soap  to  remove  the  oily  matter.  Flannel  prepared  in  this  way 
will  never  shrink  or  get  hard. 

Clean  Feathers 

Feathers  may  be  cleansed  with  a  lather  of  soap  and  hot  water  and 
pearl  ash.  When  it  is  a  little  cool  wash  the  feathers  in  it,  gently 
squeezing  it,  rinse  it  well  in  cold  water,  shaking  well  before  the  fire, 
bnt  not  too  near.  Curl  it  by  drawing  each  fibre  over  the  blunt  edge  of 
a  fruit  knife. 

To  Revive  Withered  Cuttings  of  Flowers,  Rosebuds,  etc. 

Mix  four  drops  of  spirits  of  camphor  with  one  ounce  of  water  and 
place  withered  cuttings  of  flowers,  rosebuds,  etc.,  after  carrying  in  the 
hands,  and  they  will  revive.  Keep  the  stems  in  the  fluid  for  half  a 
day  iu  a  dark  place. 

How  to  Make  Corks  Good  for  Stoppers 

Corks  which  you  steep  in  vaseline  are  an  excellent  substitute  for 
glass  stoppers.  They  are  not  in  the  least  affected  by  acids,  and  never 
become  fixed  through  long  disuse. 

Polish  for  Fine,  Hard  Wood 
Take  shellac,   8  pounds;    wood  naptha,   3  pints;  another  recipe,  2 
pounds  shellac;    1    ounce   each   of    powdered  gum   mastic  and  gum 
sandarac,  one-half  pint  of  copal  varnish,  mixed  well  and  shaken  until 
di'ssolved  in  one  gallon  spirits  of  nitre. 

Walnut  Stain 

One  and  one-half  ounces  common  soda,  two  and  one  half  ounces 
Vandyke  brown  and  one-quarter  ounce  bichromate  of  potassium,  dis- 
solved in  one  quart  water,  boil  the  ingredients  together  for  ten 
minutes:  it  nmkes  a  fine  walnut  stain. 


138  — 


The  Longest  Rivers  in  the  World 


Name  and  Location  Miles  Loug 

Missouri  (with  the  Mississippi,)  United  States 4,500 

Nile  (Stanley's),  Africa 4,100 

Nile  (Old  Survey),  Africa 3,000 

Amazon,  Brazil,  S.  Am ; 3,994 

Mississippi  (Proper),  United  States 3,200 

Missouri,  United  States 2,900 

Murry,  Australasia 3,000 

Yang-tze-Kiang,  China,  Asia 2,990 

Hoang-Ho,  China,  Asia 2,800 

Yenesei,  Siberia,  Asia 2,580 

Lena,  Siberia,  Asia 2,500 

Niger,  Soudan,  Africa 2,500 

Mackenzie,  British  North  America 2,500 

Obi,  Siberia,  Asia 2,800 

Congo,  Central  Africa 2,600 

Volga,  Russia,  Europe 2,030 

St.  Lawrence,  Canada,  N.  Am 2,060 

Madeira,  Brazil,  S.  Am 2,000 

Amoor,  Siberia,  Asia 2,300 

Parana  with  Platte,  Argentine  Republic 2, 130 

Rio  Grande,  United  States,  N.  Am 1,800 

Indus,  Hiudostan,  Asia 1,795 

Danube,  Russia,  Europe 1,G30 

Sandes,  Hindostan,  Asia 1,600 

Brahmapoota,  Thibet,  Asia 1,500 

St.  Francisco,  Brazil,  S.  Am 1 ,400 

Columbia,  United  States,  N.  Am 1,090 

Colorado,  United  States,  N.  Am 1,000 

Yellowstone,  United  States,  N.  Am 1,000 

Ohio,  United  States,  N.  Am 980 

Rhine,  Germany,  Europe 810 

Arkansas,  United  States,  N.  Am 900 

Tennessee,  United  States,  N.  Am 800 

Red  River  of  the  North,  United  States,  N.  Am 700 

Cumberland,  United  States,  N.  Am 600 

Alabama,  United  States,  N.  Am 600 

Susquehanna,  United  States,  N.  Am 500 

James,  United  States,  N.  Am 500 

Connecticut,  United  States,  N.  Am 450 

Seine,  France,  Europe 425 

Delaware,  United  States,  N.  Am 400 

Potomac,  United  States,  N.  Am 400 

Hudson,  United  States,  N.  Am 325 

Kenebec,  United  States,  N.  Am 160 

Thames,  England,  Europe 233 

Shannon,  Ireland,  Europe 200 


139  - 


Fine  Decorative  Work  Paste 

Take  seventy -five  parts  of  India-rubber,  dissolved  in  sixty  parts  of 
chloroform,  with  fifteen  parts  gum  mastio  added  makes  a  purely  trans- 
parent paste  which  can  be  used  in  the  most  delicate  kind  of  decorative 
work. 

Size  of  the  Oceans 

Name                               Square  Miles  Name                               Square  Miles 

Pacific 77,000,000       Antarctic 13,000,000 

Atlantic 31,000,000      Arctic 7,000,000 

Indian 21 ,000,000 


Size  and  Length  of  Seas 


Area 
Name  Location  Sq.  Miles 

Mediterranean Bet.  Europe  and  Africa 977,000 

Behring Bet.  North  America  and  Asia 567,000 

Caribbean South  America 200,000 

China Asia 

Red Bet.  Africa  and  Asia 185,OOo 

Japan Asia 

Black •.  Europe 185,000 

Caspian Asia 156,000 

Baltic Europe 154,570 

Okhotsh Asia 

White Europe 4,500 

Aral Asia 26,900 

Dead Asia 400 


Size  of  Lakes 


Length  Width 

Name                               Location                            Miles  Miles 

Superior North  America 380  120 

Michigan North  America 330  60 

Baikal Asia 360  35 

Huron North  America 250  90 

Great  Slave North  America 300  45 

Erie North  America 270  50 

Winnipeg North  America 240  40 

Athabasca South  America 200  20 

Ontario North  America 180  40 

Great  Bear North  America 150  40 

Maracaybo South  America 150  60 

Ladoga Europe 125  75 

Champlain North  America 123  12 

Lake  of  the  Woods .  North  America 70  25 

Geneva Europe 50  10 

Constance Europe 45  IQ 

George North  America 36  3 

Cayuga South  America 36  4 

Great  Salt  Lake.  .  .North  America 


Length 
in  Miles 

2,000 

1,800 

1,700 

1,400 

1,000 

932 

640 

600 

600 

450 

250 


Area 
Sq.  Miles 

32,000 

22,400 

8,000 

21,000 

12,800 

9,600 

8,500 

4,600 

6,300 

14,000 

6,500 

6,804 

15,000 

7,650 

336 

200 

114 

100 

46 


—  140  — 

Facts  About  the  Planet  Earth 

Diameter  at  the  Equator,  7,925  miles,  diameter  at  the  Poles,  7,899 
miles;  mean  diameter,  7,916  miles;  circumference  at  the  Equator, 
24,899  miles;  surface  of  the  Earth,  in  round  numbers  :  Land,  54,500,- 
000  square  miles;  water,  142,000,000  square  miles;  total,  190,000,000 
square  miles.  Mean  annual  temperature:  Poles,  30°;  Polar  region.;, 
36°;  Torrid  Zone,  75°:  Equator,  82°:  Globe,  50°.  Mean  annual  rain- 
fall, 36  inches.     Specific  gravity,  5.450  to  5.000. 

Area    and    Population   of  the  Earth   by 
Continents 

(According  to  Behm  and  Wagner's  estimate,  1884. ) 

Continental                                  Area  in  Inhabitants  Per 

Divisions                                    Sq.  Miles  Number             Sq.  Mile 

Asia 17,832,340  795,591,000  44.0 

America 15,389,250  100,41C,400  6.5 

Africa 11,929,300  205,823,200  17.0 

Europe 3,892,234  327,743,400  84.0 

Australasia 3,581,140  4,232,000  1.1 

Polar  Regions 1,791,280  82,500 

Total 54,415,544  1,433,887,500  26.3 

An  estimate  of  the  population  of  the  earth  made  in  1886  by  Professor 
E.  Levasseur  for  the  International  Statistical  Institute  is  as  follov/s. 
Asia,  789,000,000;  America,  112,000,000;  Africa,  197,000,000;  Europe,' 
347,000,000;  Oceania,  38,000,000;  total,  1,483,000,000. 

Population   of  the   Earth   According   to 

Race 

(Estimate  by  John  Bartholomew,  F.  R.  G.  S.,  Edinburgh.) 
Race  Location  Nuinl)er 

Indo-Germanic  or  Aryan Europe,  Persia,  etc 545,500,000 

Mongolian  or  Turanian Greater  part  of  Asia 630,000,000 

Semitic  or  Hamitic North  Africa,  Arabia 65,000,000 

Negro  and  Bantu Central  Africa 150,000,000 

Hottentot  and  Bushmen South  Africa 150,000 

Malay  and  Polynesian Australasia  and  Polynesia. .      35,000,000 

American  Indian North  and  South  America. .       15,000,000 


Total 1,440,650,000 


—  141  — 

Distance  Around  the  World  in  Traveling 
(Statute  Miles) 

From  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  to  Yokohama,  Japan 4,764  miles 

Yokohama  to  Hong  Kong,  Hong  Kon^  Island 1,C20 

Hong  Kong  to  Singapore,  Asia 1,150 

Singapore  to  Calcutta,  India,  Asia 1,200 

Calcutta  to  Bombay,  India,  Asia 1,409 

Bombay  to  Aden,  Arabia,  Asia 1,664 

Aden  to  Suez,  Egypt,  Africa ]  ,308 

Suez  to  Alexandria,  Egypt,  Africa 250 

Alexandria  to  Marseilles,  France,  Europe 1,000 

Marseilles  to  Paris,  France,  Europe 536 

Paris  to  London,  England,  Europe 31 G 

London  to  Liverpool,  England,  Europe 205 

Liverpool  to  New  York,  United  States 3,000 

New  York  to  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  United  States 3,311 


Principal  Exports  of  Countries 

Argentine  Republic. — Condensed  meats,  hides,  hor&ehair,  oil,  tallow, 
wool. 

Austria. — Salt,  meerschaum  pipes,  flax,  cutlery,  linens. 

Autstralasia. — Tin,  copper,  coal,  hides,  wool,  gold,  silver. 

Arabia. — Coffee,  gum  arable,  aloes,  alum,  almonds,  frankincense, 
myrrh,  balsam. 

Belgium. — Cotton,  linen  and  woolen  manufactures,  iron,  marble, 
mats,  mirrors. 

Brazil. — Coffee,  diamonds,  drugs,  hides,  sugar,  rum,  tobacco,  dye- 
woods,  crude  rubber. 

Canada,  Nova  Scotia,  and  New  Brunswick. — Corn,  flour,  fish,  furs, 
gold,  leather,  hides,  lumber. 

Cape  Colony. — Brandy,  wine,  ostiich  feathers,  hides,  tallow. 

Central  America. — Logwood,  cochineal,  coffee,  rice,  sugar, 
mahogany,  indigo,  cocoa,  tobacco. 

China. — Camphor,  cassia,  chinaware,  lead,  mercury,  opium,  pearls, 
rice,  silk,  raw  and  manufactured,  tea,  sugar,  zinc. 

Colombia  Republic. — Coffee,  gold,  indigo,  Peruvian  bark. 

Denmark. — Butter,  cheese,  cattle,  feathers,  horses,  grain,  jute, 
wool,  beef,  pork. 


—  142  — 

Exports — Con  ti7i  ued 

Eastern,  Western,  and  Southern  Africa. — Gold,  ivory,  ostrich 
feathers,  palm  oil,  fruit. 

Egypt.- — Asafoetida,  cotton,  grain,  hemp,  hides,  linseed,  gum,  silk, 
tobacco,  indigo,  fruit,  sugar. 

Ecuador. — Cocoa,  coflfee,  cotton,  India-rubber,  Peruvian  bark,  sugar, 
indigo. 

France. — Brandy,  butter,  chinaware,  cotton,  linen,  silk  and  woolen 
manufactures,  drugs,  artificial  flowers,  hair,  hats,  millinery  goods, 
jewelry,  wine,  olive  oil,  paper,  perfumery,  leather  goods,  toys. 

Germany. — Linen,  cotton,  silk  and  woolen  manufactures,  copper, 
hops,  zinc,  jewelry,  cutlery,  hardware,  toys,  perfumery,  chemical  pro- 
ducts, flax,  beer,  wine,  leather. 

Great  Britain  and  Ireland. — Iron,  cotton,  linen,  silk  and  woolen 
manufactures,  ale,  alkali,  arms,  coal,  chemical  products,  hardware, 
earthenware,  cutlery,  copper,  horses,  tin,  pcrter,  lace,  machinery. 

Greenland. — Whale  oil,  whalebone,  sealskins. 

Greece. — Cotton,  currants,  figs,  olive  oil,  honey,  leather,  silk,  soap, 
wine,  zinc. 

Holland. — Fine  linen,  woolens,  butter,  cheese,  fish,  cattle. 

India. — Cofi'ee,  cotton,  gum,  hides,  indigo,  jute,  opium,  pearls, 
precious  stones,  safi"ron,  pepper,  shawls,  sugar,  tea,  silk,  raw  and 
manufactured. 

Italy. — Alabaster,  brimstone,  almonds,  chemical  products,  fruit, 
hemp,  olive  oil,  sumac,  silk,  wine,  spirits. 

Iceland. — Fish,  train  oil. 

Japan. — Silk  and  cotton  goods,  copper,  iron,  glass,  chinaware, 
varnish,  tea,  silk,  raw  and  manufactured. 

Java. — Arrack,  cinnamon,  rice,  indigo,  cofi'ee,  cloves,  cochineal, 
gold,  pepper,  sago,  pearls,  tin,  tobacco. 

Liberia. — Cofi'ee,  gold,  palm  oil,  gum,  rice,  sugar. 

Mexico. — Gold,  silver,  sugar,  cochineal,  vanilla,  copper,  mahogany, 
dyewood,  indigo,  jalap,  hides,  lead. 

Madagascar. — Cattle,  cotton,  hides,  indigo,  maize,  rice. 

Morocco. — Almonds,  beans,  fruit,  gum,  Morocco  leather,  oil,  skins, 
wool. 

Paraguay. — Cassava,  sugar,  corn,  tobacco. 

Persia. — Asafoetida,  carpets,  rugs,  madder,  opium,  pearls,  shawls, 
silk,  tobacco,  rhubarb,  swords. 

Peru. — Silver,  gold,  Peruvian  l^ark,  saltpetre,  quinine,  borax,  cubic- 
nitre,  guano,  copper,  alpaca-wood. 


—  143  — 

Exports —  Contin  iied 

Chili. — Copper,  gold,  hides,  wheat,  flour,  silver,  sugar,  wooL 

Portugal. — Cork,  fruit,  oil,  tish,  saffron,  salt,  wine. 

Russia. — Bristles,  hemp,  iron,  linen,  grain,  cordage,  flax,  copper, 
caviar,  flour,  linseed,  furs,  com,  potash,  skins,  hides,  stearine,  timber, 
tallow,  tar,  wool,  platina. 

Sandwich  Islands. — Hides,  rice,  salt,  skins,  sugar,  tallow,  wool,  fruit. 

Spain, — Copper,  cork,  fish,  fruit,  grain,  lead,  olive  oil,  quicksilver, 
rice,  saffron,  sheep,  skin,  wine,  wool. 

Sweden  and  Norway. — Iron,  steel,  copper,  timber,  fish,  bones,  butter 
cheese,  cattle,  nickel,  jute,  tar. 

Switzerland. — Cheese,  cotton,  linens,  watches,  jewelry,  laces,  silks, 
machines. 

Turkey. — Currants,  figs,  gum,  goat's  hair,  carpets,  hides,  maize, 
mastic,  meerschaum,  oil,  opium,  raisins,  saffron,  shawls,  silk,  muslin, 
swords. 

Transvaal. — (xum  arabic,  gold,  ivory,  ostrich  feathers. 

United  States. — Butter,  cattle,  cheese,  coal,  coal  oil,  corn,  cotton, 
canned  fruits,  meats  and  fish,  flour,  furs,  gold,  grain,  ham,  hardware, 
hides,  hogs,  iron,  lard,  lead,  copper,  leather,  lumber,  machinery,  meat, 
molasses,  pork,  quicksilver,  raisins,  silver,  skins,  tobacco,  watches, 
wine,  linen,  woolen  and  cotton  goods,  machinery  of  all  kinds. 

Uruguay  and  Argentine  Republic. — Condensed  meat,  guano,  hides, 
horsehair,  oil,  skins,  tallow,  wool. 

Venezuela. — Balsam,  cocoa,   coffee,   copper,   cotton,  hides,  tobacco. 

West  Indies. — Alum,  arrow  root,  cochineal,  cocoa,  ginger,  tobacco, 
sugar,  molasses,  rum,  coffee,  indigo,  jjepper. 

Marriage  Age  in  Different  Countries 

In  Austria,  14  years  for  both  sexes;  Belgium,  the  man  18  years  and 
the  woman  at  15  years;  France,  the  man  at  18  years,  the  woman  at 
15  years;  Germany,  the  man  at  18  years,  the  woman  at  14  years; 
Greece,  the  man  at  14  years,  the  woman  at  12  years;  Hungary — the 
Catholics,  the  man  at  14  years,  the  woman  at  12  years;  the  Protest- 
ants, the  man  at  18  years,  the  woman  at  15  years;  Portugal,  the  man 
at  14  years,  the  woman  at  12  years;  Russia,  the  man  at  18  years,  the 
woman  at  16  years;  Saxony,  the  man  at  18  years,  the  woman  at  16 
years;  Spain,  the  man  at  14  years,  the  woman  at  14  years;  Switzer- 
land, the  man  at  14  years,  the  woman  at  12  years;  Turkey  at  puberty; 
United  States,  the  man  at  21  years,  the  woman  at  18  years. 


144 


Size  of  Animals 


Antelope,  3^  feet 

Armadillo  and  tail,  5  feet 

Anteater,  1  foot 

Badger,  2^  feet 

Barbary  Ape,  3^  feet 

B>)Ltle-nosed  Seal,  11  to  18  feet 

Civet,  2  feet 

Cliamois,  3  feet 

Common  Bat,  4  or  5  inches 

Common  Seal,  4  to  6  feet 

Dormouse,  G  inches 

Dog-faced  Baboon,  6  feet 

Dromedary,  G  to  7  feet 

Elephant,  10  or  11  feet 

Elephant  (high),  G  or  7  feet 

Ermine,  10  inches 

Ferret,  14  inches 

Flying  Squirrel,  6  inches 

Fox,  li  to  2  feet 

Giraffe,  15  to  16  feet  (high) 

Great  Anteater,  4  feet 

Hedgehog,  10  inches 

Hyena,  3  feet 

Stag,  4  to  5  feet 

Sable,  11  inches 

Spectrum  Bat,  7  inches 

Tiger,  8  to  9  feet 

Tiger  (high),  4  feet 

Tapir,  6  feet 


Hippopotamus,  10  to  20  feet 
Ichneumon,  15  inches 
Jackal,  2h  feet 
Kangaroo,  3  to  4  feet 
Lion,  C  to  8  and  9  feet 
Lynx,  4  feet 
Lioness,  5  to  7  feet 
Mole,  G  inches 
Marmot,  10  inches 
Musk  Deer,  3^  feet 
Maned  Seal,  10  to  14  feet 
Opossum,  15  to  18  inches 
Ordinary  Squirrel,  8  inches 
Otter,  3^  feet 
Orang-outang,  4^  to  5|  feet 
Pigmy  Antelope  10  inches 
Pigmy  Ape,  3^  feet 
Polecat,  17  inches 
Porcupine,  2^  feet 
Roebuck,  3|  feet 
Raccoon,  2  feet 
Rhinoceros,  12  feet 
Rhinoceros  (high),  6  to  7  feet 
Vampire,  G  to  12  inches 
Vaulting  Monkey,  13  inches 
Wolf,  2^  to  3  feet 
Weasel,  7^  inches 
Wild  Cat,  2  to  5  feet 
Walrus  or  Morse,  J  5  to  18  feet 


Bait  For  Different  Game 


Badger — Mice  or  flesh  of  any  kind. 
Beaver — Fresh  roots. 
Fox — Fowl,  flesh,  fish,  toasted  cheese. 
Marten — Head  of  fish,  piece  of  meat  or  fowl. 
Mink— Fowl,  flesh  or  roasted  fish. 
Muskrat — Carrots,  potatoes,  apples,  etc. 
Opossiim — Nuts,  corn,  mice,  piece  of  fowl. 
Otter — Fish,  piece  of  a  bird  or  otter  mush. 
Raccoon — Chicken,  frog  or  fish. 
Skunk — Mice,  meat,  piece  of  a  fowl. 
Squirrel — Grain,  nuts,  or  ear  of  corn. 
Wolf — Waste  part  of  tame  or  wild  game. 
Woodchuck — Roots,  fruit,  corn  or  bread. 


—  145  — 

How  Fast  Rabbits  Increask 

One  Pair  of  Rabbits  in  four  years,  if  none  are  killed  or  die,  will  be 
increased  to  1,250,000  rabbits. 

Shortest  and  Longest  Verse  in  the  Bible 

Shortest  verse,  St.  John,  llth  chapter,  35th  verse;  longest  verse, 
Esther,  8th  chapter,  9th  verse. 

Large  Families 

Lucas  Saez  returned  to  Spain  in  June,  1883,  from  the  United  States 
with  37  children,  79  grandchildren,  and  81  great-grandchildren — in  all 
197  people,  107  males  and  90  females,  his  eldest  son  being  70  years  of 
age. 

Tedor  VassileflF,  of  Moscow,  Russia,  in  1782,  had  83  children  living: 

when  pensioned  by  the  Czar.     He  had  69  children  by  his  first  wife,  at 

27  births;  and,  after  her  death,  had  18  more  by  his  second  wife,  in  8- 

births. 

Number 
Parent  Place  of  Children  Date 

Mme.  Frescobaldi Florence,  Italy 52  1570 

David  Wilson Indiana,  United  States 47  1850 

Mr.  Greenhill Abbots  Langley,  FiUrope 39 

Rev.  Dr.  Erskine Scotland,  Europe 33  1760 

Mme.  Frescobaldi  had  never  less  than  three  children  at  a  birth. 

Heaviest  Men 

Miles  Darden  (the  Tennessee  Giant),  height  7  feet  6  inches,  and 
weighed  over  1,000  pounds. 

Daniel  Lambert  (English),  was  5  feet  11  inclies  high,  and  weighed 
739  pounds. 

Small  People  or  Dwarfs 

Smallest  woman,  Lucia  Zarate,  height  20  inches,  born  in  Mexico  in 
1865. 

Smallest  man,  General  Mite,  height  21  inches,  born  in  New  York  in 
1864. 

Che  Mah  (the  Chinese  dwarf),  if  living  is  nearly  50  years  of  age,  he 
is  25  inches  high. 

Tom  Thumb,  height  28  inches. 

Commodore  Nutt  32  inches. 


-  14<^ 


Tallest  Men  (Giants) 

The  Giant  Og.  (in  Bible),  16  feet  high. 

The  Giant  Goliah  (in  Bible),  10  feet  high. 

Hans  Bar  (Hungarian  Soldier),  11  feet  high. 

Chang  (the  Chinese  Giant),  8  feet  2  inches  high. 

Brustard,  the  Giant,  7  feet  9  inclie^s  high. 

Miles  Darden  (the  Tennessee  Giant),  7  feet  6  inches  high. 


A  Lady's  Chance  to  Marry 

Every  lady  has  some  chance  to  marry,  it  may  be  one  to  lifty,  or  it 
may  ba  ten  to  one  that  she  will.  Representing  her  entire  chance  at 
one  hundred  at  certain  points  of  her  progress  in  time,  it  is  found  to  be 
in  the  following  ratio: 

Ladies  between  the  ages  of  15  and  20  years 14^  per  cent 

"         "       "  20    "   25     "      52     "      •' 

"       "  25    '•   30     "      18     "      " 

"       "  30    "   35     "      154  '^      " 

'«  "       .  "       "  35    "  40     "      3f  ''      " 

"  "         '*       "  40    "  45     "      24   "      " 

"       "         45    "50     "      §-of  1   "      " 

"         "       *'  50    "   55     "      iof  1   ''      '' 


Height  and  Weight  of  Ladies 

It  is  often  asked  how  thick  a  lady  ought  to  be  in  proportion  to  her 
height.  A  very  young  girl  may  becomingly  be  thinner  than  a  matron, 
but  the  following  table  gives  a  fair  indication  of  proper  proportions: 


Weight 
Pleight  iu  Pounds 

Four  feet,  7  inches about  73 

Four  feet,  10  inches 

Five  feet 

Five  feet,  one  inch .... 
Five  feet,  two  inches . . . 
Five  feet,  three  inches . . 
Five  feet,  four  inches.  .  . 
Five  feet,  five  inches .  .  . 


Weight 
Height  iu  pounds 

Five  feet,  6  inches about  144 


90 

Five  feet,  7  niches 

*'      150 

100 

Five  feet,  8  inches 

"      155 

106 

Five  feet,  9  inches 

"      163 

113 

Five  feet,  10  inches 

"      169 

119 

Five  feet,  .11  inches 

"      170 

130 

180 

]3S 

Six  feet,  one  inch 

"      186 

—  147  — 

The  Wedding  Anniversary 

At  end  of  first  year  comes  the Cotton  Wedding 

At  end  of  second  year  comes  the Paper 

At  end  of  third  year  comes  the Leather 

At  end  of  fifth  year  comes  the Wooden 

At  end  of  seventh  year  comes  the ....    Woolen 

At  end  of  tenth  year  comes  the Tin 

At  end  of  twelfth  year  comes  the Silk  and  Fine  Linen 

At  end  of  fifteenth  year  comes  the Crystal 

At  end  of  twentieth  year  comes  the China 

At  end  of  twenty-fifth  year  comes  the Silver 

At  end  of  thirtieth  year  comes  the Pearl 

At  end  of  fortieth  year  comes  the Ruby 

At  end  of  fiftieth  year  comes  the Golden 

At  end  of  seventy-fifth  year  comes  the Diamond 

Weight    of  Various    Breeds    of    Poultry 

Black  Polish  cock,  3  years  old  weighs 5  pound::!  3  ounces 

"         "       hen,  3  years  old  weighs 3  "  4 

' '      Spanish  cock,  4  months  old  weighs 2  "  11 

"           "         pullet,  weighs 0  ' '  U 

Cochin-China  cock,  16  mo.  old  (Moulting)  weighs. .   G  "  5 

"         '  *       hen  weighs 4  "  q 

Dorking  cock  weighs 7  ' « 

"        hen  weighs 6  "  8 

Game  cock  weighs 4  «<  jq 

"      hen  weighs 3  <« 

Golden  Polish  cock  weighs 5  " 

"           "      hen  weighs 3  "  g 

MaJay  cock,  IC  months  old  weighs G  "  14 

"      hen,  16  months  old,  weighs 4  "  3 

Pheasant  M?lay  cock,  2  years  old,  weighs 7  " 

"           "         hen  w-eighs 5  *'  1 

"           "         pullet,  17  months  old,  weighs 5  "  3 

Silver  Hamburg  hen  -^-eighs 3  "  j 

"      Polish  hen  weighs 3  "  4 

Turkey  (cock),  16  months  old,  weighs 16  " 

'*       (hen),  3  to  4  years  old,  weighs 8  "  6 

White  China  gander,  6  years  old  weighs ]  2  "  13 

"         "      goose,  weighs H  <'  13 


148 


Speed    of  Birds 

Hawks  fly  at  the  rate- of  150  miles  per  hour. 
Ducks     "       "        "  90       •'       '•      •• 

Crows     "       "        "  25       "       "      '• 

Falcons  "       "        "  75       "       "      '* 

Sparrows       "        "  92       "       "       " 


Bible  Facts  and  Figures 

The  Old  Testament  contains  2,728,100  letters,  592,493  words,  23,214 
verses,  929  chapters,  and  39  books.  The  New  Testament  contains 
838,380  letters,  181,253  words,  7,959  verses,  260  chapters  and  27  books. 
The  total  for  Old  and  New  Testament,  3,560,480  letters,  773,746  words, 
31, 173  verses,  1,189  chapters  and  66  books.  The  Bible  contains  3,500,000 
ems  (compositor's  measure). 

The  word  Reverend  occurs  but  once,  which  is  in  the  9th  verse  of  the 
111th  Psalm. 

The  middle  verse  of  the  Bible  is  the  8th  verse  of  the  1 18th  Psalm. 

The  21st  of  the  7th  chapter  of  Ezra  contains  all  the  letters  of  the 
alphabet  except  the  letter  J. 

The  19th  chapter  of  II  Kings  and  the  37  th  chapter  of  Isaiah  are  alike. 

The  longest  verse  is  the  9th  verse  of  the  8th  chapter  of  the  Book  of 
Esther. 

The  shortest  verse  is  the  35th  verse  of  the  11th  chapter  of  the  Book 
of  St.  John. 

There  are  no  words  or  names  of  more  than  six  syllables. 


Most  Northern  and    Southern    Points 
Reached  by  Explorers 

The  following  table  shows  the  farthest  points  of  north  latitude  by 
Arctic  Explorers  up  to  and  including  the  Greely  expedition: 
Year  Explorers  Morth  Latitude 

1607        Hudson 80  deg.,  23  min.,  00  sec. 

1773        PhiDps  (Lord  Musgrove) 80     "      48     "      00    " 

1806         Scoresby 81     "      12     "      42    " 

1827        Parry 82     "      45     "      30    " 

1874  Meyer  (on  land) 82     "        9     "      00    ** 

1875  Markham  (Nare's  expedition) 83     "      20     "      26    " 

1816        Payer , 83     "        7     "      00    " 

1S84        Lockwood  (Greely's  party) 83     "      24     "      30    " 

The  farthest  point  reached  south  was  by  Rose  in  February,  1842,  was 
78  degrees,  11  minutes,  south  latitude;  and  the  farthest  points  north 
was  l)y  Lockwood  in  May,  1882,  was  S3  degrees,  24  minutes^  30  seconds 
north  latitude. 


—  149  — 

The  Longest  Tunnels  in  the  World 

The  longest  tunnel  in  the  world  is  the  Mount  St.  Gothard  Tunnel, 
Italy.     It  is  48,840  feet  long  or  nearly  10  miles  long. 

The  Mount  Cenis  Tunnel,  Italy,  is  next,  is  39,840  feet  long  or  about 
7  miles  long. 

The  Hoosac  Tunnel,  Mass.,  is  25,080  feet  long  or  about  4^  miles 
long,  the  longest  in  the  United  States. 

The  Nochistongo  Tunnel  is  21,659  feet  long,  or  about  4  miles  long. 

The  Sutro  Tunnel  is  21,120  feet  long  or  about  4  miles  long. 

The  Thames  and  Medway  Tunnel,  England,  is  11,880  feet  long,  or 
about  2  miles  long. 

Herschel's  Weather  Table 

For  Foretelling  the  Weather,  Throughout  all  the  Luna- 
tions of  Each  Year,  Forever 
This  table  and  the  accompanying  remarks  are  the  result  of  many 
years'  actual  observation,  the  whole  being  constructed  on  a  due  con- 
sideration of  the  attraction  of  the  Sun  and  Moon,  in  their  several  posi- 
tions respecting  the  Earth,  and  will,  by  simple  inspection,  show  the 
observer  what  kind  of  weather  will  most  probably  follow  the  entrance 
of  the  Moon  iuto  any  of  its  quarters,  and  that  so  near  the  truth  as  to 
be  seldom  or  never  found  to  fail: 

If  the  New  Moon,  First  Quarter,  Full 

Moou.or  Last  Quarter  Happens      In  Summer  In  Winter 

Between 

Midnight  and  2  o'clock. Fair Frost  unless  wind  Southwe&t. 

2  and    4  morning Cold  and  showers.  Snow  and  stormy 

4  and    6         "       ....  Rain Rain. 

6  and    8         "       Wind  and  rain. .  .Stormy. 

8  and  10         "       Changeable Cold  rain  if  wind  W,  snow  if  E 

10  and  12         "       Frequent  showersCold  and  high  wind 

12  and    2  afternoon.  .  .Very  rainy Snow  or  rain. 

2  and    4         *'         . .  .Changeable Fair  and  mild. 

4  and    C         "         ...Fair Fair. 

6  and    8         "         ..  .Fair  if  wind  NW.  Fair  and  frosty  if  wind  Nor  NE 

8  and  10         "         . .  .Rainy  H  S  or  SW.Rain  or  snow  if  South  or  SW. 

10  and  midnight Fair Fair  and  frosty. 

Observations. — 1.  The  nearer  the  time  of  the  Moon's  change,  first 
quarter,  full  and  last  quarter  are  to  midnigJit,  the  fairer  will  be  the 
weather  during  tlie  next  seven  days. 


—  150  — 
Wea  ther  Table —  Con  tinued 

2.  The  space  for  this  calculation  occupies  from  ten  at  night  till  two 
next  morning. 

3.  The  nearer  to  midday  or  noon  the  phases  of  the  moon  happen,  the 
more  foul  or  wet  weather  may  be  expected  during  the  next  seven  days. 

4.  The  space  for  this  calculation  occupies  from  ten  in  the  forenoon 
to  two  in  the  afternoon.  These  observations  refer  principally  to  the 
Summer,  though  they  affect  Spring  and  Autumn  nearly  in  the  same 
ratio. 

5.  The  Moon's  change,  fir^t  quarter,  full  and  last  quarter,  happen- 
ing during  six  of  the  afternoon  hours,  i.  e.,  from  four  to  ten,  may  be 
followed  by  fair  weather;  but  this  is  mostly  dependent  on  the  wind,  aa 
is  noted  in  the  table. 

C.  Though  the  weather,  from  a  variety  of  irregular  causes,  is  more 
uncertain  in  the  latter  part  of  Autumn,  the  whole  of  Winter,  and  the 
beginning  of  Spring,  yet  in  the  main  the  above  observations  will  apply 
to  those  periods  also. 

7.  To  prognosticate  correctly,  especially  in  those  cases  where  the 
vnnd  is  concerned,  the  observer  should  be  within  sight  of  a  good  vane, 
where  the  four  cardinal  points  of  the  heavens  are  correctly  placed. 

French  Paste  Diamonds 

French  paste  used  in  making  artificial  diamonds  is  a  kind  of  glass 
with  a  mixture  of  oxide  of  lead.  Imitation  stones  are  now  so  nearly 
perfect  that  the  market  of  real  diamonds  is  beginning  to  suffer. 

French  chemists  now  reproduce  the  dichroism  of  the  sapphire,  and 
the  composition  of  rubies  of  which  the  base  is  phosphate  of  lime. 

Density  of  Population 

The  population  per  square  mile  fif  the  different  countries  is  as 
follows: 

Belgium 451  China 110 

England  and  Wales 389  Scotland 109 

Holland 291  Portugal 108 

Italy 237  Spain 90 

Japan 209  Greece 73 

Germany 193  Sweden  and  Norway 21 

Switzerland 175  Tuykey 20 

Ireland 1G9  United  States 11 

Austro-Hungary 158  Kussia 10 

France 150  Mexico : 9 

Denmark Ill  Brazil 3 


151  — 


Different  Nations,  Names  of  their  People 
AND  THE  Language  they  Speak 

Name  of  Nation  Name  of  People  Language  Spoken 

Abyssinia Abyssinians Abyssinian. 

Afghanistan Afghans Persian  and  Hindoostance. 

Algeria Algerine Chiefly  Arabic. 

Arabia Arabs,  Aral^ians .  .  .  Arabic. 

Australasia Australasian. ''"'''5;,SS''arc?;S"'"'" 

Austria Austrians German,  Hungarian,  Slavonic. 

Belgium Belgians Flemish  and  French. 

Beloochistan Beloochces Beloochee  and  Hindoostanee. 

Bolivia Bolivians Spanish 

Brazil Brazilians Portuguese. 

Canada Canadians English  and  French. 

Chile ....  Chileans Spanish. 

China Chinese Chinese. 

East  Indies East  Indians   ^^"^'''''*%t'laTe?c!^^'  ^''''^^'^* 

Egypt Egyptians Chiefly  Araliic  and  Italian. 

France French French. 

Germany Germans German. 

Greece Greeks Greek. 

Greenland GreenJanders Danish  and  Esquimaux. 

Hindoostan Hindoos Hindoostanee  and  others. 

Holland Dutch Dutch. 

Iceland Icelanders Icelanderic. 

Ireland Irish English  and  Irish. 

Italy Italians Italian. 

Japan Japanese JaY)anese. 

Mexico Mexican Spanish. 

Norway. Norwegians Danish. 

Paraguay .  Paraguayans Spanish. 

Peru Peruvians Spanish. 

Poland Poles Polish. 

Persia Persians Persian. 

Portugal Portuguese Portuguese. 

Prussia   Prussians German. 

Riissia Russians Russian. 

Sweden Swedes Swedish. 

Scotland Scotch English  and  Gaelic. 

Siam Siamese Siamese. 

Siberia Siberians Russian  mostly. 

Spain Spaniards Spanish. 

Switzerland Swiss German,  French  and  Italian, 

Turkey Turks Turkish. 

United  States American English. 

Venezuela Venezuelans Spanish. 

Wales Welsh English  and  Welsh. 

West  Indies West  Indians Spanish. 


—  152  — 

The  Human  Family 

The  human  family  living  to-day  consists  of  about  1,450,000,000 
individuals.  In  Asia,  where  man  was  first  planted  there  are  now  about 
800,000,000  souls,  on  an  average  120  to  the  square  mile.  In  Europe 
there  are  about  320,000,000  souls,  averaging  100  to  the  square  mile. 
In  Africa  there  are  about  210,000,000.  In  America,  North  and  South, 
there  are  about  110,000,000,  relatively  thinly  scattered  and  recent.  In 
the  islands,  large  and  small,  are  probably  10,000,000  souls.  The 
extremes  of  the  white  and  black  are  five  to  three,  the  remaining  700,- 
000,000  intermediate  brown  and  tawny.  Of  the  human  race  500,000,000 
are  well  clothed,  that  is  wear  garments  of  some  kinds  and  live  in  houses 
partly  furnished  with  the  appointments  of  civilization;  700,000,000  are 
semi-clothed,  living  in  huts  and  caves  with  no  furnishing;  250,000,000  are 
practically  naked,  having  nothing  that  can  be  called  a  home,  are  bar- 
barous and  savage.  The  range  is  from  the  topmost  round — the  Anglo- 
Saxon  civilization,  which  is  the  highest  known — down  to  naked 
savagery.  The  portion  of  the  race  lying  below  the  line  of  human  con- 
dition is  at  the  very  least  three-fifths  of  the  whole  or  900,000,000.  All 
the  people  now  living  in  the  world,  say  1,450,000,000,  could  find  stand- 
ing room  within  the  limits  of  a  field  100  miles  square.  In  a  field  200 
miles  square  they  could  all  be  comfortably  seated. 

Gold  Leaf  Thickness 

Gold  leaf  is  the  254-248th  part  of  an  inch  in  thickness,  which  is 
common  work  of  the  gold-beater.  Sheets  have  been  beaten  the  367,- 
500th  part  of  an  inch  in  thickness.  One  ounce  of  gold  can  be  beaten 
out  so  as  to  cover  160  square  feet  of  surface. 

Age  and   Mortality 

The  following  table  which  years  of  experience  of  scientific  men  has 
proven,  settles  the  death-rate.  One  of  the  following  number  of  per- 
sons may  die  within  one  year: 

At  10  years 1  in  134      At  45  yeai*s 1  in  90 

At  15     "     1  in  131       At50     "     1  in  73 

At  20     "     1  in  129      At  55     "     1  in  54 

At25     "     1  in  124      At  60     "     1  in  35 

At30     "     linllO      At65     ''     1  in  25 

At  35     "     1  in  112      At  70     '*  ' 1  in  17 

At  40     "     1  in  103 


-  1.33  - 

Bleeding  Wounds.     How  to  Stop  It. 

If  blood  spurts  from  the  wound,  an  artery  is  divided;  bind  limb 
tightly  above  wound  with  India-rubber  tubing,  strap,  handkerchief  or 
scarf;  or,  bend  the  limb  forcibly  at  next  joint  above  wound;  or,  press 
flat  hand  or  stone  where  blood  is  flowing.  If  blood  flows  freely,  but 
does  not  spurt,  a  vein  is  divided ;  then  apply  same  measures  as  in  case 
wounded  artery,  but  below  the  wound.  If  scalp  wounded,  make  a 
pad  of  cloth  or  waste,  and  bandage  very  tightly  over  wound  with 
folded  pocket  handkerchief.     Send  for  a  physician  then. 

Burns  and  Scalds — Treatment 

Apply  lint,  cotton,  wool  or  waste,  soaked  in  oil,  or  oil  and  lime 
water,  and  bind  the  same  on  with  handkerchief  or  cloth.  If  necessary 
to  remove  clothes,  cut  them  off  by  running  knife  or  scissors  along 
seams.     Send  for  a  physician  then. 

Broken    Limbs 

Broken  Leg — Treatment 
Pull  on  leg  steadily  and  firmly  until  it  is  of  same  length  as  sound 
one.  Roll  up  a  coat  or  empty  sack  into  form  of  a  cushion;  carefully 
place  leg  upon  it;  then  bind  two  together  with  scarves  or  handker- 
chiefs. Do  not  lift  patient  from  the  ground  until  stretcher  is  close  at 
hand.  Take  great  pains  by  carefully  lifting  to  prevent  broken  bone 
coming  through  skin. 

Broken  Thigh — Treatment 

Take  hold  of  ankle  and  by  steady  traction,  pull  limb  to  same  length 
as  sound  one;  another  person  must  then  tie  knees  together,  and  after- 
ward the  ankles.  Both  limbs  should  then  be  laid  over  a  sack  of  straw, 
or  folded  coat,  so  as  to  bend  the  knees.  Patient  should  on  no  account 
be  moved  until  stretcher  or  cart  is  close  at  hand.  Send  for  a  doctor 
then. 

Broken  Arm — Treatment 

Pull  arm  to  length  of  sound  one.  Apply  splints,  one  outside  and  the 
other  inside,  binding  them  firmly  on  with  cloth  or  handkerchiefs.  The 
best  splints  are  made  by  folding  newspapers  to  necessary  length,  bind- 
ing them  above  and  below  seat  of  fracture;  anything  hard  and  lighti 
of  suitable  size,  would  act  equally  wt  11,  for  instance,  wood,  pasteboard, 
twigs,  leather,  etc.     Send  for  a  doctor  then. 


—  VA  — 

Broken  Ribs — Treatment 

Broken  Ribs  cause  intense  pain  when  patient  breathes;  bind  roller 
towel  firmly  round  chest,  fastening  with  pins,  or  sewing.  Send  for  a 
doctor. 

Broken  Collar  Bone — Treatment 

Bend  arm  over  front  of  chest;  x>lace  it  in  a  sling;  bind  it  in  that 
position  by  scarf  going  round  chest  outside  sling.  Send  for  doctor 
then. 


Treatment  for  Various  Causes 


Flesh  Wounds 

Uncover  wound;  wash  it  with  clean  water;  wring  out  a  clean  hand- 
kerchief, or  lint,  in  cold  water,  and  lay  it  over  the  wound.  Then  bind 
in  position  with  handkerchief.     On  no  account  use  tobacco  or  cobweb. 

Fainting 

From  heat,  exhaustion,  or  loss  of  blood.  Keep  head  low;  undo 
clothing  about  neck;  plenty  of  fresh  air;  dash  cold  water  on  face  and 
chest;  smelling-salts  carefully  used;  a  little  brandy  when  sensibility 
has  returned,  excepting  in  cases  of  sunstroke,  and  where  means  have 
not  been  taken  to  prevent  further  bleeding. 

Fits 

1.  If  snoring  and  face  flushed,  undo  clothing  ai*omid  neck,  keep 
head  raised  and  dash  cold  water  on  top  of  head;  hot -water  bottles  to 
feet.     Send  for  doctor.     Do  not  give  brandy. 

2.  If  foaming  at  mouth  and  convulsed,  undo  clothing,  apply  smelling- 
salts  and  prevent  the  patient  from  hurting  himself  or  herself  until 
conscious  again. 

Rupture  or  * 'Break  of  the  Body" 

Try  and  push  it  back  with  flat  hand;  keep  man  on  his  back.  Cold, 
wet  cloths  laid  over  rupture  will,  perhaps,  aid  its  return.  Send  for 
doctor  then. 


—  155  — 

Suffocation 

Suffocation  from  breathing  noxious  vapors  from  wells,  coal  gas  or 
charcoal  flumes. — Remove  the  patient  to  fresh  air,  sprinkle  cold  water 
on  face  and  head,  rub  strong  vinegar  about  nostrils,  give  drink  of 
vinegar  and  water;  to  excite  breathing,  apply  rules  given  in  case  of 
drowning.  Unless  a  candle  will  burn  with  a  clear  flame  in  a  well  near 
the  water,  it  is  unsafe  for  persons  to  go  down.  Air  may  be  purified 
by  showering  water  into  the  well. 

Drowning 

Freely  expose  the  face,  neck  and  chest  in  the  breeze,  except  in  very 
severe  weather.  Turn  the  patient  on  face  (let  some  one  hold  head  so 
that  the  face  does  not  touch  the  ground)  and  elevate  the  body  so  that  the 
water  in  the  lungs  may  flow  out  at  the  nose  and  mouth.  First  turn 
the  patient  slightly  on  his  side,  apply  snuff  or  ammonia  to  the  nostrils, 
dash  cold  water  in  the  face,  rubbing  the  body  briskly  until  it  is  warm. 
To  imitate  respiration,  throw  the  patient  on  his  face,  then  turn  the 
body  gently  but  completely  on  the  side  and  a  little  beyond,  repeating 
these  measures  deliberately,  efficiently  and  perseveringly  fifteen  times  a 
minute  in  all.  This  number  of  thoracic  movements  per  minute  acts 
with  the  natural  order  of  respiratory  thoracic  dilations  and  contractions, 
corresponds  with  the  slow  movement  of  the  heart,  averaging  something 
less  than  sixty  pulsations  per  minute.  When  the  prone  position  is 
resumed,  make  equable  but  efficient  pressure  along  the  spine;  remove 
it  immediately  before  rotation  on  the  side.  (The  first  measure  augments 
expiration;  the  second  commences  inspiration.)  To  induce  circulation 
and  warmth,  continue  these  measures,  rubbing  the  limbs  upward  with 
a  firm  pressure  and  with  energy,  using  handkerchiefs,  etc.  Replace 
the  patient's  wet  clothing  by  such  other  as  can  be  soonest  procured- 
To  incite  inspiration,  let  the  surface  of  the  body  be  briskly  slapped  with 
the  hand  or  let  cold  water  be  dashed  briskly  on  the  surface,  previously 
rubbed  dry  and  warm. 

Frozen  Limbs 

Rub  with  snow  or  place  in  cold  water  until  sensation  returns.  Warm 
very  gradually. 

A  Shock 

If  faint  and  cold,  give  stimulant  in  small  doses,  once  in  fifteen  or 
twenty  minutes,  and  secure  warmth  by  external  application  or  rubbing. 


—  156  — 

Composition  of  the  Human  Body 

A  man  of  154  pounds  weight  contains  11(3  pounds  of  water,  and  38 
pounds  of  dry  matter.  Of  the  dry  matter  28  pounds  are  organic,  and 
10  pounds  are  mineral  matter.  The  blood  of  a  fully  grown  and  healthy 
man  weighs,  in  a  liquid  state,  about  20  pounds,  consisting  of  about  15§ 
pounds  of  water  and  4J  pounds  of  solid  matter. 

Ten  Laws  of  Health 

1.  Pure  air  is  the  food  of  the  lungs.  This  is  obtained  by  scientific 
ventilation,  which  consists  in  admitting  currents  or  movements  of  air 
in  the  apartments  through  two  or  more  apertures. 

2.  Good  and  properly  cooked  food,  not  food  seasoned  to  cover  up 
decay,  partial  or  complete. 

3.  Water,  not  iced,  but  cooled  by  being  placed  upon  ice,  either  in 
pitchers  or  bottles. 

4.  Adequate  exercise  in  the  o]pen  air,  in  order  to  help  the  skin  throw 
off  effete  matter. 

5.  The  sun  bath.  No  sitting  or  reading  in  darkened  rooms,  or  those 
lighted  by  gas.  Gas  burns  up  oxygen  very  rapidly.  Sitting  under 
a  gas  jet  turns  the  hair  gray,  and  by  overheating"  the  scalp  destroys 
its  vitality,  and  causes  the  hair  to  fall  out. 

6.  Proper  and  sufficient  clothing:  that  which  is  loose,  light  and 
warm.  Light  colors  for  Summer,  and  dark  for  Winter.  In  Winter 
wear  a  flannel  bandage  around  the  abdomen. 

7.  Occupations  which  are  of  an  outdoor  character;  eight  hours  for 
work,  eight  hours  for  sleep,  eight  hours  for  rest. 

8.  Personal  cleanliness  is  essential.  Bathe  once  a  week.  Baths  to 
be  of  the  same  temperature  as  the  body.  Bathing  enables  the  skin  to 
throw  off  effete  matters,  causing  the  dead  and  useless  epidermis  to  peel 
off. 

9.  No  marriage  with  a  near  relative. 

10.  Avoid  wine,  whiskey,  beer  and  tobacco.  Keep  thy  soul  and 
body  clean. 

The  Heart 

The  heart  is  six  inches  in  length  and  four  inches  in  diameter.  It 
beats  70  times  per  minute.  It  forces  out  2^  ounces  of  blood  at  each 
beat;  10  pounds  15  ounces  of  lilood  per  minute. 


—  157  - 

The  Lungs 

Ihe  lungs  are  inflated  on  an  average  of  19  times  per  minute;  1,140 
times  per  hour.  At  each  inspiration  about  26  cubic  inches  of  air  are 
inhaled;  2|  gallons  of  air  per  minute. 

To  Remove  a  Particle  From  the  Eye 

Take  a  horsehair  and  double  it,  leaving  a  loop.  If  the  object  can  be 
seen,  lay  the  loop  over  it,  close  the  eye,  and  the  mote  will  come  out  as 
the  hair  is  withdrawn.  If  the  irritating  object  cannot  be  seen,  raise 
the  lid  of  the  eye  as  high  as  possible,  and  place  the  loop  as  high  aj  you 
can,  close  the  eye,  and  roll  the  ball  around  a  few  times,  draw  out  the 
hair,  and  the  substance  which  caused  the  pain  will  be  sure  to  come 
with  it. 

The  Pulse  in  Health 

New  born  infants  from  140  down  to  130  per  minute. 
During  1st  year  from  130  down  to  115  per  minute. 
During  2d  year  from  115  down  to  103  per  minute. 
During  3d  year  from  105  down  to  95  per  minute. 
During  7th  to  14th  year  from  90  down  to  80  per  minute. 
During  14th  to  21st  year  from  85  down  to  75  per  minute. 
During  21st  to  GOth  year  from  75  down  to  70  per  minute. 
In  old  age  from   75  up  to  80  per  minute. 

Ventilation 

Each  person  requires  at  least  from  three  to  four  cubic  feet  of  air  per 
minute.  Ordinary  windows  allow  about  8  cubic  feet  a  minute  to  pass. 
Sleeping  apartments  require  1 ,000  feet  to  each  occupant. 

An  ordinary  gas  flame  requires  as  much  air  as  nine  persons. 

A  neat,  clean,  fresh  aired,  sAveet,  cheerful,  well-arranged  house,  exerts 
a  moral  influence  over  its  inmates,  and  makes  the  members  of  a  family 
peaceable  and  considerate  of  each  other's  feelings;  on  the  contrary,  a 
filthy,  squalid,  noxious  dwelling,  contributes  to  make  its  inhabitants 
selfish,  sensual,  and  regardless  of  the  feelings  of  others. 

Never  sleep  in  a  small,  close  bedroom,  either  during  Summer  or  Win- 
ter, without  free  ventilation  from  door  or  windows,  unless  otherwise 
supplied  with  abundance  of  fresh  air.  It  will  be  seen  that  a  person's 
house  usually  corresponds  with  his  character. 


—  15S  — 


How  Fast  a  Person  Grows 

At  birth  the  mean  length  of  boys  is  18|  inches,  and  of  girls  is  18| 
inches.  Growth  is  most  rapid  immediately  after  birth  and  continually 
diminishes  until  about  five  years  of  age,  from  tlien  until  16  years  the 
annual  growth  is  2  1-5  inches;  during  the  next  year,  1^  inches,  and 
during  the  next  two  years,  one  inch  only.  The  mean  height  of  man 
has  been  estimated  at  5  feet  4  inches. 

A  man  is  taller  in  the  morning  than  at  night  by  half  an  inch 


The  Ten   Seven  Years  of  Life 

Seven  years  in  childhood's  sport  and  play,  7, 
Seven  years  in  school  from  day  to  day,  14 
Seven  years  at  trade  or  college  life,  21 
Seven  years  to  find  and  place  a  wife,  28 
Seven  years  to  pleasure's  follies  given,  J?5 
Seven  years  by  business  hardly  driven,  42 
Seven  yours  for  fame,  a  wild-goose  chase,  49 
Seven  ycar^  for  wealth,  a  bootless  race,  56 
Seven  years  for  hoarding  for  your  heir,  63 
Seven  years  in  weakness  spent,  and  care,  70 
Then  die  and  go  you  know  not  where. 


What  to  Do  When  the  Clothes  Take  Fire 

Three  out  of  four  persons  rush  up  to  the  burning  individual  and 
b2gin  to  paw  with  their  hands  without  any  definite  aim.  It  is  useless 
to  tell  the  victim  to  do  this  or  that,  or  to  call  for  water.  In  fact,  it  is 
generally  best  to  say  not  a  word,  but  seize  a  blanket  from  a  bed,  or  a 
cloak  of  any  woolen  fabric — if  none  is  at  hand  take  any  woolen 
material — hold  the  corners  as  far  apart  as  you  can,  stretch  them  out 
higher  than  your  head,  and  running  boldly  to  the  person  make  a 
motion  of  clasping  in  the  arms,  mostly  about  the  shoulders.  This 
instantly  smothers  the  fire  and  saves  the  face.  The  next  instant  throw 
the  unfortunate  person  on  the  floor.  1  his  is  an  additional  safety  to 
the  face  and  breast,  and  any  remnant  of  flame  can  be  put  out  more 
leisurely. 


159  — 


Muscles,  Heat  and  Fat,  Water  Properties 
OF  Food 

100  parts  of  each  Heat  and 
Name  of  Food                                 Water,  etc.       Muscle  making       Fat  making 

Apples 84.0  5.0  10.0 

Barley 14.0  15.0  68.8 

Beans 14.8  24.0  57.7 

Beef 50.0  15.0  30.0 

Buckwheat 14.2  8.6  75.4 

Butter all 

Cabbage 90.0  4.0  5.0 

Cheese 10.0  65.0  19.0 

Chicken 46.0  18.0  32.0 

Corn 14.0  12.0  73.0 

Cucumbers 97.0  1.5  1.0 

Eggs,  white  of 79.0  17.0  none 

Eggs,  yolk  of 53.0  15.0  •     27.0 

Lamb 50.5  11.0  35.0 

Milk,  cow's 86.0  5.0  8.0 

Mutton 44.0  12.5  40.0 

Oats 13.0  17.0  66.4 

Peas 14.0  23.4  60.0 

Pork 38.5  10.0  50.0 

Potatoes 75.2  1.4  22.5 

Rice 13.5  6.5  79.5 

Turnips , 94.4  1.1  4.0 

Veal 68.5  10.1  16.5 

Wheat.... 14.0  14.6  69.4 


To  Determine  the  Weight  of  Live  Cattle 

Measure  in  inches  girth  around  breast  just  behind  shoulder-blade 
and  the  length  of  back  from  tail  to  fore  part  of  shoulder-blade. 
Multiply  girth  by  length  and  divide  by  144.  If  girth  is  less  than  three 
feet,  multiply  the  quotient  by  11;  if  between  three  and  five  feet,  mul- 
tiply by  16;  if  between  five  and  seven  feet,  multiply  by  23;  if  between 
seven  and  nine  feet,  multiply  by  31.  If  animal  is  lean,  deduct  one- 
twentieth  from  result,  or  take  girth  and  length  in  feet,  multiply  square 
of  girth  by  length,  and  multiply  product  by  3.36.  Live  weight  multi- 
plied by  .605  gives  net  weight,  nearly. 


—  160 


Carrying  Capacity  of  a  Freight  Car 

This  table  applies  to  Ten  Ton  Cars 


Apples.    370  bushels 

Barley 300      " 

Bran 1,000      " 

Butter 20,000  pounds 

Cattle 18  to  20    head 

Corn 400  bushels 

Eggs 130  to  160  barrels 

Flaxseed 360  bushels 

Flour 90  barrels 

Flour 200  sacks 


Hogs 

. . 50  to 

60  head 

Lime 

70  barrels 

Lumber 

6,000    feet 

Oats 



680  bushels 

Potatoes . . . 

430       " 

Salt 

70  barrels 

Sheep  

. .  80  to 

100    head 

Wheat .... 

340  bushels 

Whiskey . . 

GO   barrels 

Wood 

6    cords 

Drying  Oils 
Linseed  Oils 
Cress-seed  Oil 
Poppy  Oil 
Sunflower  Oil 
Walnut  Oil 
Tobacco-seed  Oil 


Oils,  Classified 


Non-Drying  Oils 
Almond  Oil 
Castor  Oil 
Colza  Oil 
Oil  of  Mustard 
Rape-seed  Oil 
Olive  Oil,  etc. 


Essential  Oils 


Oil  of  Anise 
Oil  of  Bergamot 
Oil  of  Carraway 
Oil  of  Cassia 
Oil  of  Cedar 
Oil  of  Cloves 
Oil  of  Lavender 


Oil  of  Lemon 

Oil  ofMint 

Oil  of  Myrrh 

Oil  of  Nutmeg 

Oil  of  Peppermint 

Oil  of  Rose 

Oil   of  Turpentine 


Anchors  a  Vessel  Must  Carry 


a  vessel  of  2,000  tons  must  carry  anchors  weighing  18  tons  with 
two-inch  chain  cables  300  fathoms  long,  and  pro  rata  for  larger  or 
smaller  vessels.     All  vessels  carry  seven  anchors. 


161  — 


Name  of  Alloys  or  Composition  of  Metals 


Name  of  Metal 

Aluminium  bronze 

Bell  metal 

Brass 

Britannia  metal 

Bronze 

Dutch  metal 

German  Silver 

Gold  currency 

Gun  metal 

Mosaic  gold 

Ormolu 

Pewter 

Silver  currency 

Shot 

Solder 

Stereotype  metal 

Type  metal 

Metal  combine  with 
Metal  combine  with 
Metal  combine  with 


Allo5^s 

Copper  and  Aluminium 

Copper  and  Tin 

Copper  and  Zinc 

Antimony  and  Tin 

Copper  and  Tin 

Copper  and  Zinc 

Copper,  Nickel  and  Zinc 

Gold  and  Copper 

Copper  and  Tin 

Copper  and  Zinc 

Tin  and  Lead 

Silver  and  copper 

Lead  and  Arsenic 

Antimony  and  Tin 

Lead,  Antimony  and  Bismuth 

Lead  and  Antimony  (also  copper 
at  times) 
Chlorine  and  produce  Chlorides. 
Sulphur  and  produce  Sulphides. 
Oxygen  and  produce  Oxidei> 


What  There  is  in  a  Ton  of  Coal 

From  one  ton  of  ordinary  gas  coal  may  be  produced  1,500  pounds  of 
coke,  20  gallons  of  ammonia  water,  and  140  pound?  of  coal  tar. 

By  destructive  distillation  the  coal  tar  will  yield  69.6  pounds  of 
pitch,  17  pounds  of  creosote,  14  pounds  heavy  oils,  9.5  pounds  of 
najjhtha  yellow,  6.3  pounds  of  naphthaline,  4.75  pounds  of  naphthol, 
2.25  pounds  of  alazarin,  2.4  pounds  of  solvent  naphtha,  1.5  pounds  of 
phenol,  1.2  pounds  of  aurine,  1.1  pounds  of  benzine,  l.I  pounds  of 
analine,  0.77  of  a  pound  of  toluidine,  0.46  of  a  pound  of  anthracine  and 
0.9  of  a  pound  of  toluene.  From  the  latter  is  obtained  the  new  sub- 
stance known  as  saccharine,  which  is  230  times  as  sweet  as  the  best 
cane  sugar,  one  part  of  it  giving  a  very  sweet  taste  to  a  thousand  parts 
of  water. 


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—  162  — 

Balloons,  Remarkable  Ascensions 

The  most  remarkable  ascents  ou  record  are  those  of  Montgolfier,  who 
ascended  to  the  height  of  2,000  yards  from  Lyons,  France,  in  1783. 
Guy  Lussac,  in  180i,  from  Paris,  France,  to  the  height  of  7,700  yards. 
Cox  and  Glaisher,  in  1862,  from  Wolviston,  England,  to  the  height  of 
12,333  yards. 

During  the  Siege  of  Paris,  France,  from  September  1870,  to  February 
1871,  04  balloons  were  sent  up,  with  91  passengers,  354  pigeons,  and 
3,000,000  letters,  weighing  nine  tons. 


Business  Law    in  Daily  Use 

It  is  a  fraud  to  conceal  a  fraud. 

Ignorance  of  the  lavV  excuses  no  one. 

The  acts  of  one  partner  bind  all  the  rest. 

A  note  or  contract  made  with  a  minor  or  lunatic  is  Toid. 

An  agreement  without  consideration  is  void  unless  fully  executed. 

Signatures  made  with  a  lead  pencil  are  good  in  law. 

The  law  compels  no  one  to  do  impossibilities. 

A  receipt  for  money  paid  is  not  legally  conclusive. 

Contracts  made  on  Sunday  cannot  be  enforced. 

Contracts  for  advertising  in  Sunday  newspapers  are  invalid. 

Each  individual  in  a  partnership  is  responsible  for  the  whole  amount 
of  the  debts  of  the  firm,  except  in  case  of  special  partnership. 

Principals  are  responsible  for  the  acts  of  their  agents. 

Agents  are  responsible  to  their  principals  for  errors. 

A  note  given  by  a  minor  is  void. 

A  note  drawn  on  Sunday  is  void. 

It  is  not  legally  necessary  to  say  on  a  note  *'  for  value  received." 

A  note  obtained  by  fraud,  or  from  a  person  in  a  state  of  intoxica- 
tion, cannot  be  collected. 

If  a  note  be  lost  or  stolen,  it  does  not  release  the  maker;  he  must 

pay. 

The  indorser  of  a  note  is  exempt  from  liability  if  not  served  with 
notice  of  its  dishonor  within  twenty-four  hours  ai  its  non-payment. 

Notes  bear  interest  only  when  so  stated. 

Checks  or  drafts  must  be  presented  for  jiayment  in  reasonable  time. 

An  indorsee  has  the  right  of  action  against  all  whose  names  were  on 
the  bill  when  he  received  it,  unless  an  indorsement  be  such  as  would 
free  the  indorser  from  liability. 


—  163  — 

Part  payments  of  a  debt  which  has  passed  the  time  of  statutory 
limitations  revives  the  whole  debt. 

An  indorsee  may  prevent  his  own  liability  to  be  sued  by  writing 
**  without  recourse  "  or  similar  words. 

If  the  letter  containing  a  protest  of  non-payment  be  put  into  the 
post-office,  any  miscarriage  does  not  affect  the  party  giving  notice. 

An  oral  agreement  must  be  proved  by  evidence,  a  written  agreement 
proves  itself.  The  law  prefers  written  to  oral  evidence  because  of  its 
precision. 

An  indorsement  should  be  written  on  the  back  of  a  bill  or  note. 

The  payee  should  be  distinctly  named  in  a  note,  unless  payable  to 
bearer. 

No  consideration  is  sufficient  in  law  if  it  be  illecjal  in  its  nature. 

A  bill  may  be  written  upon  any  paper  or  substitute  for  it,  either 
with  ink  or  pencil. 

If  two  or  moic  persons  as  partners  are  jointly  liable  on  a  note  or 
bill,  due  notice  to  one  of  them  is  sufficient. 

All  claims  which  rest  upon  written  contracts  must  be  sued  within 
four  years  from  the  time  when  they  are  due. 

If  the  time  of  payment  of  a  note  is  not  inserted,  it  is  payable  on 
demand. 

Notes  falling  due  Sunday,  or  on  a  legal  holiday ,  must  be  paid  the  day 
previous.     Notes  dated  Sunday  are  void. 

Altering  a  note  in  any  manner,  by  the  holder,  makes  it  void. 

If  a  note  is  transferred  as  security,  or  even  as  payment  of  a  pre- 
existing debt,  the  debt  revives  if  the  note  be  dishonored. 

The  holder  of  a  note  may  give  notice  of  dishonor  to  all  previous 
indorsers,  or  only  to  one  of  them.  Releasing  a  prior  iudorser  releases 
all  who  follow  him.  Indorsers  are  liable  in  their  order;  and  each  has 
twenty-four  hours  after  receiving  his  own  notice  to  give  notice  to  those 
whom  he  wishes  to  hold  liable. 

The  maker  of  an  *'  accommodation  "  bill  or  note,  that  is  to  say,  one 
for  which  he  has  received  no  consideration,  having  lent  his  name  or 
credit  for  the  accommodation  of  the  payee,  is  nob  bound  to  the  person 
accommodated,  but  is  bound  to  all  parties  into  whose  hands  it  may 
subsequently  fall  in  due  course  of  business,  precisely  as  if  there  was  a 
good  consideration. 


—  161  — 


Useful  Information — Law 


Every  citizen  is  entitled  to  inspect  and  copy  public  writings. 

When  an  instrument  consists  partly  of  written  words  and  partly  of  a 
printed  form,  and  the  two  inconsistent,  the  former  controls  the  latter. 

The  language  of  a  writing  is  to  be  interpreted  according  to  the 
taeaning  it  bears  in  the  place  of  its  execution. 

A  married  woman  who  is  adjudged  a  sole  trader  is  responsible  and 
liable  for  the  maintenance  of  her  minor  children. 

The  husband  of  a  sole-trader  is  not  liable  for  any  debts  contracted  by 
her  in  the  course  of  her  sole-trader  business,  unless  agreed  by  con- 
tract. 

If  original  pleadings  or  papers  be  lost,  the  court  may  authorize  a 
copy  thereof  to  be  filed  and  used  in  jjlace  of  the  original. 

When  debts  are  incurred  by  any  person  or  his  wife  or  family  for  the 
common  necessaries  of  life,  one  half  of  his  earnings  for  personal  ser- 
vices rendered  at  any  time  within  thirty  daj's  next  preceding  attach- 
ment or  execution,  are  subject  to  execution,  garnishment  or  attach- 
ment, to  satisfy  debts  so  incurred. 

Legal  holidays  are  every  Sunday,  the  first  day  of  January,  22d  of 
February,   30th  of  May,  4th  of  July,  and  25th  of  December. 

If  the  1st  of  January,  22d  of  February,  30th  of  May,  4th  of  July,  or 
25th  of  December  fall  on  Sunday,  the  Monday  following  is  a  holiday. 
The  day  of  the  state  elections,  or  by  order  of  the  President  or  G-overnor. 


The  Knot  and  the  Mile 


The  "knot"  and  the  mile  are  terms  often  used  interchangeably,  but 
erroneously  so.  The  fact  is  that  a  mile  is  less  than  87  jjer  cent  of  a 
knot.  Three  and  one-half  miles  are  equal,  within  a  very  small  frac- 
tion to  three  knots.  The  knot  is  6,082.06  feet  in  length.  The  statute 
mile  is  5,280  feet.  The  result  of  the  difference  is  that  speed  in  miles 
per  hour  is  always  considerably  larger  than  when  stated  in  knots,  and 
if  a  person  forgets  this  and  states  the  speed  at  so  many  knots,  when 
it  was  really  so  many  miles,  he  may  be  giving  figures  verging  on  the 
incredible. 


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—  166  — 

Bankers'   Table 

Showing  the  number  of  days  from  any  date  in  one  month  to  the 
same  date  in  any  other  month. 


FROM 


xo  -l^"-  ^^^-  Mar.  Apr. I  May  June  July  Aug.  Sep.  Oct  Nov, 


January 

February  

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December  


365 

334 

306 

275 

245 

214 

184 

153 

122 

92 

61 

31 


31 
365 
337 
306 
276 
245 
215 
184 
153 
l23 
92 
62 


59 

28 

365 

334 


90 

59 

31 

365 


304335 
273  3J4 
243  i  274 
212,243 
181 ,212 
151  182 
120,151 
90121 


120 

89 

61 

30 

365 

334 

304 

273 

242 

212 

181 

151 


151 

120 

92 

61 

31 

365 

335 

^04 

273 

243 

212 

182 


181 

150 

122 

91 

61 

30 

365 

334 

303 

273 

242 

212 


212 
181 
153 


243 
212 
184 


122  153 

92|123 

61 1  92 

311  62 

365  31 

334 '365 


273 

242 

214 

183 

153 

122; 

92 

61 

30 


304  335  365 
273  304  334 
243  274j304 


304 

273 

245 

214 

184 

153 

128 

92 

61 

31 

365 

335 


Oec. 


334 

303 

275 

244 

214 

183 

153 

122 

91 

61 

30 

365 


Example — How  many  days  from  May  5th  to  October  5th?  Look  for 
May  at  the  left  hand  and  October  at  the  top;  in  the  angle  is  153.  In 
leap  year  add  one  day  if  February  is  included. 

Bills  of  Exchange 

A  Bill  of  Exchange  or  Draft  is  an  order  drawn  by  one  person  or  firm 
upon  another,  payable  either  at  sight  or  at  a  stated  future  time. 

It  becomes  an  "Acceptance  "  when  the  party  upon  whom  it  is  drawn 
writes  across  the  face  "Accepted"  and  signs  his  name  thereto  ;  and 
is  negotiable  and  bankable  the  same  as  a  note  and  is  subject  to  the  same 
laws. 

In  many  States  both  Sight  and  Time  Drafts  are  entitled  to  three 
days'  grace,  the  same  as  notes  ;  but  if  made  in  form  of  a  bank  check, 
"pay  to,"  without  the  words  "  at  sight,"  it  is  payable  on  presentation 
without  grace. 


Financial  Crises 

1837— United  States  "Wild  Cat"  crisis,  all  banks  closed. 

1839 — Bank  of  England  saved  by  Bank  of  France.  Severe  in  France 
where  93  companies  failed  for  six  millions. 

1844— England,  State  loans  to  merchants.  Bank  of  England  reformed. 

1847 — England,  failures,  20  millions;  discount,  13  per  cent. 

1857 — United  States,  7,200  houses  failed  for  111  millions. 

1866 — London,  Overend-Gurney  crisis  ;  failures  exceeding  100  mil- 
lions. 


—  167  — 

Value  of  Foreign  Coins  in  U.  S.   Money 

(Proclaimed  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  January  1,  1889) 

Value  in 
Country  Standard  Monetary  Unit  U.  S.  Mon. 

Argentine  Rep Double. Peso $0.96,5 

Austria Single  silver Florin 88,6 

Belgium Double Franc 19,3  ' 

Bolivia Single  silver Boliviano 68 

Brazil Single  gold Miireis  of  1,000  reis . .       .54,6 

British  N.  Amer Single  gold Dollar 1.00 

Chili Double Peso 91,2 

Cuba Double Peso 92,6 

Denmark Single  gold Crown 26,8 

Ecuador Single  silver Sucre 68 

Egypt Single  gold Pound (100  piastres). .     4.94,3 

France Double Franc 19,3 

German  Empire Single  gold Mark 23,8 

Great  Britain Single  gold Pound  sterling 4.86,6^ 

Greece Double Drachma 19  3 

Guatemala Single  silver Peso 68 

Hayti Double Gourde 96,5 

Honduras Single  silver Peso 68 

India Single  silver Rupee  of  16  annas ...       .32,3 

Italy Double Lira 19,3 

J-P-" *D-wo Yen  ]|tt::::;.:::  :§} 

Liberia Single  Gold Dollar 1.00 

Mexico Single  silver. Dollar 73,9 

Netherlands Double Florin 40,2 

Nicaragua Single  silver Peso 68 

Norway Single  gold Crown 23,8 

Peru Single  silver Sol 68 

Portugal Single  gold Miireis  of  1,000  reis. .     1.08 

Russia  Single  silver Rouble  of  100  kopecks      .54,4 

Spain Double Peseta  of  100  centimes      .  19,3 

Sweden Single  gold Crown 26,8 

Switzerland Double Franc 1 9, 3 

Tripoli Single  silver Mahbub  of  20  piastres      .61,4 

Turkey Single  gold Piastre 04,4 

U.  S.  Colombia Single  silver Peso 68 

Venezuela Single  silver Bolivar 13,6 

*Gold  the  nominal  standard.  Silver  practically  the  standard.  The 
value  of  the  Shanghai  taels  based  on  the  price  of  silver  used  in  esti- 
mating the  value  of  foreign  silver  coins,  as  above,  is  $1,005. 

Note. — The  "Standard"  of  a  given  country  is  indicated  as  follows, 
namely:  Dovble,  where  its  standard  silver  coins  are  unlimited  legal 
tender,  the  same  as  its  gold  coins;  Single  gold  or  single  silver,  as  its 
standard  coins  of  one  or  the  other  metal  are  unlimited  legal  tender. 
The  par  of  exchange  of  the  monetary  unit  of  a  country  with  a  single 
gold,  or  a  double,  standard  is  fixed  at  the  value  of  the  gold  unit  as 
compared  with  the  United  States  gold  unit.  In  the  case  of  a  country 
with  a  single  silver  standard,  the  par  of  exchange  is  computed  at  the 
mean  price  of  silver  in  the  London  market  for  a  period  commencing 
October  1st  and  ending  December  24th,  as  per  daily  cable  despatches  to 
tlie  Bureau  of  the  Mint. 


168 


Brokers'  Technicalities 

A  ''Bull''  is  one  M'ho  operates  to  raise  the  value  of  stocks,  that  he 
may  buy  for  a  rise. 

A  "  Bear  "  is  one  who  sells  stock  for  future  delivery  which  he  does 
not  own  at  the  time  of  sale. 

A  "Corner"  is  when  the  bears  cannot  buy  or  borrow  the  stock  to 
deliver  in  fulfillment  of  their  contracts. 

*'  Overloaded  "  is  when  the  bulls  cannot  take  and  pay  for  the  stock 
they  have  purchased. 

"  Short "  is  when  a  person  or  party  sells  stocks  when  they  have  none 
and  expect  to  buy  or  borrow  in  time  to  deliver. 

"Long"  is  when  a  person  or  party  has  a  plentiful  supply  of  stocks. 

A  "Pool  or  Ring"  is  a  combination  formed  to  control  the  i^rice  of 
stocks. 

A  broker  is  said  to  carry  stocks  for  his  customer  when  he  has  bought 
and  is  holding  it  for  his  account. 

A  "Wash  "  is  a  pretended  sale  by  special  agreement  between  buyer 
and  seller,  for  the  purpose  of  getting  a  quotation  reported. 

A  "Put  and  Call "  is  when  a  person  gives  so  much  per  cent,  for  the 
option  of  buying  or  selling  so  much  stock  on  a  certain  fixed  day,  at  a 
price  fixed  the  day  the  option  is  given. 


Navy  Yards  of  the  United  States 

1.  Brooklyn  Navy  Yard,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

2.  Charlestown  Navy  Yard,  Boston,  Mass. 

3.  Gosport  Navy  Yard,  near  Norfolk,  Va. 

4.  Kittery  Navy  Yard,  opposite  Portsmouth,  N.  H. 

5.  League  Island  Navy  Yard,  seven  miles  below  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

6.  Mare  Island  Navy  Yard,  near  San  Francisco,  Cal. 

7.  New  London  Naval  Station,  New  London,  Conn. 

8.  Norfolk  Navy  Yard,  Norfolk,  Va. 

9.  Pensacola  Navy  Yard,  Pensacola,  Fla. 

10.     Washington  City  Navy  Yard,  Washington,  D.  0. 

There  are  naval  stations  at  New  London,  Conn.,  Port  Royal,  S.  C, 
and  Key  West,  Fla.,  and  a  torpedo  station  and  naval  war  college  at 
Newport,  R.  I. 

United  States  Naval  Academy  is  at  Annapolis,  Md. 


—  169  ~ 


Principal  Countries  of  the  World,  their 

Population,  Area  in  Square  Miles  and 

Capitals 


Country 

Population 

Area  Sq.  M.     Location 

Capital 

Abyssinia 

3,000,000 

129,000  Africa 

Gondar 

Afghanistan 

4,000,000 

279,000  Asia 

Cabul 

Anam  Kingdom 

12,000,000 

202,600  Asia 

Hul 

Algeria 

3,310,412 

161,476  Africa 

Algiers 

Arabia 

6,000,000 

887,442  Asia 

Mecca 

Andorra 

5,800 

175  Europe 

Andorra 

Argentine  Confederation     3, 026, 000 

1,125,086  S.  Am.     Buenos  Ayres 

Australia 

3,200,000 

3,091,897  Oceanica 

Melbourne 

Austro-Hungary 

39,206,052 

261,591  Europe 

Vienna 

Belgium 

5,720,807 

11,373  Europe 

Brussels 

Beloochistan 

1,000,200 

140,000  Asia 

Kelat 

Bolivia 

2,327,000 

481,600  S.  America 

La  Paz 

Brazil 

10,200,000 

3,219,000  S.  Am.    Rio 

de  Janeiro 

British  India 

199,755,993 

874,220  Asia 

Calcutta 

British  Honduras 

27,542 

7,562  C.  America 

Belize 

Bulgaria 

2,007,919 

24,360  Europe 

Sophia 

Burmah  Kingdom 

5,000,520 

176,568  Asia 

Mandalay 

Canada 

4,500,200 

3,425,743  N.  America 

Ottawa 

Cape  Colony 

1,029,168 

229,815  Africa 

Capetown 

China  Empire 

404,180,000 

4,179,559  Asia 

Pekin 

Chili 

2,271,949 

256,399  S.  America 

Santiago 

Colombia,  U.  S.  of 

4,000,000 

331,420  S.  America 

Bogota 

Congo  Free  State 

8,000,021 

1,056,200  Africa 

Corea 

10,227,885 

82,000  Asia 

Seoul 

Costa  Rica 

190,000 

26,040  C.  America 

San  Jose 

Denmark 

2,045,179 

13,784  Europe      Copenhagen 

Ecuador 

1,146,000 

248,370  S.  America 

Quito 

Egypt 

6,806,381 

394,240  Africa 

Cairo 

France 

37,672,048 

204,177  Europe 

Paris 

German  Empire 

45,234,061 

212,028  Europe 

Berlin 

Great  Britain  and  Ireland  35,246,568 

120,908  Europe 

London 

British  Empire 

315,885,000 

8,991,254 

London 

Greece 

1,979,453 

25,111  Europe 

Athens 

Guatemala 

1,278,311 

46,774  C.Am.    N.Guatemala 

Hayti 

93,200 

9,830  W.  In.  Port 

-au-Prince 

Dominican  Republic 

300,000 

20,596  W.  In.     Sar 

I  Domingo 

170 


Principal  Countries,  Etc. — Coiitinued 


Country 
Honduras 
Ireland 
Italy 

Japan  Empire 
Liberia 
Madagascar 
Mexico 
Montenego 
Morocco 
Natal 
Nicaragua 
Netherlands 
Norway- 
Nubia 

Orange  Free  State 
Paraguay 
Persia 
Peru 
Portugal 
Roumania 
Russia 

Russian  Empire 
San  Salvador 
San  Marino 
Sandwich  Islands 
Servia 
Scotland 
Siam 
Spain 
Sweden 
Switzerland 
United  States 
Uruguay 
Turkey 
Turkey 
Transvaal 
Tunis 
Venezuela 
Zanzibar 


Population    Area  Sq.  M. 

458,000  42,(358 

5,174,836  32,531 

28,459,451  114,411 

36,700,118  148,456 

1,140,000  14,300 

3,000,000  228,570 

10,097,000  748,953 

245,380  13,486 

6,500,000  319,000 

416,219  21,150 

400,900  51,660 

28,459,628  12,648 

1,806,900  122,869 

400,000  35,000 

133,518  70,000 

476,000  91,970 

7,653,600  635,940 

2,970,000  503,718 

4,306,554  36,510 

5,376,000  48,307 

86,486,959  2,041,402 

102,970,000  8,644,100 

554,000  7,225 

7,816  32 

66,097  6,667 

1,820,000  18,800 

3,815,753  29,820 

5,700,000  28,554 

16,061,859  191,100 

4,603,595  170,979 

2,846,102  15,992 

58,442,060  3,602,990 

520,536  73,538 

4,490,945  63,850 

16,172,981  729,350 

800,000  114,360 

2,100,000  42,000 

2,121,958  632,695 

300,000  625 


Location  Capital 

0.  Am.  Tegucigalpa 
Near  Europe  Dublin 
Europe  Rome 

Near  Asia  Tokio 

Africa  Monrovia 

Nr.  Africa  Antanarivo 
North  America  Mcxica 
Europe  Cetigne 

Africa  Morocco 

Afa.  Pietermaritzburg 
0.  America  Managua 
Europe  The  Hague 
Europe  Chris  tiania 
Africa  Dongola 

Africa  Bloemfontein 
S.  A.  Asuncion 

Asia  Teheran 

South  America  Lima 
Europe  Lisbon 

Europe  Bukharest 

Europe  St.  Petersburg 
St.  Petersburg 
0.  Am.  San  Salvador 
Europe  San  Marino 
Pacific  0.  Honolulu 
Europe  Belgrade 

Nr.  Europe  Edinburgh 
Asia  Bangkok 

Europe  Madrid 

Europe  Stockholm 
Europe  Bern 

N.  Am.  Washington 
S.  Am.  Montevideo 
Europe  Constantinople 
Asia  Constantinople 
Africa  Pretoria 

Africa  Tunis^ 

S.  Am.  Caracas 

Africa  Zanzibar 


171 


Navies  of  the  World 


Country  Vessels    Men 

Great  Britain 556  87 ,427 

France 507  42,848 

Russia 410  31,000 

Italy , 175  13,328 

China 124  8,935 

Netherlands 120  7,204 

Spain 114  22,000 

Austro-Hungary 110      9,775 

United  States 107  12, 1 14 

Denmark 92       1,500 

Germany 79  16,995 

Sweden 68      5,927 


Country  Vessels    Men 

Turkey 64  4,200 

Brazil 59  4,323 

Portugal 55  4,908 

Norway 50  1,260 

Argentine  Republic. . .  38  1,500 

Japan 36  4,500 

Greece 35  2,864 

Egypt 29  2,100 

Chili 18  1,988 

Roumania 16  1,247 

Canada 7  1,200 

Mexico 5  510 


Presidents  of  the  Continental  Congresses 

Peyton  Randolph,  of  Virginia Sept.  5,1774 

Henry  Middleton,  of  South  Carolina Oct.  22,  1774 

Peyton  Randolph,  of  Virginia May  10,  1775 

John  Hancock,  of  Massachusetts May  24,  1775 

Henry  Laurens,  of  South  Carolina .» , Nov.  1,  1777 

John  Jay,  of  New  York Dec.  10,  1778 

Samuel  Huntington,  of  Connecticut Sept.  28,  1779 

Thomas  McKean,  of  Delaware July  10,  1781 

John  Hanson,  of  Maryland Nov.  5,  1781 

Elias  Boudinot,  of  New  Jersey Nov.  4,  1782 

Thomas  MifHin,  of  Pennsylvania Nov.  3,  1783 

Richard  Henry  Lee,  of  Virginia Nov.  30, 1784 

John  Hancock,  Massachusetts Jan.  11,  1785 

Nathaniel  Gorham,  of  Massachusetts Juno  6,  1786 

Arthur  St.  Clair,  of  Pennsylvania Feb.  21,  1787 

Cyrus  Griffin,  of  Virginia Jan.  22,  1788 

Where  the  Continental  Congresses  Met 

The  seat  of  government  was  established  first  at  Philadelphia,  Penn., 
commencing  Sept.  5,  1774  and  May  10,  1775;  at  Baltimore,  Md.,  com- 
mencing Dec.  20,  1776;  at  Philadelphia,  Penn.,  commencing  March  4, 
1777;  at  Lancaster,  Penn.,  commenxjing  Sept.  27, 1777;  at  York,  Penn., 
commencing  Sept.  30,  1777;  at  Philadelphia,  Penn.,  commencing  July 
2,  1778;  at  Princeton,  N.  J.,  commencing  June  30,  1783;  at  Annapolis, 
Md.,  commencing  Nov.  26,  1783;  at  Trenton,  N.  J.,  commencing  Nov. 
1,  1784;  and  at  New  York,  N.  Y.,  commencing  Jan.  11,  1785. 


-172- 

FORMATION    OF   THE  UnION    (UnITED   StaTES) 

On  Monday,  September  5,  1774,  a  number  of  men  were  assembled  at 
Carpenter's  Hall,  in  Philadelphia,  who  had  been  chosen  by  the  several 
Colonies,  in  what  now  constitutes  the  United  States,  to  hold  a  Congress 
for  the  purpose  of  discussing  certain  grievances  imputed  to  the  mother 
country  (England).  This  Congress  resolved  that  each  colony  should 
have  one  vote  only.  On  Tuesday,  July  2,  1776,  the  Congress  resolved: 
"That  these  United  Colonies  are  and  of  right  ought  to  be  Free  and 
Independent  States,"  etc.;  and  on  Thursday,  July  4,  1776,  the  whole 
Declaration  of  Independence  having  been  agreed  upon,  was  publicly 
read  to  the  people. 

On  September  9,  1776,  it  was  resolved  that  the  words  "United  Colo- 
nies" should  no  longer  be  used  and  that  "United  States''  should 
thenceforward  be  the  style  of  the  Union. 

On  Saturday,  November  15,  1777,  "Articles  of  Confederation  and 
Perpetual  Union  of  the  United  States  of  America"  were  agreed  to  by 
the  State  Delegates,  subject  to  the  ratification  of  the  several  State 
Legislatures.  Eight  of  the  States  ratified  these  articles,  July  9,  1778; 
one  July  21,  1778;  one  July  24,  1778;  one  November  26,  1778;  one 
Februai-y  22,  1779;  and  the  last  March  1,  1781. 


Battles  of  the  Revolutionary  War 

The  following  comprises  all  the  battles  for  freedom  of  the  American 
Colonies,  that  took  place  from  April  19,  1775,  to  the  closing,  October  19, 
1781,  just  6  years  and  6  months.  The  British  sent  over  134,000  sol- 
diers and  sailors  (and  paid  Indians  to  do  bloody  work  on  the  field  and 
to  families  at  home)  to  the  war.  The  Colonies  met  them  with  230,- 
000  Colonists  and  50,000  militia  (and  near  the  close  the  French  helped 
a  little). 

The  leading  and  notable  battles  of  the  war  were  as  follows:  Con- 
cord and  Lexington,  Bunker  Hill,  Long  Island,  White  Plains,  Tren- 
ton, Princeton,  Bennington,  Monmouth,  King's  Mountain,  C-owpeus, 
Eutaw  Springs,  and  Yorktown. 

Name  of  Battle  Won  by  Whom  When  Fought 

Lexington  and  Concord,  Mass. . .  .First  skirmish..... April  19,  1775 

Ticonderoga,  N.  Y .American May   10,  1775 

Bunker  Hill,  Mass American June  17,  1  7~5 

Montreal,  Canada British •. Sept.  25,  1 775 

St.  John,  Canada American Nov.    3,  1775 

Great  Bridge,  Va British Dec.     9,  17^5 


173  — 


Name  of  Battle  Won  by  Whom  When  Fought 

Quebec,  Cancada British Dec.   31,  1775 

M cores  Creek  Bridge,  N.  C American Feb.    27,  1776 

Boston,  Mass British  tied Mai\  17,  1776 

Fort  Moultrie,  S.  C American June  28,  1776 

Long  Island,  N.  Y British Aug.  26,  1776 

Harlem  Plains,  N.  Y. American Sept.  16,  1776 

White  Plains,  N.  Y British Oct.    28,  1776 

Fort  Waslaington,  N.  Y British Nov.  16,  1776 

Trenton,  N.  J American Dec.    27,  1776 

Princeton,  N.  J American Jan.     3,  1777 

Hubbardtown,  Vt British July     7,  1777 

Bennington,  Vt American Aug.  16,  1777 

Brandy  wine,  Penn British Sept.  II,  1777 

First  Battle  of  Saratoga,  N.  Y". .  .American Sept.  19,  1777 

Paoli,  Penn. British Sept.  20,  1777 

Germantown,  Penn British Oct.     4,  1777 

Fts  Clinton  and  Montgomery,  N  Y.British Oct.      6,  1777 

Second  Battle  of  Saratoga,  N.  Y.  .American Oct.      7,  1777 

Surrender  of  Burgoyne,  N.  Y American Oct.    13,  1777 

Fort  Mercer,  N.  J American Oct.    22,  1777 

Fort  Miffiin,  Penn British Nov.         1777 

Monmouth,  N.  J American June  28,  1778 

Wyoming  Massacre,  N.  Y July     3,  1778 

Quaker  Hill,  R.  I American Aug.  28,  1778 

Savannah,  Ga British Dec.   29,  1778 

Kettle  Creek,  Ga American Feb.   14,  1779 

Briar  Creek,  Ga British Mar.    3,  1779 

Stone  Ferry,  S.  C British June  20,  1779 

Stony  Point,  N.  Y American July  16,  1779 

Savannah,  Ga American Aug.     9,  1779 

Paulus  Hook,  N.  J American Aug.  13,  1779 

Chemung  (Indians),  N.  Y American Aug.  27,  1779 

Charleston,  S.  C (Sur.  to  the  ]5ritish). . .  May  12,  1780 

Springfield,  N.  J American June  28,  1780 

Bocky  Mount,  S.  0 British July  30,  1780 

Hanging  Rock,  S.  C American Aug.     6,  1780 

Sanders'  Creek,  nr.  Camden,  N.  C.British Aug.  16,  1780 

King's  Mountain,  S.  C British Oct.      7,  1780 

Fish  Dam  Ford,  Broad  River,  S.  C  American Nov.   18,  1780 

Blackstocks,  S.  C American Nov.  20,  1780 

Cowpens,  N.  C American Jan.    17,  1781 

Guilford,  S.  C British Mar.  15,  1781 

Hookirk's  Hill,  S.  C British Apr.  25,  1781 

Ninety-six  (besieged),  Ga American May  and  June  1781 

Augusta  (besieged),  Ga British May  and  June  1781 

Eutaw  Springs,  S.  C American Sept.    8,  1781 

Yorktown,  Va.   (Coruwallis  sur. ) .  American Oct.    li),  1781 

Peace  declared Treaty  signed  at  Paris.  Sept.    3,  1783 


174 


Government  of  the  United  States 

The  executive  power  is  vested  in  the  President,  who  holds  office  for 
four  years,  and  receives  $50,000  annually. 

The  President  and  Vice-President  are  elected  by  electors  chosen  by 
the  people.  The  number  of  electors  from  each  State  is  equal  to  the 
whole  number  of  Senators  and  Representatives  to  which  the  State 
may  be  entitled. 

The  electors  vote  by  ballot.  These  votes  are  sent  sealed  to  the 
President  of  the  Senate,  who  opens  them  in  the  presence  of  Congress. 
If  there  are  two  parties  who  have  received  an  equal  number  of  votes, 
the  House  of  Representatives  choose  by  ballot  one  of  them  for  Pres- 
ident. 

The  various  Cabinet  Officers  are  appointed  by  the  President. 

They  are  six  in  number  and  receive  $8,000  annually. 

The  legislative  power  is  vested  in  Congress,  of  which  there  are  two 
branches;  the  Senate,  which  is  composed  of  two  members  from  each 
State,  who  hold  office  for  six  years,  at  an  annual  salary  of  .$5,000;  and 
the  House  of  Representatives,  who  are  elected  by  the  vote  of  each 
State,  to  hold  office  two  years,  and  receive  a  salary  of  $5,000  annually. 

As  President  of  the  Senate,  the  Vice-President  performs  his  entire 
duty,  except  in  case  of  removal  or  death  of  the  President,  in  which 
event  he  assumes  the  executive  powers.  He  is  elected  for  the  same 
term  of  Office  as  the  President,  and  receives  $8,000  annually. 

The  President  of  the  United  States  is  Commander-in-Chief  of  the 
Army  and  Navy;  but  the  direct  supervision  of  them  belongs  to  the 
Secretaries  of  War  and  of  the  Navy. 

The  Judiciary  of  the  United  States  consists  of  a  Supremo  Court  which 
sits  at  Washington,  D.  C,  and  which  is  composed  of  a  Chief  Justice, 
who  receives  $10,500  annually,  and  eightAssociate  Justices  who  receive 
$10,000  annually.  They  are  appointed  by  the  President  and  hold  office 
during  good  behavior. 

The  United  States  is  divided  into  nine  Judicial  Circuits,  each  of  which 
has  a  Circuit  Judge,  whose  salary  is  $G,000  annually.  There  are  fifty- 
eight  District  Courts  from  which  an  appeal  lies  to  the  Circuit  Court. 

Each  State  and  Territory  has  its  own  local  government,  not  unlike 
the  general  government  in  its  essential  features.  The  executiv^e  author- 
ity is  vested  in  the  Governor. 

The  revenue  of  the  Government  is  chiefly  derived  from  custom-house 
duties  on  imports,  proceeds  of  sales  of  public  lands,  and  internal  reve- 
nue taxes.  Since  the  j'ear  1865-6  the  revenue  has  each  year  largely 
exceeded  the  expenditure,  and  there  has  been  gradual  reduction  of  taxes. 
In  conformity  with  several  enactments  of  Congress,  the  surplus  reve- 
nue is  devoted  to  the  gradual  redemption  of  the  public  debt. 


—  175  — 

Facts  for  Californians 

Legal  Holidays. — January  1st;  February  22d;  May  30th;  July  4th; 
Ocneral  Election  day;  Thanksgiving  Day;  December  25th. 

Interest. — Seven  per  cent  is  the  legal  rate,  though  any  rate  can  be 
made  by  contract. 

Statue  of  Limitation. — Open  accounts,  two  years;  Notes,  four  years; 
Judgments,  five  years. 

Garnishments. — One  month's  wages  is  exempt  from  garnishment  to 
the  head  of  a  family. 

Justices'  Court. — Jurisdiction  is  limited  to  $299.99. 

Chattel  Mortgage. — Is  not  valid  on  stock  of  merchandise,  unless 
mortgagee  takes  immediate  possession. 

Qualification  of  Voters. — Must  be  a  citizen  of  the  United  States 
either  by  birth,  naturalization  or  treaty  of  Queretaro;  have  resided  one 
year  in  the  State,  ninety  days  in  the  County,  and  thirty  days  in  the 
Precinct. 

Area  of  California. — There  are  157,801  square  miles  or  100,992,640 
acres  in  the  State,  being  over  100  acres  for  every  man,  woman  and 
child. 

Land  Offices. — There  are  nine  United  States  land  offices  in  the  State 
located  as  follows  :  At  Humboldt,  Los  Angeles,  Marysville,  Sacra- 
mento, Redding,  Stockton,  San  Francisco,  Susan ville  and  Visalia. 

Filing  Claims. — Against  estate  of  deceased  person  within  four 
months,  unless  the  estate  exceeds  $10,000,  when  ten  months  is  allowed. 
With  Assignee,  no  special  time,  but  should  be  within  three  months. 

Exemptions  under  Homestead  Law. — Home  worth  $5,000  to  head  of 
family,  together  with  numerous  and  specific  articles,  including  house- 
hold goods,  implements,  tools,  horses  and  wagons,  provisions,  library 
of  professionals,  stock,  etc.,  irrespective  of  value,  besides  mining  tools 
to  the  value  of  $500;  cabin,  $500;  and  mining  claim  actually  being 
worked,  $500.  A  single  man  has  personal  property  exemptions  from 
$500  to  $1,000. 

Marriage  Law. — Prohibited  degrees  are,  ancestors,  descendants, 
brothers,  sisters,  nephews  and  nieces;  void  marriages  :  the  above,  and 
also  white  with  negro  blood.  Voidable  :  under  age  of  consent,  if  no 
cohabitation  since  attaining  such  age;  insane  or  idiot;  phj'^sical 
incapacity.  License  is  required.  Male  attains  age  at  twenty-one  and 
female  at  eighteen. 

Divorce  Law. — Six  months  previous  residence  required.  Cause: 
violation  of  marriage  vow;  willful  desertion  one  year;  habitual  drunk- 
enness; conviction  of  felony;  cruel  and  abusive  treatment;  failure  by 
the  husband  to  provide  for  one  year. 


176 


Game  Laws  of  California 

When  game  may  be  killed  or  caught. 

Male  Deer  or  Buck July  1st  to  December  15th. 

Quail September  10th  to  February  28th. 

Rail 

Grouse 

Partridge 

Doves June  1st  to  December  31st. 

Female  Deer  or  Doe Must  not  be  killed  i.z  xoy  .ime. 

Antelope "  "         "  "  " 

Elk " 

Mountain  Sheep ''  '*         "  " 

SpottedFawn "  '•'         " 

Speckled  Trout April  Ist  to  Octr,V,r  31st. 

Brook  Trout "      " 

Salmon  Trout '*      " 

Salmon October  1st  to  August  1st  of  next  year. 

The  egg3  of  Quail,  Partridge  or  GroTis*?  must  never  be  taken,  gathered 
or  destroyed. 

In  Marin  County  Qnai!  shooting  begins  October  1st,  and  Doves 
August  1st.     Deer  season  ends  September  15th. 

Napa  Coi^niy,  Quail  shooting  on  August  1st. 

The  killing,  taking  or  injuring  of  mocking  birds  is  expressly  pro- 
hibited. 

In  Nevada  County,  Elk,  Deer  or  Antelope  must  not  be  killed 
between  the  first  of  February  and  the  first  of  August. 

Phosphorus  must  not  be  used  for  killing  animals  in  Santa  Clara, 
Contra  Costa,  San  Joaquin,  Santa  Cruz  or  San  Mateo  Counties  between 
the  first  of  March  and  the  first  of  November. 

To  net,  pound,  wear,  cage  or  trap  any  quail,  partridge  or  grouse  is 
illegal  at  any  time  or  to  have  in  possession  any  that  have  been  killed 
or  taken  that  way. 

Trout  must  not  be  taken  except  by  hook  and  line. 

The  taking  of  any  kind  of  fish  by  explosives  is  prohibited. 

Salmon  and  shad  must  not  be  caught  with  net  or  seine  between  the 
sunrise  of  Saturday  and  the  sunset  of  Sunday. 

Seines  or  nets  for  catching  shad  or  salmon  must  have  the  meshes 
seven  and  one-half  inches  in  length. 

Fishing  is  prohibited  in  the  creeks  or  streams  of  Alameda  County 
between  the  first  day  of  October  and  the  first  day  of  April. 

Traps,  set-nets,  wears,  etc.,  for  catching  fish  is  illegal,  while  seines 
or  nets  must  not  extend  more  than  one-third  across  any  stream  or 
water-wav. 


—  177  - 

Salaries  of  California  State  Officers 

Rank  Per  Annum 

Governor $6,000 

Lieutenant-Governor $10  per  day  during  Session 

Legislators,  both  houses $8  "       "         "  '* 

Secretary  of  State 3,000 

Controller 3,000 

Attorney -General 3,000 

Clerk  of  Supreme  Court 3,000 

Surveyor -General 3,000 

Adjutant-General 3,000 

Superintendent  of  State  Printing 2,400 

State  Librarian 3,000 

Treasurer 3,000 

Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction 3,000 


Mechanics'  Lien  Law  of  California 

Condensed  from  "Statutes  and  Code  of  California."  Edition  of 
1886  with  amendments  of  1887. 

Mechanics,  material  men,  contractors,  sub-contractors,  artisans, 
architects,  machinists,  builders,  laborers,  etc. ,  performing  labor  upon 
or  furnishing  materials  to  be  used  in  the  construction  or  alteration  of 
any  building  or  other  structure,  shall  have  a  lien  upc  n  such  property 
for  the  value  of  labor  done  or  materials  furnished.  Said  lien  shall 
extend  to  the  entire  contract  price  and  shall  operate  in  favor  of  all 
persons,  except  the  contractor;  after  all  other  liens  are  satisfied  then 
as  a  lien  for  balance  due  the  contractor.  All  contracts  over  $1,000 
shall  be  in  writing,  duly  signed,  shall  describe  the  property  and  char- 
acter of  work  to  be  done  and  the  amount  to  be  paid,  as  also  when  such 
payments  shall  be  due.  Before  beginning,  this  shall  be  filed  with  the 
County  Recorder,  otherwise  it  will  be  void.  In  such  case  the  owner  of 
the  building  or  structure  is  responsible  for  all  liens  for  labor  or  mate- 
rial. 

No  part  of  the  contract  work  shall  be  paid  in  advance ;  but  it  may 
be  made  payable  in  installments  after  the  commencement,  provided 
that  at  least  25  per  cent  is  made  payable  at  least  35  days  after  com- 
pletion. 

No  payments  paid  in  advance,  under  the  contract,  shall  be  valid  for 
the  purpose   of  defeating  a  lien,  except  that  of  the  contractor,  even 


—  17S  — 

though  the  contractor  may  afterwards  abandon  the  work  or  become 
indebted  to  the  owner.  No  alterations  of  contract  will  afifect  any  lien 
acquired.  If  contracts  or  alterations  do  not  conform  to  the  statutes, 
the  owner  will  be  responsible  for  all  liens  except  those  of  the  con- 
tractor. Any  of  the  parties  mentioned  above  except  the  contractor, 
may  at  any  time  notify  the  owner,  in  writing,  that  they  have  performed 
labor  or  furnished  materials  to  the  contractor  or  others  acting  for  him; 
they  should  name  the  parties,  state  the  kind  of  labor  or  material  fur- 
nished, the  value  of  same  and  of  the  whole  agreed  to  be  done  or  fur- 
nished. Care  should  be  taken  that  the  owner,  his  architects,  or 
authorized  agents  receive  such  notice.  Upon  receipt  of  such  notice  the 
owner  or  his  agents  shall  withhold  from  the  contractor  or  his  agents 
suflBcient  money  to  answer  such  claim,  or  any  lien  that  may  be  filed 
therefor  for  record,  including  counsel  fees,  not  to  exceed  $100  and  costs. 

If  the  land  built  upon  belongs  to  the  party  building,  said  land  is  also 
subject  to  the  lien. 

Liens  here  mentioned  are  preferred  to  any  lien,  mortgage  or  incum- 
brance, attached  subsequent  to  the  commencement  of  the  building  or 
improvements;  also  of  any  lien,  mortgage  or  incumbrance  unrecorded 
at  the  time  of  such  commencement. 

A  contractor  must,  within  sixty  days  after  completion  of  contract, 
and  other  parties  within  thirty  days  of  such  completion,  file  for  record 
with  the  County  Recorder,  a  claim  under  oath,  containing  a  statement 
of  his  demand,  giving  all  the  facts  in  the  case. 

When  one  claim  is  filed  against  two  or  more  buildings  or  structures, 
such  claim  must  state  the  amount  due  on  each  of  said  buildings,  or 
structures;  otherwise  the  lien  of  such  claim  is  postponed  to  other  liens. 

A  lien  does  does  not  extend  beyond  the  amount  designated,  as  against 
other  liens.  A  lien  expires  after  ninety  days  unless  proceedings  be 
commenced  in  a  proper  court  within  that  time.  If  credit  be  given, 
then  ninety  days  after  such  credit  is  due;  a,nd  no  agreement  of  credit 
can  extend  it  beyond  two  year?. 

A  lien  can  be  laid  against  a  city  lot  that  has  been  improved  at  the 
request  of  the  owner. 

A  n  owner  of  land  is  responsible  for  all  buildings  erected  or  alterations 
made  on  his  property  unless  he  shall,  within  three  days  after  acquiring 
such  knowledge,  give  notice  in  writing,  that  he  will  not  be  responsible 
for  the  same. 

A  contractor  can  only  recover  amount  due  him  according  to  contract, 
and  he  is  also  responsible  for  all  liens  filed  for  labor  and  material. 


-  179  — 

Where  different  liens  are  laid  against  property,  those  for  manual  labor 
come  first;  for  furnishing  materials,  second;  sub-contractors,  third; 
original  contractors,  last. 

Any  number  of  persons  claiming  liens  may  join  in  the  same  action. 

Material  furnished  for  the  construction  or  alteration  of  a  building  or 
structure  are  not  subject  to  attachment,  etc.,  except  on  a  debt  due  for 
purchase  money  of  same. 

An  owner  or  contractor  cannot  waive  or  impair  the  liens  of  other 
persons,  except  by  their  written  consent. 

Any  person  who  shall  give  a  false  notice  of  his  claim  to  the  owner, 
or  who  includes  work  or  materials  not  done  or  furnished,  will  forfeit 
his  lien.  If  the  owner  or  contractor  shall  conspire  or  agree  that  the 
written  contract  filed  shall  appear  to  show  the  contract  price  to  be  less 
than  it  really  is,  and  it  shall  so  show,  such  contract  will  be  void,  and 
the  owner  will  be  responsible  for  all  liens  except  those  of  the  con- 
tractor. 

Liens  for  Salary  and  Wages 

Where  an  assignment  is  made,  the  wages  of  the  employees  not 
exceeding  $100  each,  and  for  services  rendered  within  sixty  days  pre- 
viously and  preferred  claims,  must  be  paid  before  other  creditors. 

In  case  of  the  death  of  an  employer,  wages  for  services  rendered 
within  sixty  days  next  preceding  the  death,  not  exceeding  $100,  rank 
in  priority  next  after  the  funeral  expenses,  expenses  of  the  last  sick- 
ness, the  charges  and  expenses  of  administering  upon  the  estate,  and 
the  allowance  to  the  widow  and  infant  children. 

In  case  of  execution,  attachment,  etc.,  employees  having  a  claim 
for  labor  done,  may  give  notice,  with  amounts,  and-  sworn  to,  to  the 
creditors  and  oflScers  executing  such  writs,  any  time  before  the  sale. 
Unless  disputed,  the  officer  will  pay  to  such  person,  out  of  the  pro- 
ceeds of  the  sale,  the  amount  the  person  is  entitled  to  for  services  ren- 
dered within  sixty  days  preceding  the  levy,  not  exceeding  $100.  If 
the  claim  is  disputed  the  party  claiming  must  begin  action  within  ten 
days  or  be  forever  barred. 

In  case  of  dispute,  the  debtor  or  creditor  shall,  within  ten  days, 
serve  upon  the  claimant  and  officer  executing  the  writ,  a  sworn  state- 
ment, in  writing,  denying  such  claim  is  justly  due  for  services  ren- 
dered within  the  sixty  days  next  preceding  the  levy.  If  claimant 
brings  suit  which  is  disputed  in  part  only,  and  fail  to  recover  a  sum 
exceeding  that  which  was  admitted  to  be  due,  he  shall  not  recover 
costs. 


180  — 


Distance  From  San  Francisco  to  Various 
Places 


To  Miles 

Baltimore 3,222 

Boston 3,387 

BigTrees 168 

Carson... 324 

Charleston 3,254 

Chicago 2,359 

Cheyenne 1,351 

Cincinnati 2,558 

Colorado  Springs 1,530 

Columbus.    2,547 

Corinne 858 

Council  Bluffs 1,869 

Doming 1,198 

Denver 1,457 

Duluth ..2,671 

Geysers 95 

Grand  Island 1,713 

Hot  Springs 1,406 

Hanging  Rock 932 

Indianapolis 2,530 

Junction 17 

Kansas  City 2,096 

Laramie 1,294 

Lathrop 82 

Los  Angeles 482 

Merced 138 

Milwaukee 2,347 

Mcnterey 1 25 


To  Miles 

National  Park 1,713 

New  Orleans 2,449 

New  York 3,302 

North  Platte 1,576 

Ogden 835 

Omaha 1,867 

Oregon  City 683 

Philadelphia 3,242 

Pittsburgh 2,88S 

Portland 782 

Prescott 933 

Rawlins 1,206 

Reno 294 

Sacramento 139 

Salt  Lake  City 870 

San  Jose 48 

Santa  Barbara 438 

Santa  Cruz 80 

Santa  Fe 1,515 

St.  Louis 2,340 

St.  Paul 2,694 

Sydney 1,453 

Stockton 91 

Tucson 978 

Virginia  City 346 

Washington 3,263 

Yosemite  Valley 199 

Yuma 731 


How  Iron  Wears  Out 

When  a  worn  car- wheel  tread  is  examined  under  the  microscope  it 
is  perceived  that  the  surface  of  the  metal  comes  off  in  thin  flakes  or 
scales. 

Examined  under  high  powers  the  scales  are  found  to  resemble  portions 
of  a  brick  wall,  the  fractures  not  being  in  the  particles  of  iron,  but  in 
the  materials  which  unite  the  particles  in  a  manner  similar  to  which 
mortar  unites  the  bricks  of  a  wall.  Continuous  jarring  breaks  the 
cement  or  uniting  material,  thus  allowing  iron  so  treated  to  fall  in 
pieces. 


—  181 


Distance  from  New  York  City  to  Various 
Places 


To  Miles 

Albany,  N.  Y 144 

Altoona,  Pa 314 

Antwerp,  Belgium 3,272 

Augusta,  Ga 830 

Augusta,  Me 402 

Baltimore,  Md 186 

Bangor,  Me  477 

Bellows  Falls,  Vt 222 

Boston,  Mass 236 

Bremen,  Germany 3,800 

Bridgeport,  Conn 59 

Buflfalo,  N.Y 423 

Burlington,  Vt 296 

Cadiz,  Spain 3,120 

Cairo,  111 1,143 

Calcutta,  India ]  2,500 

Canton,  China 14,090 

Cape  Horn,  S.  A 7,000 

Cape  Race,  N.  F 1,000 

Cape  Town,  Africa 6,800 

Charleston,  S.  C 829 

Chicago,  111 898 

Chillicothe,  O 674 

Cincinnati,  O 744 

Cleveland,  O 581 

Columbus,  O 624 

Concord,  N.  H 270 

Council  Bluffs,  Iowa 1,411 

Davenport,  Iowa 1,082 

Dayton,  O 624 

Decatur,  111 1,095 

Denver  City 2,012 

Detroit,  Mich 664 

Dover,  N.  H 292 

Dubuque,  Iowa 1,0SG 

Dunkirk,  N.  Y 501 

Elmira,  N.  Y 274 

Fernandina,  Fla 841 


To  Miles 

Lansing,  Mich 778 

Leavenworth,  Kan 1,393 

Lisbon,  Portugal 2,940 

Little  Rock,  Ark 1,384 

Liverpool,  England 3,017 

London,  England 3, 143 

Louisville,  Ky 852 

Macon,  Ga 1,471 

Melbourne,  Australia 12,720 

Memphis,  Tenn ]  ,229 

Milwaukee,  Wis 1 ,000 

Mobile,  Ala 1,628 

Montgomery,  Ala 1,236 

Montreal,  Can 396 

Naples,  Italy 4,200 

Nashville,  Tenn 1  037 

New  Bedford,  Mass 238 

New  London,  Conn 126 

New  Orleans,  La 1,483 

Newport,  R.  1 162 

Niagara  Falls,  N.  Y 444 

Ogdensburgh,  N.  Y 396 

Omaha,  Neb 1,385 

Panama,  U.  S.  of  Col 2,066 

Philadelphia,  Penn 88 

Pittsburg,  Penn 444 

Portland,  Me 349 

Providence,  R.  I i8S 

Quebec,  Canada 567 

Quincy,  111 1,169 

Richmond,  Va 356 

Rio  Janeiro,  Brazil 4, 733 

Rochester,  N.  Y 373 

Rock  Island,  111 1 ,095 

Sacramento,  Cal 3,082 

Salt  Lake  City,  Utah 2,462 

San  Francisco,  Cal 3,302 

Sante  Fe,  New  Mexico 2,037 


—  182 


Distances  from  New  York — Continued 


To  Miles 

Fon-du-lac,  Wis 1 ,090 

Fort  Benton,  Mont 2,870 

Fort  Kearney,  Neb 1,581 

Fort  Laramie,   Wyo 1,953 

Fort  Wayne,  Ind 765 

Galveston,  Texas 1,857 

Gensva,  Switzerland 4,065 

Greenland ." 1,780 

Halifax,  N.  S 557 

Harrisburg,  Penn 183 

Hartford,  Conn 112 

Havana,  Cuba 1 ,170 

Havre,  France 3,090 

Hong  Kong,  China 14,015 

Honolulu,  S.  1 13,530 

Hudson,  N.  Y     116 

Indianapolis,  Ind 812 

Ithaca,  N.Y 262 

Jackson,  Miss 1,307 

Joliet,  111 950 

Key  West,  Iowa 1,107 

La  Crosse,  Wis 1,214 


To  Miles 

Saratoga,  N.  Y 182 

Scranton,  Penn 149 

Sioux  City,  Iowa 1,41 1 

St.  Joseph,  Mo 1,352 

St.  Louis,  Mo 1,087 

St.   Paul,  Minn 1,347 

St.  Petersburg,  Russia....  4,679 

Shanghai,  China. 14,500 

Springfield,  111 1,033 

Stockholm,  Sweden 4,272 

Sydney,  Australia 12,910 

Syracuse,  N.  Y 292 

Toledo,  O 093 

Toronto,  Canada 528 

Valparaiso,  Chili 8,720 

Venice,  Italy 4,950 

Vera  Cruz,  Mexico 1,965 

Vicksburg,  Miss 1,352 

Washington,  D.  C 226 

Wheeling,  W.  Va 496 

White  Mountains,  N.  H. ..  32S 

Worce iter,  Mass 1 92 


New  Standard  of  Railroad  Time 

With  the  enormous  increase  of  railway  traveling  the  necessity  arose 
for  inventing  some  method  of  counting  time  which  should  avoid  the 
complications  arising  from  the  use  of  local  mean  time,  which  varies 
with  every  mile  of  east  or  west  travel. 

This  was  brought  about  in  1884,  and  the  railroads  of  the  United  States, 
of  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  and  many  cities  and  towns  in  these  coun- 
tries now  use  the  standard  time : 

Name  Central  Meridian  Nearest  Places 

Pacific 120°=8h.  w.  from  Greenwich . .  1|°  east  of  Sacramento 

Mountain  .  ..105''=7h.  w.  from  Greenwich.  .Denver,  Colorado 

Central 90°=6h.  w.  from  Greenwich.  .St.  Louis  and  New  Orleans 

Eastern 75°=51i.  w.  from  Greenwich.  .Between  N.  Y.  and  Phila. 

Intercolonial..  G0°=4h.  w.  from  Greenwich.  .About  3^°  east  of  Halifax 

The  standard  meridians  are  15  degrees  of  longitude  or  just  one  liour 
in  time  apart. 


183 


The  Number  of  Days  it  takes  to  Travei. 

TO  THE  Principal  Cities  of  the  World 

FROM  San  Francisco 

Name  of  City  Days 

Acapulco,  Mexico 9 

Adelaide,  Australia 28 

Aden,  Arabia 26 

Albany,  vVest  Australia.    39 

Alexandria,  Egypt 21 

Algiers,  Africa 19 

Amsterdam,  Holland 16 

Antigua,  Leeward  Is 15 

Apia,  Samoa 17 

Arica,Peru 33 

Aspinwall,  U.  S.  of  Colombia.  .14 

Athens,  Greece 20 

Auckland,  New  Zealand   20 

Bahia,  Brazil 27 

Balizc,  Br.  Honduras 12 

Bankok,  Siara 37 

Barbadoes,  Windvi  ard  Is 14 

Bircelona,  Spain 18 

Batavia,  Java 41 

Berlin,  Germany 16 

Bermuda  Islands 9 

Berne,  Switzerland 16 

Boyrout,  Syria 24 

Bombay,  Hindostan 33 

Brindisi,  Italy   17 

Brisbane,  Australia 28 

Brussels,  Belgium 16 

Bueno:!  Ay  res,  Arg.  Republic.  .35 

Cairo,  Egypt 21 

Calcutta,   Hindostan 36 

Callao,  Peru 30 

Cape  St.  Lucas,  Lower  Cal 5 

Cape  Town,  South  Africa 36 

Christiana,  Norway 18 

Colombo,  Ceylon 35 

Constantinople,  Turkey   20 

Copenhagen,  Denmark 17 

Corinto,  Nicaragua 22 

Ensenada,  Lower  Cal 2 

Falkland  Island 44 

Farao  Islands 20 

Fiji  Islands 31 

Genoa,  Italy 16 

Gibraltar,  Spain 19 

Glasgow,  Scotland 16 

Guatemala,  Cen.  Am 13 

Guayaquil,  Ecuador 21 

Guaymas,  Mexico 9 


Name  of  City  Days 

Halifax,  Nova  Scotia 8 

Havana,  Cuba 9 

Havre,  France 14 

Hobart,  Tasmania 29 

Honduras,  Central  America     .  18 

Hong-Kong,  China 28 

Honolulu,  Hawaii 7 

Kingston,  Jamaica 14 

La  Libertad,  Cen.  America..  .14 

La  Union,  Cen.  America 14 

Launceston,  Tasmania 29 

Levukd,,  Fiji  Islands 31 

Lima,  Peru 30 

Lisbon,  Portugal 18 

Liverpool,  England .14 

London,  England .    14 

Madeira  Islands 20 

Madras,  Hindostan 35 

Madrid,  Spain 17 

Magdalena  Bay 4 

Malta  Islands .' 19 

Mazatlan,  Mexico 6 

Mauritius  Islands 44 

Melbourne,  Australia 26 

Mexico  City,  Mexico 5 

Montevideo,  [Truguay 34 

Moravia,  Russia 18 

Munich,  Bavaria 16 

Panama,  U.  S.  of  Colomljia. .  .17 

Paris,  France 14 

Perth,  West  Australia 43 

Quebec,  Canada 8 

Rio  de  Janeiro,  Brazil 31 

Rome,  Italy .    17 

Saigon,  Cochin  China 35 

St.  Petersburg,  Russia 18 

Salvador,  Cen.  America 14 

Samoan  Islands 17 

San  Jose  de  Guatemala,  C.  A...  13 

Santiago,  Chili 44 

Shanghai,  China 28 

Sitka,  Alaska 8 

Stockholm,  Sweden 18 

Sydney,  Australia 25 

Valparaiso,  Chili 43 

Vera  Cruz,  Mex 13 

Vienna,  Austria 18 

Yokohama,  Japan 17 


—  184 


Difference  of  Time  between  Washington 
and  other  cities  of  the  world 


12:00 

12:12 

12:24 

12:27 

1:37 

3:19 

4:31 

4:43 

4:55 

5:07 

5:17 

5:58 

6:02 

6:14 

6:22 

7:04 

11:01 

12:54 

2:48 

4:51 

8:58 

9:40 

11:08 

11:18 

11:52 

12:00 


o'clock  (noon)  at  Washington,  D.  C. 
P.  M.  at         


A. 


M. 


Noon 


at 


New  York  City,  N.  Y. 

Boston,  Mass. 

Portland,  Maine 

St.  John's,  N.  F. 

Angra,  Azores 

Lisbon,  Portugal 

Dublin,  Ireland 

Edinburgh,  Scotland 

London,  England 

Paris,  France 

Rome,  Italy 

Berlin,  Germany 

Vienna,  Austria 

Cape  Town,  Africa 

•  .    . . .   Constantinople,  Turkey 

Calcutta,  India 

Pekin,  China 

Melbourne,  Australia 

Auckland,  New  Zealand 

San  Francisco,  Cal. 

Salt  Lake  City,  Utah  Territory 

New  Orleans,  La. 

Chicago,  111. 


Lima,  Peru 


The  Expansion  and  Contraction  of  Railway 
Track  by  the  Different  Temperatures 

In  climates  having  a  difference  of  70  degrees  of  temperature  between 
the  hot  and  cold  seasons,  a  railway  track  of  400  miles  is  338  yards 
longer  in  Summer  than  in  Winter.  Of  course,  the  length  of  the  road 
remains  the  same,  but  expansion  forces  the  lengths  of  metal  closer 
together,  making  an  aggregate  closing  up  of  space  between  the  rails  of 
nearly  a  yard  in  each  mile. 

A  steel  rail  lasts  upon  the  average  about  eighteen  years. 


—  185  — 

How  TO  Tell  How  Fast  One  is  Traveling 
BY  Railroad 

The  number  of  miles  per  hour  at  which  a  train  is  running  will  be 
the  same  as  the  number  of  rails  passed  over  in  twenty  seconds,  which 
can  be  ascertained  by  the  "click"  produced  by  the  wheels  at  each 
joint. 

Value  op  a  Bar  of  Iron  Worked  into 
Various  Forms 

A  bar  of  iron  worth  five  dollars,  worked  into  horseshoes,  is  worth 
ten  dollars  and  fifty  cents ;  made  into  needles,  it  is  worth  three  hun- 
dred and  fifty -five  dollars  ;  made  into  penknife  blades  it  is  worth  three 
thousand  two  hundred  and  eighty-five  dollars ;  made  into  l)alauco 
springs  of  watches,  it  is  worth  two  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  dollars. 

How  TO  Mix  Paints  and  Printing  Ink 
for  Tints 

Mixing  red  and  black  makes brown 

*'  lake  and  white  makes rose 

"  white  and  brown  makes chestnut 

*'  white,  blue  and  lake  makes purple 

* '  blue  and  lead  color  makes pearl 

*'  white  and  carmine  makes pink 

**  indigo  and  lampblack  makes silver  gray 

"  white  and  lampblack  makes lead  color 

"  black  and  Venetian  red  makes chocolate 

''  white  and  green  makes bright  green 

**  light  green  and  black  makes dark  green 

••  white  and  green  makes pea  green 

<'  white  and  emerald  green  makes brilliant  green 

"  purple  and  white  makes French  white 

*  *  red  and  yellow  makes orange 

«'  white  and  yellow  makes . .  r    straw  color 

*•  white,  blue  and  black  makes pearl  gray 

**  white,  lake  and  vermilion  makes flesh  color 

•*  umber,  white  and  Venetian  red  makes drab 

"  white,  yellow  and  Venetian  red  makes cream 

**  red,  blue,  black  and  red  makes olive 

'*  yellow,  white  and  a  little  Venetian  red  makes buflF 


—  186  — 

How  TO  Remove  Rust  from  Steel 

Brush  the  rusted  steel  with  a  paste  composed  of  half  an  ounce  of 
cyanide  potassium,  half  an  ounce  of  castile  soap,  one  ounce  of  whiting 
and  enough  water  to  make  a  paste.  Then  wash  the  steel  in  a  solution 
of  half  an  ounce  of  cyanide  potassium  iti  two  ounces  of  water. 

How  TO  Write  on  Glass 

An  ink  that  will  write  on  glass  can  be  made  from  ammonium  fluoride 
dissolved  in  water  and  mixed  with  three  times  its  weight  of  liarium 
sulphate. 

How  TO  Remove  Paint  from  Painted 
Surfaces 

Take,  4pou"ndsof  Irish  moss,  3  pounds  of  methylated  spirit,  and  3 
pounds  of  Fuller's  earth  are  mixed  with  30  pounds  of  water,  the  whole 
boiled,  and  a  solution  of  16  pounds  of  caustic  soda  and  16  pounds  of 
caustic  potash  dissolved  in  28  pounds  of  water  added,  after  which  the 
product  is  let  stand  until  it  is  cold  and  has  solidified  to  a  brownish 
gelatinous  mass.  The  proportions  of  the  ingredients  may  be  varied. 
The  compound  is  used  by  applying  it  to  the  painted  surface  with  a 
brush,  allowing  it  to  remain  thus  from  20  minutes  to  one  hour  and  then 
washing  it  off  together  with  the  paint  that  has  been  disintegrated  by 
its  action. 

How  TO  Kill  Grease  Spots  before 
Painting 

Wash  over  the  smoky  or  greasy  parts  with  saltpetre^  or  very  thin  lime 
whitewash.  If  soapsuds  are  used,  they  must  be  washed  off  thor- 
oughly, as  they  prevent  the  paint  from  drying  hard. 


Number  of  Believers  in  Different  Creeds 

The  estimated  number  of  Christians  in  the  world  is  over  408,000,000; 
of  Buddhists,  420,000,000;  of  the  followers  of  Brahma,  180,000,000; 
of  Mohammedans,  150,000,000;  of  Jews,  8,000,000;  of  atheists,  deists, 
and  infidels,  85,000,000;  of  pagans,  50, 000, 000;' and  of  the  eleven  hun- 
dred other  creeds,  123,000,000 


—  187 


The  Name  of  God  in 

Ivans^uage  Name  of  God 

-^olian Ilos 

Arabic Allah 

Armoriaa Teuti 

Assyrian Eleah 

Celtic Diu 

Clialdaic Eilah 

Cretan Thios 

Chinese Prussa 

Coromandel Brama 

Danish Gut 

Dutch Godt 

Egyptian  (old) Teut 

Egyptian  (modem) Teun 

English God 

Finch Jumala 

Flemish Goed 

French Dieu 

German Gott 

German  (old) Diet 

Greek Theos 

Gallic Diu 

Hebrew Elohim,  Eloha 

Hindoostanee Rain 

Japanese Goezur 

Irish Dia 

Italian Dio 


Different  Languages 

Langua8:e  Name  of  God 

Madagascar Zannar 

Malay Alia 

Norwegian Gud 

Latin Deus 

Low  Latin Diex 

Low  Breton Done 

Lapp Jubinal 

Olalu  Tongue Deu 

Old  Saxon God 

Peruvian Puchecammae 

Persian Sire 

Pannonian Istu 

Polish Bog 

PoUacca Bung 

Portuguese Debs 

Provencal Dion 

Runic As 

Russian Bojh 

Spanish Dios 

Swedish Gut 

Slav Buch 

Swiss Gott 

Syriac Allah 

Tartar Magatal 

Turkish Allah 

Zemblain Fetizo 


Chronological  List  of  Noted  Events 
Since  the  Creation  of  the  World 

Event  Date  B.  C. 

Creation 4004 

Mcnes,  first  King  of  Egypt  began  to  reign 2717 

The  Flood 2349 

Chinese  Empire  founded 2637 

Uranus  settles  in  Greece 2042 

Jewish  history  opened,  birth  of  Abraliam 1996 

Abraham  settles  in  Canaan 1921 

First  gold  mine  opened  in  Thrace  by  Cadmus 1550 


—  188  — 
Noted  Events — Continued 

Event  Date,  B.  C. 

Areopagus  founded  in  Greece 1506 

Exodus  of  Jews  from  Egypt 1491 

Jews  enter  Canaan 1451 

Greeks  colonize  Italy 12')} 

Saul  elected  King  of  Israel 1095 

Solomon's  Temple  completed 1004 

Capture  of  Jerusalem  by  Sliisshank 989-959 

Date  of  earliest  existing  gold  coin 800 

Home  founded 753 

Siege  and  capture  of  Jerusalem  by  Nebuchadnezzar 598 

Cyrus  conquers  Babylon 538 

Darius  orders  the  rebuilding  of  Jewish  Tem]>le 520 

First  treaty  between  Rome  and  Carthage 508 

Battle  of  Marathon,  the  Athenians  defeated  the  Persian = 490 

Battle  of  Thermopolyaj 480 

Beginning  of  Athenian  Supremacy 477 

First  Decemvirate  at  Rome 451 

Battle  of  Syracuse 413 

Expedition  of  Cyrus  the  younger 401 

Prosecution  and  death  of  Socrates ^ 399 

Birth  of  Alexander  the  Great 356 

Battle  of  Arbela,  Alexander  defeated  Darius 331 

Death  of  Alexander  (at  Babylon) 393 

Alexandrian  Library  founded 284 

Silver  money  first  coined  at  Rome 269 

Rome  completes  conquest  of  all  Italy 265 

First  Roman  fleet  launched 260 

The  gate  of  Janus  shut 235 

Hannibal  crosses  into  Italy 218 

First  Macedonian  War 211-205 

Battle  of  Metaurus 207 

Scipio  carries  the  war  into  Africa 204 

Hannibal  defeated  at  Lama 202 

End  of  second  Punic  War 201 

Flaminius  declares  the  Independence  of  the  Greeks 198 

Third  Punic  Warbegan j49 

Birth  of  Pompey  and  Cicero J03 

Birth  of  C.  Julius  Caesar jqq 

Pompe}',  Caesar,  and  Ciassua  form  the  first  Triumvirate GO 

Csesar  invades  Britain 5,V54 


—  189  — 
Noted  Events — Continued 

Event  .Date,  B.C. 

CaBsar  assassinated 44 

Battle  of  Philippi 42 

Herod  appointed  King  of  the  Jews 40 

Spain  conquered  by  Augustus  Caesar 38 

Battle  of  Actium 31 

Gates  of  Janus  shut  a  second  tinje 25 

Temple  of  Jerusalem  rebuilt  by  Herod 17-7 

Birth  of  Jesus  Christ,  according  to  Ussher's  system 4  B.  C. 

j^vent  Date  A.  D. 

Death  of  Augustus  Caesar » 14 

Romans  invade  Germany 14-16 

Crucifixion  of  Christ 33 

London  founded  by  A.  Plautus 47 

Nero  became  Emperor 54 

Rome  on  fire  six  days 64 

Jerusalem  destroyed  by  the  Romans  under  Titus 70 

Herculaneum  and  Pompeii  destroyed ^ 79 

Great  persecutions  of  Christians  at  Rome 05 

Galen  born -  >  •  130 

Polycarp  martyred 16G 

Birth  of  Origin 185 

Great  persecution  of  Christians 202 

New  Persian  monarchy  founded  under  Artaxerxes 226 

Iriuption  of  Franks  into  Gaul 253-263 

The  Thirty  Tyrants  rule  in  Roman  Empire 268 

Tacitus  elected  Emperor  of  Rome 275 

Persecution  of  Christians  by  Diocletian 303 

Declaration  of  Constantino  as  Emperor 306 

First  General  Council  of  Church,  at  Nice 325 

Athanasius  Patriarch  of  Alexandria 326 

Death  of  Arius 336 

Saxons  invade  Gaul 370 

Second  General  Council  of  Church,  at  Constantinople 381 

Alaric  proclaimed  King  of  the  Goths 382 

Roman  legions  withdraw  from  Britain 418 

Third  General  Church  Council,  at  Ephesus 431 

Fourth  General  Church  Council,  at  Chalcedon 451 

Battle  of  Chalons,  the  Huns  defeated  by  the  Romans 451 


—  190  — 

Noted  Events — Continued 

Event  Date,  A.  D. 

Venice  founded 452 

Great  fire  in  Constantinople 465 

Earthquakes  at  Constantinople,  lasting  for  forty  days 480 

Conquest  of  Italy  by  Theodorus 489-493 

Nestorian  Missions  began 500 

Paris  made  the  Capital 510 

Benedictine  Order  founded 528 

Plague  begins  in  Persia,  its  ravages  extend  for  thirty  years 531 

The  Gothic  War 535-540 

Invasion  of  Roman  Empire  by  Slavs  and  Huns 550 

Fifth  General  Council,  held  at  Constantinople 553 

Conquest  of  Italy  by  Lombards 556-571 

Birth  of  Mohammed .    570  or  571 

Augustine  arrives  in  England  (died  605) 597 

Supremacy  of  Roman  Bishop  acknowledged 602 

Mohammed  begins  to  preach  at  Mecca 610 

Damascus  and  Jerusalem  taken  by  the  Persians 614 

Flight  of  Mohammed  from  Mecca 622 

Battle  of  Beder,  first  victory  of  Mohammed 623 

Death  of  Mohammed 632 

Caliph  Omar  takes  Jerusalem  and  founded  Mosque  of  Omar 637 

Invasion  of  Egypt  and  capture  of  Alexandria 639-640 

Theodus,  Pope  of  Rome,  the  first  called  "  Sovereign  Pontiff  " 642 

First  invasion  of  Africa  by  Saracens 647 

The  Colossus  of  Rhodes  destroyed 653 

Sixth  General  Council,  at  Constantinople 680 

Doge  of  Venice  first  elected  for  life 697 

Carthage  conquered  and  burned  by  Saracens 698 

Saracens  invade  Spain 710 

Invasion  of  France  by  Saracens 721 

Conquest  of  Sardinia  by  Saracens 723 

Victory  over  Saracens  by  Martel  at  Tours 732 

Death  of  the  Venerable  Bede 735 

Great  Earthquake  at  Constantinople 740 

The  Plague  at  Constantinople 747 

Merovingian  line  of  French  kings  ended 752 

Carlovingian  line  begins,  Pepin  crowned  king 752 

Council  at  Constantinople  condemns  worship  with  pictures,  images 

and  crucifix 754 

Charlemagne  begins  to  reign  in.France 772 


—  191  — 
Noted  Events — Continued 

Events  Date  A.  D. 

Lombard  Kingdom  overthrown  by  Charlemagne 774 

Seventh  general  Council  at  Nice  re-established  image  worship 787 

Charlemagne  crowned  Emperor  of  the  West,  at  Rome 800 

Charlemagne  imposes  Athanasian  Creed  on  Church 802 

Death  of  Charlemagne 814 

Kingdom  of  Navarre  founded 857 

Russian  Monarchy  founded  by  Ruric,  a  Verandian  chief 862 

Eighth  general  Council  at  Constantinople. ....869-970 

Norwegian  settlement  in  Iceland 874 

Arnuph,  King  of  Germany,  besieged  Rome  and  is  crowned  Emperor  894 

Tang  dynasty  in  China  ends 907 

Sung  dynasty  in  China  founded 960 

Deposition  of  Pope  by  Otto  I,  Emperor  of  Romans 963 

Pope  Benedict  VI  Strangled  at  Rome 979 

Edward,  King  of  England  martyred 975 

Greenland  colonized  from  Iceland 983 

Hugh  Capet,  founder  of  the  Capetian  line,  crowned  King  of  France  987 

Greek  Ritual  introduced  into  Russia 988 

Earliest  canonization  of  a  saint 993 

Hungary  erected  by  Pope  Sylvester  II  into  a  Kingdom  for  Duke 

Stephen 1000 

First  in<rasion  of  India  by  Mahmud 1001 

Submission  of  all  England  to  Sweyn,  King  of  Denmark 1013 

Total  defeat   of    Danes    at    Clontarf.      Henry    II    of  Germany 

crowned 1014 

Bulgaria  made  a  province  of  Roman  Empire 1017 

Navarre  divided  into  kingdoms  of  Castile  and  Arragon 1035 

Turks  conquer  Persia  and  found  the  Seljukian  dynasty 1038 

Pope  Leo  IX  taken  prisoner  by  Robert  Guiscard  at  battle    of 

Civitello 1053 

The  Pope  and  Patriarch  at  Constantinople  excommunicate  each 

other 1054 

Election  of  Pope  vested  in  College  of  Cardinals  by  Nicholas  II . . .  1059 

Norman  Conquest  of  England  begins 1066 

Battle  of  Hastings  ;  defeat  of  Harold  by  William  the  Conqueror..  1066 

Normans  capture  Bari  and  end  the  Byzantine  rule 1071 

Conquest  of  Asia  Minor  by  Turks 1074-1084 

Turks  take  Jerusalem 1076 

Henry  IV  of  Germany  at  Council  of  Worms  deposes  the  Pope, 

and  the  Pope  in  Council  at  Rome  deposes  Henry  and  absolves 

his  subjects  from  allegiance  to  him 1076-1080 


—  192  — 
Noted  Events — Continued 

Events  Date  A.  D. 

Emperor  Henry  of  Germany  besieges  and  Captures  Rome 1084 

English  Domesday  Book  completed 1086 

Sejukian  Empire  ends  with  death  of  Sultan  Melsk  Shaw 1092 

Knights  Hospitallers  founded  about 1092 

Preaching  of  Peter  the  Hermit ;  first  crusade  proclaimed 1095 

Ci&tercian  Order  founded 1098 

Jerusalem  captured  by  Crusaders  under  Godfrey  de  Bouillon,  who 

was  proclaimed  king 1099 

England  conquers  Normandy 1 106 

Order  of  Knights  Templar  founded 1118 

Ninth  General  Council  at  Rome 1 123 

Civil  War  in  England  between  adherents  of  Stephen  and  Maud.  .1138 

Portugal  made  a  kingdom 1 139 

Tenth  General  Council  at  Rome 1139 

Frederic  Barbarossa  invades  Italy 1154 

Barbarossa  is  crowned  Emperor  at  Rome  by  the  Pope 1155 

Bank  of  Venice  instituted 1 157 

Munich  founded  by  Henry  the  Lion , 1157 

Peace  ratified  between  England  and  France 1161 

Henry  II  invades  Ireland  and  is  acknowledged  King Il7l 

Conquest  of  Ireland  completed 1 178 

Eleventh  General  Council  at  Rome 1179 

Jews  Banished  from  France 1182 

Second  Bulgarian  Kingdom  founded 1 186 

Infidels  under  Saladin  recapture  Jerusalem  from  the  Christians. .  .1187 

The  Order  of  Teutonic  Knights  founded 1190 

War  between  England  and  France 1202 

Inquisition  founded  by  Pope  Innocent  III 1203 

Invasion  of  China  by  Jenghiz  Kahn 1210 

The  Children's  Crusade 1212 

Twelfth  General  Council  at  Rome 1215 

Invasion  of  Russia  and  sack  of  Moscow  by  Tartars 1236 

Moorish  Kingdom  of  Grenada  founded 1239 

Thirteenth  General  Council  and  Emperor  Frederick  deposed,  at 

Lyons 1245 

University  College,  Oxford,  England,  founded 1249 

English  Laws  introduced  into  Wales 1252 

Constantinople  Captured  by  Palseologue  ;  Latin  Empire  ends 1261 

Fourteenth  General  Council ;   temporary  re-union  of  Greek  and 

Latin  Churches,  at  Lyons 1274 


—  193  — 

Noted  Events — Continued 
Events  Date,  A.  D. 

Conquest  of  China  by  Moguls  completed 1280 

Conquest  of  Prussia  by  Teutonic  knights  completed 1283 

Jews  expelled  from  England  by  Edward  1 1290 

Final  loss  cf  Palestine  by  Christians 1291 

English  Parliament  organized 1295 

Great  Charter  in  England  confirmed  by  Edward  1 1297 

Title  of  "Prince  of  Wales"  first  conferred  on  eldcdt  son  of  Eng- 
lish king.     First  conferred  by  Edward  I 1301 

Philip  of  France  condemns  inquisition 1302 

Fifteenth  General  Council,  at  Vienna  1312 

Thirteen  years'  truce  between  England  and  Scotland  proclaimed.    1323 
Necessity  of  Pope's  consent  to  Imperial  elections  denied  by  Diet  at 

Frankfort 1323 

Cannon  first  used  by  Florentines 1326 

Scottish  Independence  acknowledged  by  England 1328 

Ottoman  Empire  established 1329" 

Scotland  invaded  by  the  English 1332 

Plague  of  locusts  in  Europe  for  three  years 1337 

First  passage  of  Turks  into  Europe 1341 

First  English  gold  coinage  (florin) 1344 

Parliament  of  Paris  organized  by  Philip  VI 1344 

Canary  Islands  discovered  by  Genoese  and  Spanish  seamen 1345 

Servian  Empire  established 1 345 

Massacre  of  Jews  on  suspicion  of  poisoning  the  wells 1349 

"  The  Black  Death"  prevails  in  Europe 1348-1351 

Dauphiny  united  to  France 1349 

Turks  established  in  Europe ,    1353 

Coast  of  Guinea  discovered  by  French  seamen 1364 

Myng  dynasty  founded  in  China 1 368 

Halley's  Comet  appeared 1378 

Conquest  of  Asia  Minor  completed  by  the  Turks 1391 

Sixteenth  General    Council,   Huss   condemned    to    be  burnt,   at 

Constance )  414 

Eighteenth  General  Council,  at  Basle 1431 

The  Azores  taken  by  the  Portuguese 1432 

Nine  years'  truce  between  England  and  Scotland  proclaimed 1438 

Joan  of  Arc's  Victory  over  the  English 1429 

Union  of  Naples  and  Sicily  as  "The  Two  Sicilies '"  proclaimed. . . .  1442 

Austria  erected  into  an  archduchj'" 1453 

Eastern  Empire  ends  with  conquest  of  Constantinople  by  Moham- 
med II 1453 


-    1<J4  - 
Noted  Events — Cojitinued 

Event  Date  A.  D. 

"  Mazarine  Bible,"  first  book  ever  printed 1455 

Fifteen  years'  truce  between  England  and  Scotland  proclaimed. . .  1404 

Civil  war  in  France 14G5 

War  between  England  and  Scotland  breaks  out  again 1480 

Cape  of  Good  Hope  discovered  by  Bartolomeo  Daiz. 1486 

Christopher  Columbus  discovered  the  New  World 1492 

Discovery  of  mainland  by  Columbus 1498 

Earl  of  Warwick  executed 1499 

St.  Peter's  Church,  at  Rome,  commenced 1500 

Ponce  de  Leon  discovered  Florida 1512 

Balboa,  a  Spaniard,  discovered  Pacific  Ocean 1513 

Diet  of  Worms  attended  by  Martin  Luther 1521 

Conquest  of  Mexico  by  Cortez 1521 

Gustavus  Vasa  delivers  Sweden  from  Danish  yoke 1 523 

Conquest  of  Peru  by  Pizarro 1533 

Ferdinand  de  Soto  discovered  the  Mississippi  River 1541 

Council  of  Trent  held :   1545 

Martin  Luther  (born  1483)  died - 1540 

Elizabeth  ascends  the  throne  of  England 1558 

First  settlement  in  New  World  (St.  Augustine) '505 

Massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew 1572 

Mary,  Queen  of  Scots  beheaded 1587 

Fresbyterianism  established  in  Scotland 1592 

Edict  of  Nantes 1598 

Jamestown,  Va. ,  settled 1 007 

Kepler's  laws  published 1 009 

Mayflower  sails  from  Delft 1 020 

First  house  erected  in  Boston,  Mass . .      \  030 

Roger  Williams  settles  Rhode  Island ]  035 

England  declared  a  Commonwealth.. 1049 

Great  Plague  in  London 1 005 

King  Philip's  war 1 675 

Revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes 1085 

King  William's  war. . . .      1089 

Salem  witchcraft  excitement 1692 

Battle  of  Blenheim;  the  French  defeated  by  the  English 1704 

Battle  of  Pultowa;  Peter  the  Great  defeated  the  Swedes 1709 

Pirst  pootoffice  in  Massachusetts 1710 

Rise  of  Methodism  in  England 1728 

George  Washington  born,  Feb.  1 1th  (old  style)  Feb.  22d  (new  style)  1732 


-  195  — 
Noted  Events — Continued 

Eveut  Date  A.  D. 

Queen  Anne's  war 1744 

Earthquake  at  Lima,  Peru 1746 

Franklin  proves  tiie  identity  of  lightning  and  electricity 1752 

French  and  Indian  war. 1754 

Lisbon  destroyed  by  earthquake 1755 

Prisoners  in  Black  Hole  of  Calcutta  perish 1756 

**  Stamp  Act"  passed  by  British  Parliament 1765 

"Boston  Massacre" 1770 

"  Boston  Tea  Party" 1773 

American  Rovolution  commences 1775 

"The  Declaration  of  Independence,"  signed July  4,  1776 

France  recognizes  the  United  States 1778 

Gqn.  Oornwallis'  forces  surrendered  to  Washington 1781 

American  Revolution  ended 1781 

Ti'eaty  of  Peace  between  England  and  United  States  signed 1 783 

Penal  settlement  at  Botany  Bay 1 788 

George  Washington  inaugurated  President  of  the  United  States 

April  30,  1789 

Bastile  destroyed 1789 

Battle  of  Valmy,  Dumouriez  defeated  Duke  of  Brunswick 1792 

September  massacre  at  Paris 1797 

Reign  of  terror  at  Paris 1793 

Final  dismemberment  of  Poland 1794 

Napoleon  declared  First  Consul 1799 

George  Washington  died 1799 

Great  Naval  Battle  of  Trafalgar 1805 

Tecumseh  Wai 1804 

First  steamboat  on  the  Hudson  Pdver 1807 

War  between  United  States  and  England 1812 

War  between  France  and  Prussia 1812 

Battle  of  Waterloo,  Wellington  defeated  Napoleon 1815 

Greek  Independence  declared 1822 

*'  Monroe  Doctrine"  proclaimed 1823 

Victoria  proclaimed  Queen  of  England 1837 

First  telegraph  line  completed 1844 

Texas  annexed  to  the  United  States 1845 

Mexican  War 1846 

Great  Famine  in  Ireland 1847 

Gold  discovered  in  California 1848 

First  Atlantic  Cable  laid 1 858 


—  196  — 
Noted  Events — Continued 

Event  Date  A.  D. 

Civil  War  commenced  in  United  States 18G1 

Emancipation  Proclamation,  declaring  freedom   to  the  slaves  in 

United  States,  issued  by  President  Lincoln 18C3 

Assassination  of  President  A.  Lincoln April  14,  18G5 

War  between  Prussia,  Austria,  Bavaria  and  Italy 

Maximilian,  Emperor  of  Mexico,  shot June  19,  18G7 

French  and  German  War 1870-187 1 

Sioux  Indian  Massacre 1870 

Centenary  of  American  Independence 1876 

Zulu  War  in  Africa 1879 

Assassination  of  President  J.  A.  Garfield July  2,  1881 

Egyptian  War 1882-188a 

Notable  Historical  Fires 

Year  Place  Loss 

1570 Moscow,  Russia 200,000  victims- 

1666 London,  England 13,200  houses 

1812 Moscow,  Russia 15,500  house? 

1824 Cairo,  Egypt 4,000  victims 

1831 Constantinople,  Turkey 18,000  houses 

1835 New  York  City,  United  States $  20,000,000 

1842 Hamburg,  Germany 36,000,000 

1851 San  Francisco,  Cal.,  United  States. .  2,500    blocks- 

1871 Chicago,  111.,  United  States $165,000,000 

1872 Boston,  Mass.,  United  States 75,000,000 

Expectation  of  Human  Life 

After  the  first  year  the  chances  of  living  increase  up  to  the  fourth 
year,  and  then  slowly  decline.  The  average  life  of  the  following  occu- 
pations are  here  given: 

Occupation  Years  Occupaiion  Years 

Rural  Laborers 45. 52      Stone  Masons 38. 1 9 

Carpenters 45.28      Plumbers 38.18 

Domestics 42.03       Mill  Operatives 38.09 

Bakers 41.92      Blacksmiths 37.96 

Shoemalcers 40.87      Bricklayers 37.70 

Weavers 41.92       Printers 36.60 

Tailors 39.40      Clerks' 34.99 

Hatters 38.91       Average  population SQ.SS' 


^  197  - 

Patent  Fees  of  Different  Countries 

Country  Fee  Country  Fee 

Austria, $250  Netherlands $150 

Bavaria 150  Portugal 250 

Belgium 150  Prussia 200 

Cuba 450  Russia 550 

France 150  Saxony 250 

Great  Britain 350  Spain 400 

India 400  Sweden  and  Norway COO 

Italy 250  United  States CO  to  75 


SAI.ARIES  OF  United  States  Military  and 
Naval  Officers 

Military  OflScers 

Rank                                                                                   Salary  Per  Annum 

General  of  the  Army $13,500 

Lieutenant  General , 11,000 

Major  Generals 7,500 

Brigadier  Generals 5,500 

Golonels > , 3,500 

Lieutenant-Colonels 3,000 

Majors 2,500 

Captains,  mounted 2,000 

Captains,  not  mounted 1,800 

First  Lieutenant,  mounted 1,C00 

First  liieutenant,  not  mounted 1,500 

Second  Lieutenant,  mounted 1,500 

Second  Lieutenant,  not  mounted 1,400 

Chaplains 1 ,500 

Naval  Officers 

Rank  Salary  Per  Annum 

Admirals $13,000 

Vice  Admirals 9,000 

Rear  Admirals 6,000 

Commodores 5,000 

Captains '     4,500 

Commanders 3,500 

Lieutenant  Commanders 2,800 

Lieutenants 2,400 

Masters 1,800 

Ensigns 1,200 

Midshipmen 1,000 


—  1! 


Limit  of  Jurisdiction  with  Justice  of  Peace 
OF  THE  Different  States 

The  following  table  shows  the  largest  amount  m  the  dififerent  States 
and  Territories  which  the  Justice  of  Peace,  through  his  position,  can 
have  jurisdiction  ov^er  as  follows: 


State  Amount 

Alabama $100 

Arkansas 300 

California 300 

Colorado 300 

Connecticut 100 

North  and  South  Dakota 100 

Delaware 100 

Florida 100 

Georgia 100 

Idaho  Ter 100 

Illinois 200 

Indiana 200 

Iowa  (consent  of  parties  300). .   100 

Kansas 300 

Kentucky 100 

Louisiana 100 

Maine 20 

Maryland 100 

Massachusetts 300 

Michigan 300 

Minnesota 100 

Mississippi 150 


State  Amount 

Missouri $300 

Nebraska 200 

Nevada 300 

^lew  Hampshire 100 

New  Jersey 100 

New  Mexico  Ter 100 

New  York 200 

North  Carolina 200 

Ohio 300 

Oregon 250 

Pennsylvania 300 

Rhode  Island 100 

South  Carolina 100 

Tennessee 500 

Texas 200 

Utah  Ter 300 

Vermont 200 

Virginia 50 

Washington 100 

West  Virginia 1 00 

Wisconsin 300 

Wyoming .  100 


Value  of  Ancient  Money 

Denominations                          Weight,  Grains  Gold  Value 

Gold  Shekel 132  $5.69 

GoldManeh 13,200  5C9.00 

Gold  Talent 1,320,000  50,900,000.00 

Silver  Gerah 11  .02^ 

Silver  Beka 110  .26^ 

Silver  Shekel 220  .53 

Silver  Maneh 13,200  32.00 

Silver  Talent 660,000  1,660.00 

Copper  Shekel 528  .03  14 

Persian  Daric  or  Drachm  (gold) 128  5.52. 

Maccabcean  Shekel  (silver) 220  .53 

"Piece  of  Money"  (Stater,  silver) 220  .53 

Penny  (Denarius,  silver) 59  .14 

Farthing  (Quadrans,  copper) 42  .00^ 

Farthing  (assarium,  copper) 84  .00^ 

Mite  (copper) 21  .00^ 


199 


Banks  of  Europe — When  Established 

The  first  bank  was  established  in  Italy  in  808.     Other  banks  were 
established  as  follows  : 

Bank  of                                             Year  Bank  of                                            Year 

Venice 1151       England 1694 

Geneva 1345       Scotland 1695 

Barcelona 1401       Copenhagen 1736 

Genoa 1407       Berlin 1765 

Amsterdam 1607       Ireland 1783 

Hamburg 1619       St.  Petersburg 1780 

Rotterdam 1635       France 1803 

Stockholm 1688      New  York  (U.  S.) 1784 


Facts  About  Banks  in  the  United  States 

Bank  of  North  America,  Philadelphia,  incorporated  by  Congress 
1781;  by  State  of  Pennsylvania,  1782. 

Bank  of  the  United  States,  incorporated  1791;  went  into  operation 
1794  ;  capital,  $10,000,000 ;  charter  limited  to  20  years. 
•  Bank  of  New  York  founded  1784. 

Bank  of  Massachusetts  founded  1784. 

New  United  States  Bank  chartered  1816  ;  capital,  $35,000,000.  Act 
re-chartering  vetoed  by  Preside.it  Jackson,  1832.  United  States  funds 
withdrawn,  September,  1833. 

Re-chartered  by  Pennsylvania  1836;  temporarily  suspended  payment 
of  specie,  1831,  and  again  October  9,  1837;  resumed  in  compliance 
with  Act  of  Pennsylvania  Legislature,  January  15,  1840;  finally  sus- 
pended February  4,  1840,  having  sunk  its  entire  capital. 

State  banks  nearly  all  suspended  specie  payments  in  1837,  resuming 
again  the  following  year,  again  in  1857,  and  still  again  in  1861. 

February  25,  1863,  act  creating  the  system  of  national  banks  in  the 
United  States  was  passed.  No  bank  should  be  of  less  capital  than 
$50,000.  In  cities  of  over  10,000  inhabitants,  no  bank  should  bo  of 
less  capital  than  $100,000.  Ninety  per  cent  of  the  par  value  of  United 
States  bonds  deposited  as  security  allowed  in  circulating  notes.  Aggre- 
gate circulation  allowed  $300,000,000. 

July  12,  1870,  act  allowing  $54,000,000  additional  circulation.  No 
bank  to  exceed  in  capital  $500,000. 

January  14,  1875,  repeal  of  all  limitation  on  amount  of  circulation, 
thus  maldng  national  banking  practically  free. 


•200  — 


Facts  about  the  Bank  of  England 

February  26,  1797.     Bank  of  England  suspended  pay/nent  of  specie. 

May  1,  1821.     Resumed  payment  of  notes  in  bullion  at  mint  prices. 

May  1,  1821.  Resumed  payment  of  notes  in  current  coin  of  the 
realm. 

July  19,  1844.  Issue  of  notes  limited  in  amount  to  £14,000,000. 
For  all  circulation  above  that  sum  bank  must  hold  an  equal  amount 
of  coin  for  its  redemption. 

October  25,  1847.  Suspension  of  the  limitation  clause  of  1844,  and 
bank  aHowed  to  make  extra  issue. 

November  25,  1857.  Extra  issue  of  bank  notes  to  the  amount  of 
£2,000,000  allowed. 

1866.     Similar  suspension  of  bank  act. 

Bank  of  England  notes  are  legal  tender  everywhere  in  England  save 
at  the  bank.  No  interest  on  deposits  allowed.  Has  entire  charge  of 
the  British  national  debt. 


A  Few  Facts  About  Gold 

a  cubic  inch  of  gold  is  worth  $210;  a  cubic  foot  is  worth  $362,380;  a 
cubic  yard  is  worth  $9,792,762.  This  is  valuing  it  at  $18  an  ounce. 
At  the  commencement  of  the  Christian  era  there  was  in  the  world 
$427,000,000  in  gold.  This  had  diminished  to  $57,000,000  at  the  time 
America  was  discovered.  Then  it  began  to  increase.  Now  the 
amount  of  gold  in  use  is  estimated  to  be  $6,000,000,000.  Yel;  all  this 
welded  into  one  mass  would  be  contained  in  a  cube  of  twenty  six  feet. 

The  relative  value  of  gold  to  silver  has  varied  greatly  at  different 
periods.     The  ratio  wa3  in  the  days  of  the  patriarcli 

Abraham 1  to    8       A.  D.  1545 1  to    0 

B.  C.  1000 1  to  12      A.  D.  1551 1  to    2 

B.  C.    500 ltol3      A.  D.  1600 1  to  10 

A.  D.        1 1  to    9      A.  D.  1627 1  to  13 

A.  D.    500 1  to  18      A.  D.  1700 1  to  15^ 

A.  D.  1100 1  to    8      A.  D.  1870 1  to  20 

A.  D.  1400 Itoll      A.  D.  1886 1  to  28^ 

tlie  hicrliest  poiat  until  then  ever  known. 


—  201  — 


Interest  Laws  of  all  the  States,  Canada, 
England,  Ireland  and  France 


Place  Penalty  of  Usury 

*  Alabama Forfeiture  entire  interest 

*Arizona  Ter No  penalty 10 

*  Arkansas No  penalty 

^California No  penalty 

i-Colorado  .  -        . .  .No  penalty 10 

tConnecticut Forfeiture  entire  interest 

*Dakota Forfeiture  entire  interest 

tDelaware Forfeiture  of  Principal 

i-Dist.  of  Columbia .  Forfeiture  entire  interest 

^Florida No  penalty 

tGeorgia Forfeiture  interest  and  excess . . . 

i-Idalio  Ter Forfeit  3  times  the  amount  paid, 

fine  $300  O'  G  months'  imprison- 
ment or  both 

^-Illinois Forfeiture  excess  interest 

*Indiana Forfeiture  excess  interest  and  cost 

*Iowa Forfeiture  excess  interest 

tKansas Forfeiture  excess  over  12  per  cent 

*Kentucky Forfeiture  excess  interest 

^Louisiana Forfeiture  entire  interest 

*Maine No  penalty 

^Maryland Forfeiture  excess  interest 

*  Massachusetts No  penalty 

*Michigan Forfeiture  excess  interest 

*Minnesota Forfeiture  entire  interest 

*Mississippi i'orfeiture  excess  interest 6 

^Missouri Forfeiture  entire  interest 

*Montana No  penalty 

*Nebraska Forfeiture  entire  interest 

*t-Nevada Forfeiture  all  interest 

*New  Hampshire ..  Forfeiture  of  3  times  the  excess 

and  cost 

*Ne w  Jersey Forfeiture  entire  interest 

*Ne\v  Mexico No  penalty 

*Ne\v  York Forfeiture  of  contract 

*North  Carolina. . .  Forfeiture  of  interest 


Legal 

rate  per 

cent. 

Rate  per 
contract 
per  cent. 

8 

8 

10 

any  rate 

6 

10 

7 

any  rate 

10 

any  rate 

6 

6 

7    ' 

18 

6 

6 

6 

10 

8 

any  rate 

7 

8 

10 

6 

8 

6 

8 

6 

10 

7 

12 

6 

10 

5 

8 

6 

any  rate 

6 

6 

6 

any  rate 

7 

10 

7 

10 

6 

10 

6 

10 

10 

any  rate 

7 

10 

10 

any  rate 

6 

C 

6 

6 

6 

12 

6 

6 

6 

8 

—  202  — 


Interest  Laws — Continued 


Legal 
rate 
per  cent. 

6 


Place  Penalty  of  Usury 

tOhio Forfeiture  of  excess 

*Oregon Forfeiture   of  principal,  interest 

and  cost 

tPennsylvania Forfeiture  of  excess 

•Rhode  Island Forfeiture,  unless  by  contract. . . 

•South  Carolina Forfeiture  entire  interest 

•Tennessee Forfeit  of   over  C   per  cent  and 

$100  fine 

+Texag No  penalty 

•Utah  Ter No  penalty 

+ Vermont Forfeiture  of  excess 

tVirginia Forfeiture  of  all  interest 

•Washington No  jjenalty 

tWest  Virginia. . . .  Forfeiture  of  excess 

•Wisconsin Forfeiture  of  all  interest 

•Wyoming  Ter ....  No  penalty 12 

•Canada 0 

England 5 

France 5 

Ireland 6 

•Three  days'  grace  is  allowed  on  Sight  Drafts. 

+Grace  not  allowed  on  Sight  Drafts. 


Rate  per 
contract 
per  cent. 

8 


12 

6 

any  rate 

any  rate 

10 

12 

any  rate 

G 

8 
any  rate 

G 

10 

any  rate 

any  rate 


How  TO  Remove  Tight  Rings  from  the 
Finger 

The  removal  of  rings  is  practiced  by  jewelers  in  the  following 
manner :  The  swollen  finger  is  wrapped  very  tightly  with  a  flat 
rubber  braid,  commencing  at  the  end;  the  finger  is  then  held  upright 
for  a  few  minutes,  the  braid  quickly  removed  and  again  wound  around 
it.  The  operation  being  repeated  three  times  leaves  the  finger  so 
Bhrunken  that  the  ring  may  easily  be  taken  ofi".' 


-  203  — 

Area  of  the  Most  Notable  Parks  of 
THE  World 

Name  Location  Area  in  Acres 

Windsor  Park Windsor  Castle,  England 3,800 

Fairmount  Park Philadelphia,  U.  S .2,740 

Water  Park Vienna,  Austria 2,300 

Bois  de  Boulogne .Paris,  France 2,100 

Phoenix  Park Dublin,  Ireland 1,760 

Royal  Park Munich,  Germany 1,300 

Forest  Park St.  Louis,  U.  S 1,350 

South  Park Chicago,  III.,  U.  S 1 ,055 

Golden  Gate  Park San  Francisco,  Cal. ,  U.  S 1 ,043 

Central  Park New  York  City,  U.  S 843 

Druid  Hill  Park Baltimore,  Alary  land,  U.  S 680 

Their  Garten Berlin,  Germany 600 

Prospect  Park Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  U.  S 550 

Regent's  Park London,  England 450 

Queen's  Park Edinburgh,  Scotland _. 407 

Hyde  Park London,  England 400 

Schloss  Garten Stuttgart,  Germany 320 

Grosse  Garten Dresden,  Germany 300 

Victoria  Park London,  England 290 

Eden  Park Cincinnati,  U.  S 210 

City  Park New  Orleans,  U.  8 150 

Prospect  Park Buffalo,  U.  S 150 

Jardin  des  Plantes Paris,  France 77 

Jardin  des  Tuilleries Paris,  France 50 

Boston  Common Boston,  U.  S 48 

Number  of  Years  Seeds  Retain  Their 
Vitality 

Vegetables                                  Years  Vegetables                                       Years 

Artichoke , 5  to  0      A3paragus 2  to  3 

Beans 2  to  3      Beets 3  to  4 

Broccoli 5  to  6       Cauliflower 5  to  6 

Carrots 2  to  3       Celery 2  to  3 

Corn  (on  cob) 2  to  3      Cress 3  to  4 

Cucumber 8  to  10      Egg  Plant 1  to  2 

Endive 5  to  6      Leek 2  to  3 

Lettuce 3  to  4       Melon 8  to  10 

Mustard 3  to  4      Okra 3  to  4 

Onion 2  to  3      Parsley 2  to  3 

Parsnip 2  to  3      Pea , 5  to  6 

Pepper 2  to  3      Pumpkin 8  to  10 

Radish 4  to  5      Rhubarb 3  to  4 

Spinach 3  to  4      Squash 8  to  10 

Tomato 2  to  3      Turnip 3  to  6 

Herbs 

Anise 3  to  4       Caraway 2 

Sage 2  to  3      Summer  Savory 1  to  2 

Lavender 2  to  3      Thyme 2  to  32 


—  204  — 

Harvest  Dates  of  the  World 

January. — Harvest  h  ended  in  most  districts  of  Australia  and  ship- 
ments have  been  made  of  the  new  crop,  Chili,  New  Zealand,  ArgeutiuG 
Republic. 

February. — Upper  Egypt,  India. 

March. — Egypt,  India. 

April. — Coast  of  Egypt,  Syria,  Cyprus,  India,  Persia,  Asia  Minor, 
Mexico,  Cuba. 

May. — Persia,  Asia  Minor,  Algeria,  Syria,  Texas,  Florida,  Morocco, 
China,  Japan,  Central  Asia. 

June. — California,  Oregon,  Southern  United  States,  Spain,  Portugal, 
Italy,  Hungary,  Turkey,  Southern  Russia,  Southern  France,  Greece, 
Sicily,  Louisiana,  Mississippi,  Alabama,  Georgia,  North  and  South 
Carolina,  Tennessee,  Virginia,  Kentucky,  Arkansas,  Kansas,  Missouri, 
Utah,  Colorado.     (Fruit  in  California.) 

July. — Oregon,  Nebraska,  Wisconsin,  Minnesota,  Iowa,  Illinois, 
Michigan,  Ohio,  Indiana,  New  England,  New  York,  Virginia,  Upper 
Canada,  France,  Germany,  Italy,  Austria,  Hungary,  Switzerland, 
Poland,  Russia. 

August. — Great  Britian,  France,  Germany,  Belgium,  Holland,  British 
Columbia,  Lower  Canada,  Manitoba. 

September. — America,  maize;  England  and  Scotland,  hops  and  roots; 
Sweden,  Norway,  Russia,  France,  beet  root,  buckwheat;  Athabasca, 
wheat,  barley,  etc. ,  California  vintage. 

October. -rScotland  and  America,  maize  crop;  France  and  Germany, 
vintage. 

November. — Northern  Australia,  Peru,  South  Africa. 

December. — South  Australia,  Chili,  Argentine  Republic. 


The  Housewife's  Table 

The  following  is  a  very  valuable  housewife's  table  by  which  persons 
not  having  scales  and  weights  at  hand  may  readily  measure  the  article 
wanted  to  form  any  recipe  without  the  trouble  of  weighing,  allowance 
to  bo  made  for  any  extraordinary  dryness  or  moisture  of  the  article 
weighed  or  measured : 
Wheat  flour,  1  pound  is  1  quart. 
Indian  meal,  1  pound  2  ounces  are  1  quart. 
Butter,  when  soft,  1  pound  is  1  quart. 
Butter,  when  soft,  the  size  of  an  egg  weighs  1  ounce. 
Loaf  sugar,  broken,  1  pound  is  1  quart. 
White  sugar,  powdered,  1  pound  1  ounce  are  1  quart. 
Best  brown  sugar,  1  pound  2  ounces  are  1  quart. 
Ten  common  sized  eggs  are  one  pound. 
A  common  tumbler  holds  half  a  pint. 
A  teacup  is  1  gill. 
A  large  wineglass  is  1  gill. 
Forty  drop3  are  equal  to  1  teaspoonful. 
Four  teaspoons  are  equal  to  one  tablespoon. 


—  205 


What  Housekeepers  Should  Remember 

That  fish  may  be  scaled  much  easier  by  first  dipping  them  intc.  lx)il- 
ing  water  for  a  minute. 

That  which  has  changed  may  be  sweetened  or  rendered  fit  for  use 
again  by  stirring  in  a  little  soda. 

That  fresh  meat  beginning  to  sour  will  sweeten  if  placed  out-of-doors 
in  the  cool  air  over  night. 

To  keep  oilcloth  looking  new  wipe  off  the  dust  with  a  dry  cloth, 
then  rub  with  a  cloth  dampened  with  kerosene. 

The  cold  rain  water  and  soap  will  remove  machine  grease  from 
washable  fabrics. 

To  remove  clinkers  from  stoves  or  fire-bricks  put  in  about  half  a 
peck  of  oyster  shells  on  top  of  a  bright  fire.     This  may  need  repeating. 

That  thoroughly  wetting  the  hair  once  or  twice  with  a  solution  of  salt 
and  water  will  keep  it  from  falling  out. 

To  restore  the  hair,  apply  equal  parts  of  glycerine  and  bay  rum 
mixed  well  together. 

That  salt  fish  are  quickest  and  best  freshened  by  soaking  them  in 
sour  milk. 

That  salt  will  curdle  new  milk,  hence  in  preparing  porridge,  grav- 
ies, etc.,  salt  should  not  be  added  until  the  dish  is  prepared. 

To  clean  dirty  marble— sal  soda  one  part,  powdered  pumice  one 
part,  wliiting  two  parts,  oxalic  acid  half  a  part.  Mix.  Spread  the 
preparation  on  the  marble,  and  moisten  with  sufficient  hot  water  to 
form  a  paste.     Rub  well. 

That  castor  oil  softens  boots  and  shoes  which  have  been  hardened 
by  M'ater. 

That  one  teaspoonful  of  ammonia  to  a  teacup  of  water  applied  with 
a  rag  will  clean  silver  or  gold  jewelry  perfectly. 

That  furniture  may  be  brightened  and  cleaned  from  soiled  spots  by 
rubbing  with  a  cloth  dipped  in  sweet  oil. 

That  paint  stains  that  are  dry  and  old  may  be  removed  from  cotton 
or  woolen  goods  with  chloroform.  It  is  a  good  plan  to  first  cover  the 
spot  with  olive  oil  or  butter. 

That  when  a  room  is  to  have  a  new  paper  the  old  ought  to  be 
removed  first.  A  boiler  of  hot  water  set  in  a  room,  and  the  doors  and 
windows  closed  for  a  while  will  cause  the  paper  to  loosen,  so  that  it 
may  be  taken  off  without  difficulty.  The  wood-work  may  then  be 
cleaned  easily,  while  the  dirt  is  softened  by  the  s<-eam. 


—  206  — 

That  charcoal  is  recommended  as  an  absorber  of  gases  in  the  milk- 
room  where  foul  gases  are  present.  It  should  be  freshly  powdered 
and  kept  there  continually,  especially  in  hot  weather  when  unwhole- 
some odors  are  most  liable  to  infect  the  milk. 

That  to  keep  worms  from  fruit,  a  small  quantity  of  sassafras  bark 
placed  among  any  kind  of  dried  fruit  will  keep  it  free  from  worms  for 
years. 

For  chapped  hands;  one  ounce  of  glycerine,  one  ounce  of  rose  water, 
ten  drops  carbolic  acid.  This  prevents  and  cures  chapping  of  the  skin, 
and  at  the  same  time  bleaches  it. 


Amount  of  Butter  and  Cheese  Obtainable 
From  Milk 

100  pounds  of  milk  contains  about    3     pounds  pure  butter. 
100       '*  "  "  "        7.8        •'      cheese. 

100       "  "      averages    "        3.5        **       common  butter. 

100       "  "  "  "       11.7        "  "        cheese. 

100       "        of  skim  milk  yields       13.5        **      skim  milk  cheese. 

The  time  required  for  the  full  amount  of  cream  to  rise  to  tlie  surface 
of  new  milk  at  different  temperatures  is  as  following: 
10  to  12  hours  if  the  temperature  of  the  air  is  77°  Fahr. 
18  to  20      •*        •'  "  "       •'        68°     '« 

24  **        '        .  "  **       "        55°     •* 

36  "        "  **  '•       "        55°     " 


The  First  United  States  Flag 

In  June,  1776,  a  committee  was  appointed  by  the  Continental  Con- 
gress to  design  a  flag  for  the  new  government  about  to  go  in  operation. 
Colonel  George  Ross  was  on  this  committee  who,  accompanied  by 
George  Washington,  called  upon  an  upholsterer  in  Philadelphia, 
named  Mrs  Ross,  to  instruct  her  how  to  make  the  new  flag.  Wash- 
ington himself  made  a  drawing  of  the  flag  in  her  parlor,  and  while 
doing  this  took  some  suggestions  from  her  as  to  its  design.  She  said 
that  the  stars  should  be  five-cornered  instead  of  six-cornered  as  Wash- 
ington had  made  them.  This  ingenious  lady  made  the  first  flag,  and 
several  others  afterward,  finishing  them  up  in  a  very  superior  manner, 
entirely  satisfactory  to  those  who  had  the  honor  of  first  lifting  them  to 
the  breeze. 


—  207  — 

Origin  of  Orchard  and  Garden  Fruits  and 
Number  of  Varieties 

Name  Place  of  Origin  Number  of  Varieties 

Almond North  Africa 9 

Apple Europe , 1,570 

Banana Asia 

Barberry Asia 1 

Blackberry Asia 20 

Butternut. America 1 

Cherry Asia  Minor 209 

Chestnut Asia  Minor 4 

Citron Media 2 

Cranberry Both  hemispheres 3 

Cucumber Asia 

Currant Europe 27 

Egg-plant Africa 

Fig Asia  and  Barbary 15 

Filbert Europe 8 

Gooseberry Europe  and  Asia 81 

Grape Persia 232 

Hickory -nut America 2 

Lemon Asia 2 

Lime Asia 1 

Medlar Europe 

Melon  Musk Persia 17 

Mulberry,  black Persia .  ^  « 

**         white China ) 

.  Nectarine Northern  India 32 

Olive Asia  and  Africa 6 

Orange , Africa 10 

Peach Persia  and  China 239 

Pear Asia  Minor 1,087 

Pecan United  States 

Pineapple Tropical  America 

Plum Asia  Minor 297 

Pomegranate China 8 

Pumpkin Uncertain , 

Quince Europe 10 

Raspberry Asia  Minor 88 

Service France  and  Italy 

Shaddock China  and  Japan 

Squash East  Indies 

Tomato America 

Walnut Persia 5 

Watermelon Old  World 15 


—  208  — 

Amount  of  Oil  in  Skebs 

The  amount  of  oil  in  a  certain  seed  will  vary  according  to  the  con- 
ditions of  growth.  In  a  scale  of  100  this  is  considered  about  the  average 
per  cent. 

Per  cent  Per  cent 

Name  of  Oil  Name  of  Oil 

Bitter  Almond 37  Oats 6^ 

Hempseed 19  Sweet  Almond 47 

Linseed 17  Turnip  seed 45 

Rapeseed 55  Wliite  Mustard 37 


The  First  Steam-propelled  Vessel  that 
Crossed  the  Ocean 

The  Times  (of  London,  England),  in  the  issue  of  May  8,  1819,  thus 
announced  the  expected  event: 

"Great  Experiment. — A  new  steam-vessel  of  300  tons  has  been  built 
at  New  York  for  the  express  purpose  of  carrying  passengers  across  the 
Atlantic.     She  is  to  come  to  Liverpool  direct." 

This  steamer,  named  the  Savannah,  the  first  that  crossed  the  Atlantic, 
was  built  at  New  York  by  Francis  Ficket.  Her  engines  were  made  by 
Stephen  Vail,  of  Morristown.  She  was  launched  on  the  22d  of  August, 
1818.  She  could  carry  only  seventy-five  tons  of  coal  and  twenty-five 
cords  of  wood.  Commanded  by  Captain  Moses  Rogers,  of  New  Lou- 
don, Conn.,  the  Savannah  sailed  from  Savannah,  Ga.,  on  the  25th  of 
May,  1819,  bound  for  St.  Petersburg  via  Liverpool.  She  reached  the 
latter  port  on  the  20th  of  June,  having  used  steam  eighteen  days  out 
of  the  twenty -six. 


United  States  Squadron  Stations 

North  Atlantic  -            -         Headquarters  at  Washington,  D.  C. 

South  Atlantic  -            -            -              **            Rio  Janeiro,  Brazil 

North  Pacific  -            -                        "            San  Francisco,  Cal. 

South  Pacific  -            -            -                 **            Panama,  U.  S.  of  Col. 

European       .  -             -                        '•            London,  England 

Asiatic      -  -            -            -               **            Hong  Kong,  nr.  China 


'I7iri7B? 


209 


Mottoes  of  the  States  and  Territories 

United  States. — E plurihus  unum  (Latin).     One  composed  of  many. 

Alabama. — Here  we  rest. 

Arizona. — Ditat  Deus.     God  enx'iches. 

Arkansas. — Regnant  pc/puli  (Latin).     The  people  rule. 

California. — Eareha  (Greek)./    I  have  found  it. 

Colorado. — Nil  sine  numine  (Latin).     Nothing  without  God. 

Connecticut. — Qui  transtulit  sustinet  (Latin).  He  who  transplanted 
still  sustains. 

Dakota. — Liberty  and  Union,  now  and  forever,  one  and  inseparable. 

Delaware. — Liberty  and  Independence. 

District  of  Columbia. — Juatitia,  OmnihuK  (Latin).     Justice  to  all. 

Florida. — Iii  God  is  our  trust. 

Georgia, — Wisdom,  justice  and  moderation. 

Idaho. — Salve  (Latin).     In  good  condition. 

Illinois. — State  Sovereignty— National  Union. 

Iowa.— Our  Liberties  we  prize,  and  our  Rights  we  will  maintain. 

Kansas. — Ad  astra  per  aspera  (Latin).  To  the  stars  through  diffi- 
culties. 

Kentucky. — United  we  stand,  divided  we  fall. 

Louisiana. — Union,  Justice  and  Confidence. 

Maine. — Dirigo  (Latin).     I  direct  or  guide. 

Maryland. — Grescite  et  multipUcamini  (Latin).  Grow,  or  increase  and 
multiply. 

Massachusetts. — Erne  pitit  placidam  sub  lihertate  quietem  (Latin). 
With  the  sword  she  seeks  quiet  place  under  liberty. 

Michigan. — Si  quoeri<i  peninsulam  amoRnam  circumspice  (Latin).  If 
thou  seekest  a  beautiful  peninsula,  behold  it  here, 

Minnesota. — Uetoil  du  nord  (French).     The  star  of  the  North. 

Missouri. — Salus  populi  suprema  est  fex  (Latin).  The  welfare  of  the 
people  is  the  supreme  law. 

Montana. — Oro  y  Plata  (Spanish).     Gold  and  Silver. 

Nebraska. — Equality  before  the  law. 

Nevada. —  Volens  et  potens  (Latin).     Able  and  willing. 

New  York. — Excelsior  (Latin).     Higher,  more  elevated. 

Oregon. — Alis  volat  propriis  (Lsitm) .     She  flies  with  her  own  wings. 

Pennsylvania. — Virtue,  Liberty,  Independence. 

Rhode  Island. — Hope. 

South  Carolina. — Animis  opihusque  parati — Ihim,  Spiro,  Spero  (Latin). 
Prepared  in  mind  and  resources,  ready  to  give  life  and  property — 
While  I  breathe,  I  hope. 


—  210  — 

Vermont.  — Freedom  and  Unity. 

Virginia. — Sic  semper  tyrannis  (Latin).     Ever  so  to  tyrants. 
Washington. — Al-ki  (Indian).     Bye-and-bye. 

West  Virginia. — Montxni  semper  liberi  (Latin).  Mountaineers  are 
always  freemen. 

Wyoming. — Cedant  arma  togce  (Latin).     Let  arms  yield  to  the  gown. 
Wisconsin.  — Fo.  ward. 

Extreme  Heat  in  Various  CountriEvS 

The  following  figures  show  the  extreme  heat  in  the  various  countries 
of  the  world.  Bengal,  150  deg.  Fahrenheit;  Borgu,  Sahara  Desert, 
153  deg.;  Persia,  125  degs. ;  Calcutta,  India,  120  deg.;  Central  Amer- 
ican Republic,  r29degs.;  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  South  Africa,  105  deg.; 
Greece,  109  degs. ;  Arabia,  1 1 1  degs. ;  New  York,  102  degs. ;  Spain, 
Cuba,  China,  and  Jamaica,  110  degs.;  France,  Denmark,  Southern 
Russia  and  the  Sandwich  Islands,  100  degs. ;  England,  Ireland  and 
Portugal,  88  degs.;  Australia,  80  deas.;  Scotland,  75  degs.;  Sweden 
and  Norway,  65  degs. ;  Iceland,  42  degs. ;  and  Nova  Zembla,  32  degs. ; 
never  above  the  freezing  po'nt. 

The  Oldest  Colleges  in  the  United  States 

When 
College  Name  and  Location  Founded 

Harvard,  Cambridge,   Mass 1638 

William  and  Henry,  Williamsburg,  Va 1693 

Yale,  New  Haven,  Conn ....  1 700 

College  of  New  Jersey,  Princeton,  New  Jersey 1746 

Washington  and  Lee,  Lexington,  Va 1749 

Columbia  (first  named  Kings),  New  York 1754 

Brown,  Providence,  R.  1 1764 

Dartmouth,  Hanover,  N.  H 1769 

Rutgers,  New  Brunswick,  N.  J 1770 

Dickinson,  Carlisle,  Penn 1783 

University  of  Peunsylvania,  Philadelphia,  Penn 1785 

Williams,  Williamstown,  Mass 1793 

Union  Schenectady,  N.  Y 1795 

Bowdoin,  Brunswick,  Me 1798 

Trinity.  Hartford,  Conn 1823 

University  of  Virginia,  Charlottesville,  Va  '. 1825 

Wesleyan,  Middletown,  Conn 1830 


^  211  — 

Horses  Famous  in  History 

Annual  Statistican 

Bavieca,  the  Cid's  horse.  He  survived  his  master  two  years  and 
a  half,  during  which  time  no  one  was  allowed  to  mount  him,  and 
when  he  died  he  was  buried  before  the  gate  of  the  monastery  of 
Valencia,  Spain,  and  two  elms  were  planted  to  mark  the  site. 

Bevis,  the  horse  of  Lord  Marmion.  The  name  is  Norse  and  means 
swift. 

Black  Bess  was  the  famous  mare  of  Dick  Turpin. 

Bucephalus,  the  celebrated  horse  of  Alexander  the  Great.  Alex- 
ander was  the  only  person  who  could  mount  him,  and  he  always 
knelt  down  to  take  his  master.  He  was  thirty  years  old  at  death,  and 
Alexander  built  a  city  for  his  mausoleum,  vdiich  he  called  Eucephalse. 

Celer,  the  horse  of  the  Roman  Emperor  Verus,  was  fed  on  almonds 
and  raisins,  and  was  covered  with  roj'al  purple  and  installed  in  the 
imperial  palace.  At  death  a  mausoleum  in  the  Vatican  was  raised 
to  its  honor. 

Incitatus,  the  horse  of  the  Roman  Emperor  Caligula,  was  made  a 
priest  and  consul,  had  a  manger  of  ivory,  and  drank  wine  from  a 
golden  pail. 

Morocco,  the  famous  trick  horse  of  Banks.  While  performing  in 
Rome,  the  Pope  had  both  horse  and  master  arrested  and  burned  as 
magicians. 

l^hrenicos,  the  horse  of  Hiero,  of  Syracuse,  that  won  the  Olympic 
prize  for  single  horses,  in  the  73d  Olympiad. 

Roan  Barbary,  the  favorite  horse  of  King  Richard  II. 

Shebediz,  the  Persian  Buchephalus,  belonging  to  the  Shah  Kosroes 
Par  viz. 

White  Surrey,  the  favorite  horse  of  King  Richard  III, 

Insects  and  Mammals  Most  Useful  to  Men 

The  silkworm,  silk;  the  cochineal  insect,  cochineal;  the  lac 
insect,  lac;  the  gall  insect,  gall;  the  bee,  honey  and  wax;  the  Spanish 
fly,  medicinal;  the  G-reenland  whale,  whale  oil  and  whalebone;  the 
Sperm  whale,  oil  and  spermaceti;  the  walrus,  oil  and  ivory;  the  seal, 
oil  and  skin;  the  porpoise,  oil  and  leather;  the  elephant,  ivory  and  food; 
the  beaver,  mink,  marten,  fur;  muskrat,  otter,  seal,  sable,  fur;  ermine, 
fox,  gray  squirrels,  fur;  chinchilla,  fur;  the  peccary,  kangaroo,  rein- 
deer, food  and  leather;  elk  or  moose,  antelope,  chamois,  food  and 
leather;  bison  and  buffalo,  sheep  and  cattle,  food  and  leather. 


-  212  — 

Nicknames  of  the  Inhabitants  of  Differ- 
ent States 

Alabama— Lizards 

Arkansas — Toothpicks,  gophers 

California — Gold  Hunters 

Colorado — Rovers 

Delaware — Blue  Hens,  muskrats 

Florida — Fly-up:the  Creeks 

Georgia — Crackers,  buzzards 

Illinois — Suckers 

Indiana — Hoosiers 

Kansas — Jay  hawkers 

Kentucky — Corncrackers 

Louisiana — Creoles,  creowls 

Maine — Foxes 

Maryland — Crawthumpers 

Michigan — Wolverine 

Minnesota — Gophers 

Mississippi — Tadpoles,  mudcats 

Missouri — Pukes 

New  Hampshire — Granite  Boys 

New  Jersey — Blues,  Clam-catchera 

North  Carolina — Tar-boilers 

Ohio —Buckeyes 

Oregon — Webfeet,  Hard  Cases 

Pennsylvania — Pennites,  Leather-heads 

Rhode  Island — Gun-flints 

South  Carolina — Weasels 

Tennessee— Whelps,  Cotton  Maniacs 

Texas — Beet-heads 

Vermont— Green  Mountain  Boys 

Virginia— Beadles,  Beagles 

Wisconsin — Badgers 


—  213  — 

Fashion  of  Execution  in  Different 
Countries 

Austria,  gallows,  public. 

Bavaria,  guillotine,  private. 

Belgium,  guillotine,  public. 

Brunswick,  axe,  private. 

China,  sword  or  cord,  public. 

Denmark,  guillotine,  public. 

Ecuador,  musket,  public. 

France,  guillotine,  public. 

Great  Britain,  gallows,  private 

Hanover,  guillotine,  private. 

Italy,  capital  punishment  abolished. 

Netherlands,  gallows,  public. 

Oldenburg,  musket,  public. 

Portugal,  gallows,  public. 

Prussia,  sword,  private. 

Russia,  musket,  gallows,  or  sword,  public. 

Saxony,  guillotine,  private. 

Spain,  garrote,  public. 

Switzerland,  fifteen  cantons,  sword,  public.     Two  cantons,  guillotine, 

private.     Two  cantons,  guillotine,  public. 
United  States,  except  New  York,  gallows,  private. 


The  Nine  Muses 

Clio  or  Klio,  the  muse  of  History. 

Calliope  or  Kalliope,  the  muse  of  Eloquence  or  Epic  Poetry. 

Erato,  the  muse  of  Love  and  Marriage. 

Euterpe,  the  muse  of  the  Art  of  Music. 

Melpomene,  the  muse  of  Tragedy. 

Polyhymnia  or  Polymnia,  the  muse  of  Song  and  Oratory. 

Terpsichore,  the  muse  of  Dancing. 

Thalia,  the  muse  of  Comedy  and  Burlesque, 

Urania,  the  muse  of  Astronomy. 


—  214  — 

Nicknames  of  the  United  States 

Uncle  Sam,  Brother  Jonathan,  Columbia,  the  New  World,  Stars  and 
Stripes,  Yankee  Land,  Yankeedom,  and  America. 


Statue  of  Limitation   on   Debts,   Notes, 

Judgments,  Sealed  Instruments, 

ETC.,  of  the  States 


Statue  of 

Statue  of 

Limitation 

States  and 
Territories 

Limitation 

states  and 
Territories 

5 

|i 

< 

1 

2; 

i2 

I 

■a 

^-5 

2 

If 

1 
0 

i! 

yrs. 

yrs. 

yrs. 

yrs. 

yrs. 

yrs. 

yrs. 

yrs. 

yrs. 

yrs. 

Alabama 

3 

C 

20 

10 

1 

Mississippi 

3 

G 

7 

7 

1 

Arizona 

2 

4 

5 

4 

I 

Missouri 

5 

10 

20 

10 

2 

Arkansas 

3 

5 

10 

10 

1 

Montana 

2 

G 

G 

G 

2 

California 

2 

4 

5 

5 

1 

Nebraska 

4 

5 

5 

10 

1 

Colorado 

3 

3 

6 

C 

1 

Nevada 

4 

G 

G 

C 

2 

Connecticut 

6 

6 

6 

17 

3 

N.Hampshire 

6 

G 

2 

2 

2 

Dakota 

6 

6 

20 

20 

2 

New  Jersey 

G 

G 

20 

6 

2 

Delaware 

3 

6 

20 

6 

1 

New  Mexico 

No 

Stat 

of 

lim 

1 

District  of 

New  York 

G 

G 

20 

20 

2 

Columbia 

3 

6 

12 

12 

1 

N.  Carolina 

3 

10 

10 

10 

1 

Florida 

4 

5 

20 

20 

2 

Ohio 

C 

15 

20 

15 

1 

Georgia 

4 

6 

7 

20 

1-2 

Oregon 

6 

G 

10 

10 

2 

Idaho 

4 

5 

6 

5 

3 

Pennsylvania 

6 

G 

20 

20 

1 

Illinois 

5 

10 

20 

20 

1 

Rhode  Island 

G 

G 

20 

20 

1 

Indiana 

6 

15 

20 

20 

2 

S.  Carolina 

6 

6 

20 

20 

2 

Iowa 

0 

10 

20 

10 

2 

Tennessee 

6 

G 

10 

10 

1 

Kansas 

3 

5 

5 

5 

1 

Texas 

2 

4 

10 

10 

1 

Kentucky- 

2 

15 

15 

15 

1 

Utah 

2 

4 

5 

5 

1 

Louisiana 

3 

5 

10 

10 

1 

Vermont 

6 

G 

8 

8 

2 

Maine 

C 

6 

20 

20 

2 

Virginia 

2 

5 

20 

20 

5 

Maryland 

3 

3 

12 

12 

3 

Washington 

3 

6 

G 

G 

2 

Mass. 

6 

6 

20 

20 

2 

W.  Virginia 

3 

5 

10 

20 

5 

Michigan 

6 

6 

12 

10 

2 

Wisconsin 

G 

G 

20 

20 

2 

Minnesota 

6 

6 

10 

10 

2 

Wyoming 

4 

5 

21 

5 

1 

215 


Armories  and  Arsenals  of  the 
United  Statks 


Name 
Springfield  Armory 
Allegbanj'  Arsenal 
Augusta  Arsenal 
Benicia  Arsenal 
Chanijjlain  Arsenal 
Charleston  Arsenal 
Columbus  Arsenal 
Detroit  Arsenal 
Fort  Monroe  Arsenal 
Fort  Union  Arsenal 
Frankford  Arsenal 
Indianapolis  Arsenal 
Kenneljec  Arsenal 
Leavenworth  Arsenal 
Mt.  Vernon  Arsenal 
New  York  Arsenal 
Pikesville  Arsenal 
Rock  Island  Arsenal 
Rome  Arsenal 
St.  Louis  Arsenal 
San  Antonio  Arsenal 
Vancouver  Arsenal 
Washington  Arsenal 
VVatertown  Arsenal 
Watervdiet  Arsenal 


Location 
Springfield,  Mass. 
Pittsburgh,  Penn. 
Augusta,  Ga. 
Benicia,  Cal. 
Vergennes,  Vt, 
Charleston,  S.  C. 
Columbus,  Ohio. 
Dearborn ville,  Mich. 
Old  Point  Comfort,  Va. 
Fort  Union,  New  Mexico. 
Philadelphia,  Penn. 
Indianapolis,  Indiana 
Augusta,   Me. 
Fort  Leavenworth,  Kan. 
Mt.  Vernon,  Ala. 
New  York,  N.  Y. 
Pikesville,  Md. 
Rock  Island,  Ills. 
Rome,  N.  Y. 
i^t.  Louis,  Mo. 
San  Antonio,  Texas 
Vancouver,  Wash. 
Washington,  D.  C. 
Watertown,  Mass. 
West  Trov,  N.  Y. 


Languages  and  Alphabets 


It  is  said  that  the  various  nations  of  the  earth  speak  about  eighty- 
eight  diflferent  dialects,  but  these  can  be  traced  to  a  much  smallei 
number  of  languages,  which  again  are  all  referred  by  the  philosophers 
to  three  classes:  1.  The  Indo-Germanic  embracing  the  ancient  classi- 
cal languages  as  well  as  those  of  modern  Europe.  2.  The  Sanscrit 
embracing  all  the  varieties  of  India.  3.  The  Semitic  including  Hebrew 
and  Arabic. 


—  216  — 

Of  old  languages  the  Hebrew  is  the  oldest,  the  most  poetic  ;  the  Latin 
the  most  copious  and  sonorous ;  the  Greek  the  most  impressive  and 
sublime.     These  three  are  generally  called  the  dead  languages. 

Modern  Languages  :  The  Chinese  is  the  most  difficult ;  the  Italian 
the  softest,  the  Spanish  the  most  pompous,  the  French  the  most  polite 
and  passionate,  and  the  most  copious  and  energetic. 

The  English  language  contains  26  letters  ;  German  26  ;  French  25  ; 
Hebrew  22 ;  Chaldee  22  ;  Syric  22  ;  Greek  24  ;  Latin  25  ;  Spanish  27  j 
Italian  20 ;  Arabic  28  ;  Persian  31 ;  Moscovite  43  ;  Turkish  33 ;  Georgian 
36  ;  Copic  32  ;  Sclavonic  27  ;  Dutch  26  ;  Ethiopic  222  ;  Tartarian  222  j 
Bengal,  India  21  ;  Brachman  19 ;  Sanscrit  28. 

The  French  language  has  about  32,000  words  ;  the  Spanish  30,000; 
the  Italian  35,000 ;  and  the  German  37,000. 

The  English  language  consists  of  above  40,000  words  and  is  continu- 
ally increasing  its  stock.  It  is  said  to  contain  about  20,000  Saxon 
word^,  with  about  9,000  of  Latin  or  Norman  origin  and  about  1,500  of 
Greek  derivation,  together  with  the  German,  Welsh,  Danish,  Arabic, 
Hebrew,  etc. 

In  English  the  scientific  words  are  mostly  from  the  Greek ;  terms  of 
Art  from  the  French,  Latin  and  Italian  and  names  of  places  and  rivers 
and  moat  of  the  particles  from  the  Saxon. 


States  and  Territories,  their  Area,  when 

Admitted  into  the  Union,  where 

First  Settled  and  When 


Name 

Area  Sq.  Mi.     " 

When  admitted  into 
the  Union 

When 
Settled 

Where  Settled 

Alabama 

52,250 

Dec.  14,  1819 

1711 

Mobile 

Alaska  Ter. 

531,409 

Arizona  Ter. 

113,020 

1580 

Tucson 

Arkansas 

53,850 

June  15,  1839 

1685 

Arkansas  Post 

California 

158,300 

Sept.  9,  1850 

1769 

San  Diego 

Colorado 

103,925 

August  1,  1876 

1858 

Denver 

Connecticut 

4,990 

*Jan.  9,  1788 

1633 

Windsor 

Delaware 

2,050 

*Dec.  7,  1787 

1638 

Wilmington 

Florida 

58,680 

March  3,  1845 

1565 

St.  Auguitine 

Georgia 

59,475 

*Jan.  2,  1788 

.  1733 

Savannah 

Idaho  Ter. 

110,700 

1860 

Illinois 

56,650 

Dec.  3,  1818 

1720 

Kaskaskia 

217  — 


Admission  of  States,  Etc- 

—Continued 

Name              Area  Sq.  Mi 

.     When  Admitted 

When 

Where  Settled 

into  the  Union. 

Settled 

1 

Indiana 

36,350 

Dec.  11,  1816 

1730 

Vincennes 

Indian  Ter 

6i,690 

1834 

Iowa 

56,025 

Dec.  28,  1846 

1788 

Burlington 

Kansas 

82,080 

Jan.  29,  1861 

1827 

Fort  Leavenworth 

Kentucky- 

40,400 

June  1,  1792 

1775 

Boonsborough 

Louisiana 

48,720 

April  30,  1812 

1699 

Iberville 

Maine 

33,040 

March  15,  1820 

1625 

Bristol 

Maryland 

12,210 

*April  28,  1788 

1634 

St.  Mary's 

Massachusetts 

8,315 

*Feb.  8,  1788 

1620 

Plymouth 

Michigan 

58,915 

Jan.  26,  1837 

1670 

Detroit 

Minnesota 

83,365 

May  11,  1858 

1846 

St.  Paul 

Mississippi 

46,810 

Dec.  10,  1817 

1716 

Natchez 

Missouri 

69,415 

August  10,  1821 

1764 

St.  Louis 

Montana 

143,080 

Nov.  8,  1889 

1860 

Nebraska 

78,855 

March  1,  1867 

1854 

Omaha 

Nevada 

110,700 

Oct.  31,  1864 

1860 

Washoe 

New  Hampshire 

9,305 

*June  21,  1788 

1623 

Little  Harbor 

New  Jersey 

7,815 

*Dec.  18,  1787 

1664 

Elizabeth 

N.  Mexico  Ter. 

122,580 

1582 

New  York 

49,170 

*July  26,  1788 

1614 

New  York  City 

North  Dakota 

74,000 

Nov.  2,  1889 

1812 

North  Carolina 

52,250 

*Nov.  21,  1789 

1850 

Chowan  River 

Ohio 

41,060 

Nov.  29,  1802 

1788 

Marietta 

Oregon 

96,030 

Feb.  14,  1859 

1811 

Astoria 

Pennsylvania 

45,215 

*Dec.  12,  1787 

1882 

Philadelphia 

Rhode  Island 

1,250 

*May29,  1790 

1836 

Providence 

South  Carolina 

30,570 

*May  23,  1788 

1670 

Ashley  River 

South  Dakota 

75,100 

Nov.  2,  1889 

1812 

Tennessee 

42,050 

June  1,  1796 

1759 

Fort  Loudon 

Texas 

265,780 

Dec.  29,  1845 

1692 

San  Antonio 

Utah  Ter. 

84,970 

1847 

Vermont 

9,565 

March  4,  1791 

1724 

Fort  Dummer 

Virginia 

42,450 

*June  25,  1788 

1607 

Jamestown 

Washington 

69,180 

Nov.  11,  1889 

1845 

West  Virginia 

24, 780 

June  19,  1863 

1601 

Jamestown 

Wisconsin 

56,040 

May  29,  1847 

1669 

Green  Bay 

"Wyoming 

97,390 

Dist,  of  Columbia         70 

*  The  origiaal  thirteen  States,  when  they  ratified  the  Constitution, 


-  218  — 

Postage  Rates 

IvCtters  within  U.  S.  Per  oz. 

Letters  to  any  part 2cts. 

City  drop  letters 2  cts. 

Postal  Cards  to  any  part 1  ct.  each 

Registered  letters  proper  postage  and 10  cts. 

Immediate  delivery  letters,  l>esides  regular  postage,  special 

stamp 10  cts. 

Postage  on  Sec3NI)-clas3  Matter — which  embracer  newspapers, 
magazines,  and  periodicals  published  not  less  than  four  times  a  year — 
one  cent,  prepaid,  per  pound  or  fraction  thereof,  when  mailed  by  pub- 
lisher or  news-agent  t^  rcrjular  subscribers.  Second-class  matter  mailed 
by  other  persons  than  publishers  or  news-agents  becomes  special  matter, 
specially  entitled  to  pass  through  the  mails  at  one  cent  for  each  four 
ounces  or  fraction  thereof. 

Postage  on  Third-class  Matter— Books,  pamphlets,  circulars  and 
other  matter  wholly  in  print,  such  ai  hand-bilh,  posters,  music,  phota- 
graphs,  lithographs,  corrected  proof-chects  and  manuscripts  accom- 
panying the  same,  seed-cuttings,  ])ulbA,  roots,  etc. — one  cent,  prepaid 
by  stamp,  for  cveri/  twj  ounces  or  fraetioa  thereof. 

Packages  of  transient  printed  matter  are  limited  to  four  pounds  each, 
unless  in  the  case  where  a  single  volume  of  a  book  shall  exceed  that 
weight.  The  sender  may  write  his  name  and  address  on  the  wrapper, 
preceded  by  the  word  "from,"  and  may  mark  a  passage  of  the  text,  or 
write  on  a  fly-leaf  a  simple  inscription  or  dedication.  Packages  must 
be  wrapped  with  open  sides  or  ends. 

Postage  on  Fourth-class  Matter — Merchandise,  blank  cards,  pat- 
terns, letter  envelopes,  letter-paper  with  or  without  printing,  printed 
blanks,  original  pain  tings  in  oil  or  water-colors,  maps  mounted  on  cloth, 
printed  letter-heads,  models,  ores,  metals,  and  all  mailable  matter  not 
embraced  in  the  foregoing  classes — one  cent,  prepaid  by  stamp,  for  each 
ounce  or  fraction  thereof.  Liquids  (except  poisons,  explosive,  inflam- 
mable or  offensive  articles),  in  packages  properly  secured,  may  be 
transported.     The  limit  of  weight  is  four  pounds. 

Postal  Notes  and  Money  Orders 

Postal  Notes  under  $5,  payable  to  bearer,  3  cts. 

Money  Orders  in  U.  S. — Not  exceeding  $5,  5  cents;  $5  to  f  10,  8  cents; 
exceeding  $10  to  $15,  10  cents;  exceeding  $15  to  $30,  15  cents;  exceed- 
ing $30  to  $40,  20  cents;  exceeding  $40  to  $50,  25  cents;  exceeding  $50 
to  $60,  30  cents;  exceeding  $G0  to  $70,  35  cents;  exceeding  $70  to  $80, 
40  cents;  exceeding  $80  to  $100,  45  cents. 

Money  Orders  to  Foreif/n  Countries — Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  France, 
German  Empire,  Canada,  Belgium,  Italy,  Switzerland,  Portugal, 
Algeria,  Jamaica,  Windward  Islands,  Sandwich  Islands,  Victoria, 
Tasmania,  Queensland,  Cape  Colony,  Japan,  Hong  Kong,  New  Zealand, 
New  South  Wales,  Leeward  Islands  and  Sweden,  not  over  $10,  10  cts.; 
not  over  $20,  20  cents;  not  over  $30,  30  cents;  not  over  $40,  40  cents; 
not  over  $50,  50  cents;  Canada,  not  over  $100,  $1;  Grermany,  not  over 
$97,  $1. 


-  219  — 

Foreign  Postage 
From  the  United  States  to  all  following  countries  and  places,  which 
are  in  the  Universal  Postal  Union,  the  postage  on  letters  is  five  (5) 
CENTS  for  each  half  ounce  or  fraction  thereof  (prepayment  optional), 
TWO  CENTS  for  each  postal  card,  and  one  cent  for  each  two  ounces  news- 
papers: Argentine  Republic,  Au5tria  aid  Hungary,  Belgium,  Bolivia, 
Brazil,  Bulgaria,  Ceylon,  China  via  Hong  Kong,  Chili,  Cuba,  Denmark 
and  Danish  colonies,  Ecuador,  Egypt,  Falkland  Island?,  France  and 
French  colonies,  Germany,  Great  Britain  and  British  West  Indies, 
Greece,  Greenland,  Guatemala,  Hayfci,  Holland  or  Netherlands  and 
Netherland  colonies,  Honduras,  Hong  Kong,  India  (British),  Ireland, 
Italy,  Japan,  Liberia,  Luxembourg,  Malacca,  Mauritius,  Montenegro, 
Newfoundland,  Norway,  Paraguay,  Patagonia,  Penang,  Persia,  Peru, 
Portugal  and  Portuguese  colonies,  Roumania,  Russia,  St.  Bartholomew, 
Salvador,  Servia,  Siam,  Singapore,  Spain  and  Spanish  colonies,  Straits 
Settlements,  Sweden,  Switzerland,  Trinidad,  Turkey,  United  States 
of  Colombia,  Uruguay,  Venezuela. 

Postage  to  Countries  and  Places  not  in 
Postal  Union. 

Pre-Payment  Compulsory. 


COUNTRIES  AND  PLACES. 


Australia  via  England 

Australia,  except  New  South  Wales,  Queensland, 
Victoria  and  Tasmania,  via  San  Francisco 

Canada  and  British  N.  A.  provinces,  except 
Newfoundland 

Cape  Good  Hope  and  Colony 

China  via  England 

Natal 

New  South  Wales,  Queensland,  Victoria,  Tas- 
mania and  New  Zealand  via  San  Francisco. . . . 

St,  Helena 

Transvaal 


Letters 

not exceed 

in:?  y^  oz. 


12  cts. 

5    " 
jeach  oz. 
\  2  cts. 
15    " 

13  " 
15    " 

12  " 
15  " 
21    " 


Nows,- 
papers. 


2  cts. 

2    " 
(ec.  2  oz. 
j  1  ct. 

4  " 

5  " 
4   " 

2  " 

4  " 

5  " 


Caxada. — Same  as  in  United  States. 

Mexico. — Same  as  United  States.  Limit  of  weight  of  single  pack- 
ages, 4  lbs.  6  oz.,  except  single  printed  books,  which  may  weigh  more. 
Merchandise  must  be  sent  by  parcel  post. 


—  220  — 

Bahamas,  Barbadoes,  Hoxduras  (British),  Jamaica,  U.  S  of 
Colombia,  Hawaii  Islands,  Leeward  Islands,  Salvador  and  Mex- 
ico.—Merchandise  may  be  sent  by  parcel  post,  12  cents  a  pound,  or 
fraction  thereof.     Limit  of  weight,  11  pounds. 

Letters,  postal  cards,  printed  matter  of  all  kinds,  commercial  docu- 
ments and  samples  of  merchandise  are  transmissible  in  Postal  Union 
mails.  The  following  are  considered  as  printed  matter,  viz.:  News- 
j)apers  and  periodical  works,  books  stitched  or  bound,  pamphlets,  sheets 
of  music,  visiting  cards,  address  cards,  proofs  of  printing  with  or 
without  the  manuscript  relating  thereto,  engravings,  photographs, 
drawings,  plans,  geographical  map3,catalogues,  prospectuses,  announce- 
ments and  notices  of  various  kinds,  whether  printed,  engraved,  litho- 
graphed or  autographed. 

Address  cards  and  all  printed  matter  presenting  the  form  and  con- 
sistency of  an  unfolded  card  may  be  forwarded  without  band,  envelope, 
fastening  or  fold.  The  maximum  weight  of  printed  matter  is  fixed  at 
2  kilograms  (4  lbs.  C  oz.).  Postage  on  printed  matter,  one  cent  for 
each  2  oz. 


Qualifications  Required  for  Suffrage  in 
Different  States 


STATES 


Alabama 

Arkansas 

California * 

Colorado * 

Connecticut * 

Delaware 

Florida * 

Georgia 

Illinois * 

Indiana 

Iowa * 

Kansas J 

Kentucky. 

Louisiana 

Maine * 

Maryland * 

Massachusetts * 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Montana 

Nebraska 

Nevada * 


Citizens  or  have  declared  intentions- 


Actual  Citizens 

Citizens  or  have  declared  intentions... 

Actual  Citizens 

Actual  Co\.nty  Tax-Payers 

U.  S.  Citizens  or  have  dec'd  intentions 
Actual  Citizens 


New  Hampshire..* 

New  Jersey + 

New  York t 

North  Carolina  ...* 

North  Dakota 

Ohio 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania * 

Rhode  Island * 

South  Carolina....* 

South  Dakota 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Vermont * 

Virginia * 


Voters  must  be  males  21  years 
of  age  and 


1  yr. 


Citizens  or  have  declared  intentions. 

Actual  Citizens 

Citizens  or  have  declared  intentions. 

Free  White  Male  Citizens 

Citizens  or  have  declared  intentions. 
Actual  Citizens 


Citizens 

Citizens  or  have  declared  intentions. 


Actual  Citizens 

Citizens  or  have  declared  intentions. 

Actual  Citizeus 

Citizens  or  have  declared  intentions. 


Actual  Citizens. 


Residence  required  in 


State     County     Voting 
Prec't 


mo. 

yr. 


Citizens  or  have  declared  intentions. 
Actual  Citizens 


Actual  Tax-Paying  Citizens 

Actual  Citizens 

Citizens  or  have  declared  intentions. 

Actual  Citizens 

Citizens  or  have  declared  intentions. 
Actual  Citizens 


Washington 

West  Virginia 

Wisconsin *iCitizens  or  have  declared  intentions... 


3  mo. 
6    " 


b  mo. 
1    " 


1  yr. 
6  mo. 


6  mo. 


1  mo. 

2  " 


5  mo. 

•1    " 
3     " 


1  mo. 
1    " 
1    " 


6  mo. 


1  mo. 
1    " 


1  mo. 


6  mo. 
lOdys 
10   •' 


Town 
6  mo. 


1  mo. 
Qo'dys 


Idiots,  lunatics,  paupers,  persons  convicted  of  various  crimes  (Chinese 
in  California)  are  not  allowed  to  vote  in  most  of  the  States. 

All  the  42  States  limit  suffrage  to  male  citizens,  but  in  Colorado, 
Massachusetts  and  several  other  States,  women  may  vote  at  school  dis- 
trict elections. 

In  States  marked  *  voters  are  required  to  register  before  they  can 
vote. 

In  States  marked  +  registration  is  required  in  cities  having  a  popula- 
tion of  10,000  and  over. 

In  States  marked  X  registration  required  in  cities  only. 

In  Ohio,  registration  is  required  only  in  the  larger  cities.  (221) 


Wars  of  the  United  States 

Statement  of  the  Number  of  United  States 
Troops  Engaged 


Wars 


War  of  the  Revolution 

N'thweslern  Indiau  Wars. 

War  with  France* 

War  with  Tripoli 

Creek  Indian  War 

War  of  1812  with  Great  B. 

Semiuole  Indian  War 

Black  Hawk  Indian  War., 

Cherokee  Disturbance  or 
Removal 

Creek  Indian  War  or  Dis- 
turbance   

Florida  Indian  War 

Aroostook  Disturbance 

War  with.  Mexico 

Apache,  Navajo  and  Utah 
War 

Seminole  Indian  War 

Civil  Wart 


From 


To 


April  1!),  1775 
Sept.  lit,  1790 
July  9,  1798 
.June  10,  1801 
July  27,1813 
June  18,1812 
Nov.  20,1817 
April  21,  1831 

1836 

May  5, 1836 
Dec.    23,1835 

1838 
April  24,  1846 

1849 
1856 
1861 


Regu- 
lars 


April  11,  1783,  130,711 

Aug. 

Sept. 

June 

Aug. 

Feb. 

Oct. 

Sept. 


Militia 
i    and 
jVoIun- 
teers 

I 
1G4,08C 


3,  1795 

30,  1800 

4,  1805 
9,  1814 

17,  1815 
21,  1818 

31,  1832 


1837 


600 

85,000 

1,000 

1,339 


Sept.    30,  1837 
Aug.    14,1843J 

1839  ! 

July      4,1848;    30,954 


935 
11,169 


1855 
1858 
1865 


1,500 


13,181 

471,622 

6,911 

5,126 

9,494 

12,483 

29,9£3 

1,500 

73,776 


Total 


294.781 

8,983 

*4,593 

*3,330 

13,781 

576,622 

7,911 

6,465 

9,494 

13,418 

41,122 

1,500 

112,230 


1,061  2,.561 
3.687  3,687 
2772,408 


*  Naval  forces  engaged,     f  The  number  of   troops  on  the  Confederate 
side  was  about  600,000. 

Revolutionary  War  cost  the  United  States  $135,193,703;  War  of 
1812  cost  the  United  States  $107,159,003;  Mexican  War  cost  the 
United  States  $100,000,000;  Civil  War  cost  the  United  States  $6,189- 
929,900. 

In  the  War  of  1812-15,  there  were  10  battles,  8  combats  and  assaults, 
52  actions  and  bombardments.  In  the  Mexican  War  there  v/ere  1 1 
pitched  battles  and  35  actions,  combats,  sieges  and  skirmishes.  In 
the  Civil  War  of  1861-G5,  there  were  107  pitched  battles,  102  com- 
bats, and  362  actions,  sieges  and  lesser  affairs.  Since  1812,  the  United 
States  Army  has  had  over  640  battles,  fights  and  actions  against 
Indians.  Since  1789  there  have  been  912  garrisoned  forts,  arsenals 
and  military  posts  in  the  United  States.  At  the  present  time  (1890) 
there  are  144  garrisoned  forts,  arsenals  and  military  posts. 

Up  to  and  including  June,  1861,  there  were  1,966  graduates  of  the 
Military  Academv,  and  of  these  there  were  living  at  the  outbreak  of  the 
Civil  War  of  186''l-65,  1,249.  Of  the  1,249,  428  were  in  civil  life 
and  821  were  in  the  military  service  of  the  United  States.  Of  those 
in  civil  life,  292  took  sides  with  the  Union,  and  99  joined  the  Confed- 
eracy, while  37  are  unknown.  Of  the  821  in  the  army,  627  sided  with 
the  Union,  184  joined  the  Confederacy,  and  10  took  neither  side.  Of 
the  99  who  joined  the  Confederacy  from  civd  life,  all,  except  one,  were 
either  born  and  brought  up  or  were  residents  of  Southern  territory. 
On  the  other  hand,  of  the  350  graduates  1)orn  or  appointed  from 
Southern  States,  162  remained  loyal  to  tlie  United  States.  Of  the 
graduates  who  served  in  the  Civil  War,  oneififth  were  killed  in  battle, 
while  one-half  were  wounded. 

(222) 


223  — 


Presidents  of  the  United  States 


Name 

From  vState  of 

Date  ill  Office 

Term  of  Office 

George  Washington 

Virginia 

1789  to  1797 

8yrs. 

John  xA.dams 

Massachusetts 

1797  to  1801 

4yrs. 

Thomas  Jefferson 

Virginia 

1801  to  1809 

8yrs. 

James  Madison 

Virginia 

1809  to  1817 

8yrs. 

James  Monroe 

Virginia 

1817  to  1825 

8  yrs. 

John  Quincy  Adams 

Massachusetts 

1825  to  1829 

4  yrs. 

Andrew  Jackson 

Tennessee 

1829  to  1837 

8  yrs. 

Martin  Van  Buren 

.      New  York 

1837  to  1841 

4  yrs. 

William  H.  Harrison 

Ohio 

1841  to  1841 

1  month 

*John  Tyler 

Virginia 

1841  to  184.5 

3  yrs.  11  mos. 

James  K.  Polk 

Tennessee 

1845  to  1849 

4  yrs. 

Zachary  Taylor 

Louisiana 

1849  to  1850 

1  yr.  4  mos. 

*  Millard  Fillmore 

New  York 

1850  to  1853 

2  yrs.  8  mos. 

Franklin  Pierce 

N.  Hampshire 

1853  to  1857 

4  yrs. 

James  Buchanan 

Pennsylvania 

1857  to  1861 

4  yrs. 

Abraham  Lincoln 

Illinois 

1861  to  1865 

4  yrs.   1  mo. 

*Andrew  Johnson 

Tennessee 

1865  to  1869 

3  yrs.  1 1  mos. 

Ulysses  S.  Grant 

Illinois 

1869  to  1877 

8  yrs. 

Rutherford  B.  Hayes 

Ohio 

1877  to  1881 

4  yrs. 

James  A.  Garfield 

Ohio 

1881  to  1881 

6^  mos. 

*Chester  A.  Arthur 

New  York 

1881  to  1885 

3  yrs.  5|  mos. 

Grover  Cleveland 

New  York 

1885  to  1889 

4  yrs. 

Benjamin  Harrison 

Indiana 

1889 

*  Vice-President  became  President  on  ^ 

death  of  President. 

Vice-Presidents  of  the  United  States 

Name  From  State  of  With  what  President 

John  Adams Massachusetts George  Washington 

Thomas  Jefferson Virginia John  Adams 

Aaron  Burr New  York Thomas  Jefferson 

George  Clinton New  York Thomas  Jefferson 

*George  Clinton New  York T. . .  James  Madison 

+Wm.  H.  Crawford Georgia James  Madison 

*Elbridge  Gerry Massachusetts J  ames  Madison 

tJohn  Gaillord South  Carolina Tames  Madison 

Daniel  D.  Tompkins New  York James  Monroe 

John  C.  Calhoun South  Carolina John  Quincy  Adams 

John  C.  Calhoun South  Carolina Andrew  Jackson 


—  224  — 
Vice-Presidents — Continued 

Name  From  State  of  With  what  President 

Martin  Van  Buren New  York Andrew  Jackson 

Richard  M.  Johnson Kentucky Martin  Van  Buren 

John  Tyler Virginia William  H.  Harrison 

tSamuel  L.  Southard New  Jersey John  Tyler 

fWillie  P.  Mangum North  Carolina John  Tyler 

George  M,   Dallas Pennsylvania James  K.  Polk 

Millard  Fillmore New  York Zachary  Taylor 

tWilliam  R.  King Alabama Millard  Fillmore 

*William  R.  King Alabama Franklin  Pierce 

+D.  R,  Atchinson Missouri Franklin  Pierce 

+J.  D.  Bright Alabama Franklin  Pierce 

John  C.  Breckenbridge  —  Kentucky James  Buchanan 

Hannibal  Hamblin   Maine Abraham  Lincoln 

Andrew  Johnson Tennessee Abraham  Lincoln 

tLafayette  S.  Foster  Connecticut Andrew  Johnson 

tBenjamin  F.  Wade Ohio Andrew  Johnson 

Schuyler  Colfax Indiana Ulysses  S.  Grant 

*Henry  M.  Wilson Massachusetts Ulysses  S.  Grant 

tThomas  W.  Ferry Michigan Ulysses  S.  Grant 

William  A.  Wheeler New  York Rutherford  B.  Hayes 

Chester  A.  Arthur New  York James  A.  Garfield 

tThomas  F.  Bayard Pelaware Chester  A.  Arthur 

tDavid  Davis Illinois Chester  A.  Arthur 

^George  F.  Edmunds Vermont Chester  A.  Artliur 

*Thomas  A.  Hendricks ....  Indiana Grover  Cleveland 

tJohn  Sherman Ohio Grover  Cleveland 

tJohn  J.  Ingalls Kansas Grover  Cleveland 

Levi  P.  Morton New  York Benjamin  Harrison 

*  Died  while  in  office. 

+  President  -pro  tern,  of  the  Senate. 


-  225  — 

Secretaries  of  State  of  the  United 
States 


The    ' '  State  Department ' '   was  created  by  Act 

of 

Congress, 

1789. 

Name 

From  State  of 

In  whose  Cabinet        Appointed 

Thomas  Jefferson 

Virginia 

George  Washington 

1789 

Edmund  Randolph 

Virginia 

George  Washington 

1794 

Timothy  Pickering 

Pennsylvania 

George  Washington 

1795 

Timothy  Pickering 

Pennsylvania 

John  Adams 

1797 

John  Marshall 

Virginia 

John  Adams 

1800 

James  Madison 

Virginia 

Thomas  Jefferson 

1801 

Robert  Smith 

Maryland 

James  Madison 

1809 

James  Monroe 

Virginia 

James  Madison 

1811 

John  Q.  Adams 

Massachusetts 

James  Monroe 

1817 

Henry  Clay 

Kentucky 

John  Q.  Adams 

1825 

Martin  Van  Buren 

New  York 

Andrew  Jackson 

1829 

Edward  Tivingston 

Louisiana 

Andrew  Jackson 

1831 

Louis  McT<a,ne 

Delaware 

Andrew  Jackson 

1833 

John  Forsyth 

Georgia 

Andrew  Jackson 

1834 

.lohn  Forsyth 

Georgia 

Martin  Van  Buren 

1837 

Daniel  Webster 

Massachusetts 

William  H.  Harrison 

1841 

Hugh  S.  Legare 

South  Carolina 

John  Tyler 

1843 

Abel  P.  Upshur 

Virginia 

John  Tyler 

1843 

John  Nelson  (acting) 

Maryland 

John  Tyler 

1844 

John  (I  Calhoun 

South  Carolina 

John  Tyler 

1844 

James  Buchanan 

Pennsylvania 

James  K.  Polk 

1845 

James  M.  Clayton 

Delaware 

Zachary  Taylor 

1849 

Daniel  Webster 

Massachusetts 

Millard  Fillmore 

1850 

Edward  Everett 

Massachusetts 

Millard  Fillmore 

1852 

William  L.  Marcy 

New  York 

Franklin  Pierce 

1853 

Lewis  Cass 

Michigan 

James  Buchanan 

1857 

Jeremiah  S.  Black 

Pennsylvania 

James  Buchanan 

1860 

William  H.  Seward 

New  York 

Abraham  Lincoln 

1861 

E.  B.  Washburne 

Illinois 

Ulysses  S.  Grant 

1869 

Hamilton  Fish 

New  York 

Ulysses  S.  Grant 

1869 

William  M.  Evarts 

New  York 

Rutherford  B.  Hayes 

1877 

James  G.  Blaine 

Maine 

James  A.  Garfield 

1881 

T.  F.  Frelinghuysen 

New  Jersey 

Chester  A.   Arthur 

1881 

Thomas  F.  Bayard 

Delaware 

Grover  Cleveland 

1885 

James  G.  Blaine 

Maine 

Benjamin  Harrison 

1889 

12Q 


Secretaries  of  Treasury  of  the 
United  States 

The    ' '  Treasury   Department ' '  was   created   by  Act  of 
Congress,  1789. 

From  State  of  lu  whose  Cabiuet       Appointed 

New  York  George  Washington  1789 

Connecticut  George  Washington  1795 

Connecticut  John  Adams  1797 

Massachusetts  John  Adams  1801 

Massachusetts  Thomas  Jeflferson  1801 

Pennsylvania  Thomas  Jeflferson  1801 

Pennsylvania  James  Madison  1809 

Tennessee  Jxmes  Madison  1814 

Pennsylvania  James  Madison  1814 

Georgia  James  Madison  181G 

Georgia  James  Monroe  1817 

Pennsylvania  John  Q.  Adams  .  1825 

Pennsylvania  Andrew  Jackson  1829 

Delaware  Andrew  Jackson  1831 

Pennsylvania  Andrew  Jackson  1833 

Maryland  Andrew  Jackson  1833 

New  Hampshire  Andrew  Jackson  1834 

New  Hampshire  Martin  Van  Buren  1837 

Ohio  William  H.  Harrison  1841 

Pennsylvania  John  Tyler  1841 

New  York  John  Tyler  1843 

Kentucky  John  Tyler  1844 

Mississippi  James  K.  Polk  1845 

Pennsylvania  Zachary  Taylor  1849 

Ohio  Millard  FiUmore  1850 

Kentucky  Franklin  Pierce  1853 

Georgia  James  Buchanan  1857 

Maryland  James  Buchanan  1860 

New  York  James  Buchanan  18G1 

Ohio  Abraham  Lincoln  1801 

Maine  Abraham  Lincoln  1864 

Indiana  Abraham  Lincoln  1865 

Indiana  Andrew  Johnson  1865 

Massachusetts  Ulysses  S.  Grant  1869 

Ulysses  S.  Grant  1873 

Kentucky  Ulysses  S.  Grant  1874 

Maine  Ulysses  S.  Grant  1876 

Ohio  Rutherford  B.  Hayes  1877 

Minnesota  James  A.  Garfield  1881 

New  York  Chester  A.  Arthur  1881 

Indiana  Chester  A.  Arthur  1884 

New  York  Grover  Cleveland  1885 

New  York  Grover  Cleveland  1887 

Minnesota  Benjamin  Harrison  1889 


Name 
Alexander  Hamilton 
Oliver  Wolcott 
Oliver  Wolcott 
Samuel  Dexter 
Samuel  Dexter 
Albert  Gallatin 
Albert  Gallatin 
G.  W.  Campbell 
Alexander  J .  Dallas 
W.  H.  Crawford 
W.  H.  Crawford 
Richard  Rush 
S.  D.  Ingham 
Louis  McLane 
William  J.  Duane 
Roger  B.  Taney 
Levi  NVoodbury 
Levi  Woodbury 
Thomas  Ewing 
W.  Forward 
John  C.  Spencer 
George  M.  Bilb 
R.  J.  Walker 
W^.  M.  Meredith 
Thomas  Corwin 
James  Guthrie 
Howell  Cobb 
Philip  H.  Thomas 
John  A.  Dix 
Salmon  P.  Chase 
W.  P.  Fessenden 
Hugh  McCulloch 
Hugh 
G.  S.  ■ 


McCulloch 
Boutwell 


William  A.  Richardson  Massachusetts 

B.  H.  Bristow 

Lot  M.  Morrill 

John  Sherman 

William  Windom 

Charles  J.  Folger 

Hugh  McCulloch 

Daniel  F.  Manning 

Charles  S.  Fairchild 

William  Windom 


Secretaries  of  War  of  the  United  States 

The  * '  War  Department ' '   was  created  by  Act  of 
Congress,  August  7,   1789 


Name 

From  State  of 

In  whose  Cabinet        Appoiuted 

Henry  Knox 

Massachusetts 

George  Washington 

1789 

Timothy  Pickering 

Pennsylvania 

George  Washington 

1795 

James  McHenry 

Maryland 

George  Washington 

1795 

James  McHenry 

Maryland 

John  Adams 

1797 

Samuel  Dexter 

Massachusetts 

John  Adams 

1800 

Roger  Griswold 

Connecticut 

John  Adams 

1801 

Henry  Dearborn 

Massachusetts 

Thomas  Jefferson 

1801 

William  Eustis 

Massachusetts 

James  Madison 

1809 

John  Armstrong 

New  York 

James  Madison 

1813 

James  Monroe 

Virginia 

James  Madison 

1814 

William  H.  Crawford 

Georgia 

James  Madison 

1815 

George  Graham 

Virginia 

James  Monroe 

1817 

John  C.   Calhoun 

South  Carolina 

James  INIonroe 

1817 

James  Barbour 

Virginia 

John  Q.  Adams 

1825 

P.  B.  Porter 

New  York 

John  Q.  Adams 

1828 

J.  H.  Eaton 

Tennessee 

Andrew  Jackson 

1829 

Lewis  Cass 

Michigan 
New  York 

Andrew  Jackson 

1831 

B.  F.  Butler  (acting) 

Andrew  Jackson 

1837 

J.  R.  Pionsett 

South  Carolina 

Martin  Van  Buren 

1837 

John  Bell 

Tennessee 

William  H.  Harrison 

1841 

J.    McLean  (declined) 

Ohio 

John  Tyler 

1841 

J.  C.  Spencer 

New  York 

John  Tyler 

1841 

James  M.  Porter 

Pennsylvania 

John  Tyler 

1843 

William  Wilkins 

Pennsylvania 

John  Tyler 

1844 

William  L.  Marey 

New  York 

James  K.  Polk 

1845 

R.  Johnson  (acting) 

Zachary  Taylor 

1849 

G.  W.  Crawford 

Georgia 

Zachary  Taylor 

1849 

Winfield  Scott  {ad  int. ) 

Millard  Fillmore 

1850 

C.  M.  Conrad 

Louisiana 

Millard  Fillmore 

1850 

JeflFerson  Davis 

Mississippi 

Franklin  Pierce 

.  1853 

John  B.  Floyd 

Virginia 

James  Buchanan 

1857 

Joseph  Holt 

Kentucky 

James  Buchanan 

1861 

Simon  Cameron 

Pennsylvania 

Abraham  Lincoln 

1861 

Edwin  M.  Stanton 

Pennsylvania 

Abraham  Lincoln 

1862 

E,  Stanton  (suspended) 

1867 

U.  S.  Grant  {ad  int. ) 

Illinois 

Andrew  Johnson 

1867 

L.  Thomas  (ad  int). 

Andrew  Johnson 

1868 

J.  M.  Schofield 

New  York 

Andrew  Johnson 

1868 

J.  A.  Rawlins 

Illinois 

Ulysses  S.  Grant 

1839 

W.  T.  Sherman  {ad int.)  Ohio 

Ulysses  S.  Grant 

1869 

William  W.  Belknap 

Iowa 

Ulysses  S.  Grant 

1869 

G.  M.  Bobeson  (acting)  New  Jersey 

Ulysses  S.  Grant 

1876 

Alfonzo  Taft 

Ohio 

Ulysses  S.  Grant 

1876 

J.  D    Cameron 

Pennsylvania 

Ulysses  S.  Grant 

1876 

G.  W.  McCrary 

Iowa 

Rutherford  B.  Hayes 

1877 

Alexander  Ramsey 

Minnesota 

Rutherford  B.  Hayes 

1879 

Robert  T.  Lincoln 

Illinois 

James  A.  Garfield 

1881 

Robert  T.  Lincoln 

Illinois 

Chester  A.  Arthur 

1881 

William  E.  Endicott 

Massachusetts 

Grove r  Cleveland 

1885 

Redfleld  Proctor 

Vermont 

227 

Benjamin  Harrison 

1889 

228 


Secretaries  of  Navy  of  the  United 
States 

The  '  *  Navy  Department ' '  was  created  by  Act  of  Congress, 
April  30,  1798. 

The    "War  Department"    had  charge  of  Naval   affairs 
until  April  30,  1798. 

Name 
G.  Cabot  (declined) 
Benjamin  Stoddert 
Benjamin  Stoddert 
Robert  Smith 
J.  Crowninshield 
Paul  Hamilton 
William  Jones 
B.  W.  Crowninshield 
B.  W.  Crowninshield 
S.  Thompson 
J.  Rogers  (acting) 
S.  L.  Southard 
S.  L.  Southard 
John  Branch 
L.  Woodbnry 
M.  Dickerson 
M.  Dickerson 
J.  K.  Paulding 
G.  E.  Badger 

A.  P.  Upshur 
D.  Henshaw 
T.  W.  Gilmer 
John  Y.  Mason 
George  Bancroft 
John  Y.  Mason 
William  B.  Preston 
William  A.  Graham 
J.  P.  Kennedy 
James  C.  Dobbin 
Isaac  Toucey 
Gideon  Welles 
Gideon  Welles 
Adolph  E.  Borie 
G.  M.  Robeson 
R.  W.  Thompson 
Nathan  Goff 
William  H.  Hunt 
William  C.  Chandler 
William  C.  Whitney 

B.  F.  Tracy 


From  State  of 

Massachusetts 

Maryland 

Maryland 

Maryland 

Massachusetts 

South  Carolina 

Pennsylvania 

Massachusetts 

Massachusetts 

New  York 

Massachusetts 

New  Jersey 

New  Jersey 

North  Carolina 


In  whose  Cabinet 
John  Adams 
John  Adams 
Thomas  Jefferson 
Thomas  Jefferson 
Thomas  Jefferson 
James  Madison 
James  Madison 
James  Madison 
Jsbme.i  Monroe 
James  Monroe 
James  Monroe 
James  Monroe 
John  Q.  Adams 
Andrew  Jackson 


New  Hampshire  Andrew  Jackson 

New  Jersey  Andrew  Jacksdn 

New  Jersey  Martin  Van  Buren 

New  York  Martin  Van  Buren 

North  Carolina  William  H.  Harrison 

Virginia  John  Tyler 

Massachusetts  John  Tyler 

Virginia  John  Tyler 

Virginia  John  Tyler 

Massachusetts  James  K.  Polk 

Virginia  James  K.  Polk 

Virginia  Zachary  Taylor 

North  Carolina  Millard  Fillmore 

Maryland  Millard  Fillmore 

Nortii  Carolina  Franklin  Pierce 

Connecticut  James  Buchanan 

Connecticut  Abraham  Lincoln 

Connecticut  Andrew  Johnson 

Pennsylvania  Ulysses  S.  Grant 

New  Jersey  Ulysses  S.  Grant 

Indiana  Rutherford  B.  Hayes 

West  Virginia  Rutherford  B.  Hayes 

Louisiana  James  A.  Garfield 
New  Hampshire  Chester  A.  Arthur 

New  York  Grover  Cleveland 

New  York  Benjamin  Harrison 


Appointed 
1798 
1798 
1801 
1801 
1805 
1800 
18  IS 
1814 
1817 
1818 
1S23 
1823 
1825 
1829 
1831 
1834 
1837 
1838 
1841 
1841 
1843 
1844 
1844 
1845 
1846 
1849 
1850 
1852 
1853 
1857 
1861 
1865 
1869 
1869 
1877 
1881 
1881 
1882 
1885 
1889 


C29  — 


Postmasters-General  of  the 
United  States 

The  ' '  Postofiice  Department ' '  was    established    by  the 
old  Congress. 


Name 
Saumel  Osgood 
Timothy  Pickering 
Joseph  Habersham 
Joseph  Habersham 
Joseph  Habersham 
Gideon  Granger 
Gideon  Granger 
Return  J.  Meigs,  Jr. 
Return  J.  Meigs,  Jr. 
John  McLean 
John  McLean 
William  T.  Barry 
Amos  Kendall 
Amos  Kendall 
Jo]in  M.  Niles 
Francis  Granger 
Charles  A.  Wickliffe 
Cave  Johnson 
Jacol)  Collamer 
Nathan  K.  Hall 
Samuel  D.  Hubbard 
James  Campbell 
Aaron  V.  Brown 
Joseph  Holt 
Horatio  King 
Montgomery  Blair 
William  Dennison 
Alexander  W.  Randall 
John  A.  Cresswell 
Marshall  Jewell 
James  N.  Tyner 
David  McK.  Key 
Horace  Mayard 
Thomas  L.  James 
Timothy  0.  Howe 
Walter  Q.  Gresham 
Frank  Hatton 
William  F.  Vilas 
Don  M.  Dickinson 
John  Wanamaker 


From  State  of  In  whose  Cabiuct  Appointed 

Massachusetts  George  Washington  1789 

Pennsylvania  George  Washington  1791 

Georgia  George  Washington  1795 

Georgia  John  Adams  1797 

Georgia  Thomas  Jefferson  1801 

Connecticut  Thomas  Jefferson  1802 

Connecticut  James  Madison  1809 

Ohio  James  Madison  1814 

Ohio  James  Monroe  1817 

Ohio  James  Monroe  1823 

Ohio  John  Q.  Adams  1825 

Kentucky  Andrew  Jackson  1829 

Kentucky  Andrew  Jackson  1835 

Kentucky  Martin  Van  Buren  1837 

Connecticut  Martin  Van  Buren  1840 

New  York  William  H.  Harrison  1841 

Kentucky  John  Tyler  1841 

Tennessee  Jamer.  K.  Polk  1845 

Vermont  Zachary  Taylor  1849 

New  York  Millard  Fillmore  1850 

Connecticut  Millard  Fillmore  1852 

Pennsylvania  Franklin  Pierce  1853 

Tennessee  Jamej  Buchanan  1857 

Kentucky  James  Buchanan  1859 

Maine  James  Buchanan  1861 

Maryland  Abraham  Lincoln  18G1 

Ohio  Abraham  Lincoln  18G4 

Wisconsin  Andrew  Johnson  1860 

Ma-yland  Ulysses  S.  Grant  1869 

Connecticut  Ulysses  S.  Grant  1874 

Indiana  Ulysses  S.  Grant  1876 

Tennessee  Rutherford  B.   Hayes  1877 

Tennessee  Rutherford  B.   Hayes  1880 

New  York  James  A.  Garfield  1881 

Wisconsin  Chester  A.  Arthur  1881 

Indiana  Chester  A.  Arthur  1883 

Chester  A.  Arthur  1884 

Wisconsin  Grover  Cleveland  1885 

Michigan  Grover  Cleveland  1887 

Pennsylvania  Benjamin  Harrison  1889 


230  — 


Attorneys-General  of  the  United  States 

The  Attorney-General  of  the  United  States  is  chief  law  officer  of 
the  Government  and  as  such  is  considered  a  member  of  the  Cabinet. 
He  is  the  .constitutional  legal  adviser  and  defender  of  the  Government. 


Name 

From  State  of 

In  whose  Cabinet           A 

p  pointed 

Edmund  Randolph 

Virginia 

George  Washington 

1789 

William  Bradford 

Pennsylvania 

George  Washington 

•      1794 

Charles  Lee 

Virginia 

George  Washington 

1795 

Charles  Lee 

Virginia 

John  Adams 

1797 

Theophilus  Parson 

Massachusetts 

John  Adams 

1801 

Levi  Lincoln 

Massachusetts 

Thomas  Jefferson 

1801 

Robert  Smith 

Maryland 

Thomas  Jefferson 

1805 

John  Breckenridge 

Kentucky 

Thomas  Jefferson 

1805 

Csesar  A.  Rodney- 

Delaware 

Thomas  Jefferson 

1807 

Caesar  A.  Rodney 

Delaware 

James  Madison 

1809 

Wdliam  Pinkney 

Maryland 

James  Madison 

1811 

Richard  Rush 

Pennsylvania 

James  Madison 

1814 

William  Wirt 

Maryland 

James  Monroe 

1817 

William  Wirt 

Maryland 

John  Q.  Adams 

1825 

John  McP.  Berrien 

Georgia 

Andrew  Jackson 

1829 

Roger  B.  Taney 

Maryland 

Andrew  Jackson 

1831 

B.  F.  Butler 

New  York 

Andrew  Jackson 

1833 

B.  F.  Butler 

New  York 

Martin  Van  Buren 

1837 

Felix  Grundy 

Tennessee 

Martin  Van  Buren 

1838 

Henry  D.  Gulpin 

Pennsylvania 

Martin  Van  Buren 

1840 

John  J.  Crittenden 

Kentucky 

William  H.  Harrison 

1841 

Hugh  S.  Legare 

South  Carolina 

John  Tyler 

1841 

John  Nelson 

Maryland 

John  Tyler 

1843 

John  Y.  Mason 

Virginia 

James  K.  Polk 

1845 

Nathan  Clifford 

Maine 

James  K.  Polk 

J  846 

Isaac  Toucey 

Connecticut 

James  K.  Polk 

1848 

Reverdy  Johnson 

Maryland 

Zachary  Taylor 

1849 

John  J.  Crittenden 

Kentucky 

Millard  Fillmore 

1850 

Caleb  Gushing 

Massachusetts 

Franklin  Pierce 

1853 

Jeremiah  S.  Black 

Pennsylvania 

James  Buchanan 

1857 

Edwin  M.  Stanton 

Pennsylvania 

James  Buchanan 

1S60 

Edward  Bates 

Missouri 

Abraham  Lincoln 

18G1 

T.J.  CoSee  [ad  int.) 

Abraham  Lincoln 

1863 

James  Speed 

Kentucky 

Abraham  Lincoln 

1864 

Henry  Stanbery 

Kentucky 

Andrew  Johnson 

1866 

0.  Browning  {adint.) 

Illinois 

Andrew  Johnson 

1868 

231 


Attorneys-General — Continued 


Name 

From  State  of 

In  whose  Cabinet         Appointed 

William  M.  Evarts 

New  York 

Andrew  Johnson 

1868 

Ebenezer  K.  Hoar 

Massachusetts 

Ulysses  S.  Grant 

1869 

Amos  T.  Akerman 

Georgia 

Ulysses  S.  Grant 

1870 

George  H.  Williams 

Oregon 

Ulysses  S.  Grant 

1871 

Edwards  Pierrepont 

New  York 

Ulysses  S.  Grant 

1875 

Alphonso  Taft 

Ohio 

Ulysses  S.  Grant 

1876 

Charles  Devens 

Massachusetts 

Rutherford  B.  Hayes 

1877 

Wayne  MacVeagh 

Pennsylvania 

James  A.  Garfield 

1881 

B.  H.  Brewster 

Pennsylvania 

Chester  A.  Arthur 

1881 

A.  H.  Garland 

Arkansas 

Grover  Clevelar  d 

1885 

W.  H.  II.  Miller 

Indiana 

Benjamin  Harrison 

1889 

Secretaries  of  Interior  of  the 
United  States 


The ''Interior  Department" 
Congress, 

Name  From  State  of 

Thomas  Ewing  Ohio 

T.  McKenna  (declined)  Pennsylvania 
Alex.  H.  H.  Stuart        Virginia 
Robert  McClelland        Michigan 
Jacob  Thompson  Mississippi 


Caleb  B.  Smith 
John  P.   Usher 
James  Harlan 
0.  H.  Browning 
Jacob  B.  Cox 
Columbus  Delano 
Zachariah  Chandler 
*Carl  Schurz 
Samuel  J.  Kirkwood 
Henry  M.  Teller 
L.  Q.  C.  Lamar 
William  F.  Vilas 
John  M.  Noble 


Indiana 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Illinois 

Ohio 

Ohio 

Michigan 

Missouri 

Iowa 

Colorado 

Mississippi 

Wisconsin 

Missouri 


was  created  by  Act  of 
1849. 

In  whose  Cabinet  Appointed 

Zachary  Taylor  1849 

Millard  Fillmore  1850 

Millard  Fillmore  1850 

Franklin  Pierce  1853 

James  Buchanan  1857 

Abraham  Lincoln  1861 

Abraham  Lincoln  1863 

Andrew  Johnson  1865 

Andrew  Johnson  186G 

Ulysses  S.  Grant  1869 

Ulysses  S.  Grant  1870 

Ulysses  S.  Grant  1875 
Rutherford  B.  Hayes         1877 

Jame3  A.  Garfield  1881 

Chester  A.  Arthur  1882 

Grover  Cleveland  1885 

Grover  Cleveland  1887 

Benjamin  Harrison  1889 


Carl  Schurz  was  a  native  of  Prussia. 


232  — 


The  House  of  Representatives  of  the 
United  States 

Is  composed  of  members  elected  every  second  year  by  popular  vote, 
the  amount  being  determined  by  the  census  taken  every  ten  years. 
An  Act  of  Congress  passed  February  16,  1882,  based  on  the  result  of 
the  census  of  1880,  provided  that  the  House  is  thenceforth  to  be  com- 
posed of  325  members,  biit  since  then  four  new  States  have  been 
admitted  into  the  Union,  who  have  in  all  five  members  making  330 
members  apportioned  as  follows  : 


No. 
State  of  Mem. 

Alabama , 8 

Arkansas 5 


10 


No. 
State  of  Mem. 

Montana 1 

Nebraska 3 

Nevada 1 

New  Hampshire 2 

New  Jersey 7 

New  York 34 

North  Carolina 9 

North  Dakota 1 

Ohio 21 

Oregon , 1 

Pennsylvania 28 

Rhode  Island 2 

South  Carolina 7 

South  Dakota 2 

Tennessee 10 

Texas 11 

Vermont 2 

Virginia 10 

Washington , 1 

West  Virginia 4 

Wisconsin 9 

from  the  States,  each  organized 

territory  is  entitled  to  one  delegate,  who  has  the  right  to  debate  on 

subjects  in  which  his  territory  is  interested,  l)ut  is  not  entitled  to  a 

vote. 

The   salary  of   Members    of   Congre-js   is   $5,000   per   annum,  with 

traveling  expenses  (20  cents  per  naile  both  ways). 


California 

Colorado. .    

Connecticut 

Delaware 

Florida 

Georgia ... 

Illinois 20 

Indiana 13 

Iowa 11 

Kansas 7 

Kentucky 11 

Louisiana G 

jNIaine 4 

Maryland 6 

Massachusetts 12 

Michigan 11 

Minnesota 5 

Mississippi 7 

Missouri 14 

In  addition  to  the  representatives 


233  — 


United  States  Land  Offices 


A  complete  list  of  the  United  States  Land  Offices  as  follows: 


Aberdeen,  S.  Dak. 
Ashland,  Wis. 
Bismarck,  N.  Dak. 
Blackfoot,  Id. 
Bloomington,  Neb. 
Boise  City,  Id. 
Boonville,  Mo. 
Bozeman,  Mont. 
Buffalo,  Wy. 
Burns,  Ore. 
Camden,  Ark. 
Carson  City,  Nev. 
Central  City,  Colo. 
Chadron,  Neb. 
Cheyenne,  Wy. 
Cceur  d'Alene,  Id. 
Crookston,  Minn. 
Dardanelle,  Ark. 
Del  Norte,  Col. 
Denver,  Col. 
Des  Moines,  la. 
Devil's  Lake,  N.  Dak. 
Duluth,  Minn. 
Durango,  Col. 
Eau  Claire,  Wis. 
Eureka,  Nev. 
Evanston,  Wy. 
Fargo,  N.  Dak 
Folsom,  N.  M, 
Gainesville,  Fla. 
Garden  City,  Kan. 
Glenwood  Springs,  Col. 
Grand  Forks,  N.  Dak. 
Grand  Island,  Neb. 
Grayling,  Mich. 
Gunnison,  Col. 
Guthrie,  Indian  T. 
Hailey,  Id. 


Harrison,  Ark. 
Helena,  Mont, 
Humboldt,  Cal. 
Hunstville,  Ala. 
Huron,  S.  Dak. 
Independence,  Cal. 
Ironton,  Mo. 
Jackson,  Miss. 
Kingfisher,  Indian  T. 
Kirwin,  Kan. 
La  Grande,  Or. 
Lake  View,  Ore. 
Lamar,  Col. 
Larned,  Kan. 
Las  Cruces,  N.  M. 
Leadville,  Col. 
Lewiston,  Id. 
Lincoln,  Neb. 
Little  Rock,  Ark. 
Los  Angeles,  Cal. 
Marquette,  Mich. 
Marysville,  Cal. 
Marshall,  Minn. 
McCook,  Neb. 
Menasha,  Wis. 
Miles  City,  Mont. 
Mitc]iell,*S.  Dak. 
Montgomery,  Ala. 
Montrose,  Col. 
Natchitoches,  La. 
Neligh,  Neb. 
New  Orleans,  La. 
North  Platte,  Neb. 
North  Yakima,  Wash. 
Oberlin,  Kan. 
O'Neil,  Neb. 
Oregon  City,  Ore. 
Prescott,  Ari. 


234 


lyand  OfiScers — Continued 

Pueblo,  Col.  Stockton,  Cal. 

Rapid  City,  S.  Dakota  Susanville,  Cal. 

Roseburg,  Ore.  Taylor's  Falls,  Minn. 

Roswell,  N.  M.  The  Dalles,  Ore. 

Sacramento,  Cal.  Topeka,  Kan. 

Salina,  Kan.  Tucson,  Ari. 

Salt  Lake  City,  Utah  Valentine,  Neb. 

San  Francisco,  Cal.  Vancouver,  Wash. 

Santa  Fe,  N.  M.  Visalia,  Cal. 

Seattle,  Wash.  Wa-Keeney,  Kan. 

Shasta,  Cal.  Walla  Walla,  Wash. 

Sidney,  Neb.  Watertown,  S.  Dakota 

Sitka,  Alaska  Wausau,  Wis. 

Spokane  Falls,  Wash.  Yankton,  S.  Dakota 
Springfield,  Mo. 
St.  Cloud,  Mmn. 


When  the  Legislatures  of  Different 

States  Meet  and  When  State 

Elections  are  Held 

states  Legislature  Meets  State  Elections 

Alabama.^^, 2d  Mon.  November 1st  Mon.  August 

Arkansas Tues.  after  2d  Mon.  Nov 1st  Mon.  Sept. 

California 1st  Mon.  Dec Tues.  after  1st  Mon.  Nov. 

Colorado.. ......  1st  Wed.  Jan Tues.  after  1st  Mon.  Nov. 

Connecticut  . . .  .Wed.  after  1st  Mon.  Jan.  .Tues.  after  1st  Mon.  Nov. 

Delaware  .    ....  1st  Tues.  Jan Tues.  after  1st  Mon.  Nov. 

Florida Tues.  after  1st  Mon.  Jan.  ..Tues.  after  1st  Mon.  Nov. 

Georgia 2d  Wed.  Jan 1st  Wed.  Oct. 

Illinois Wed.  after  1st  Mon.  Jan. .  .Tues.  after  1st  Mon.  Nov. 

Indiana 1st  Wed.  Jan Tues.  after  1st  Mon.  Nov. 

Iowa 2d  Mon.  Jan 2d  Tues.  Oct. 

Kansas 2d  Tues.  Jan Tues.  after  1st  Mon.  Nov. 

Kentucky 1st  Mon.  Dec 1st  Mon.  Aug. 

Louisiana 1st  Mon.  Jan Tues.  after  1st  Mon.  Nov. 

Maine 1st  Wed.  Jan 2d  Mon.  Sept- 
Maryland 1st  Wed.  Jan Tues.  after  1st  Mon.  Nov. 


When  the  I^egislatures  Meet,  Etc. — Continued 

states  Legislature  Meets  State  Elections 

Missacbuselts  .  .  1st  Wed.  Jan Tues.  after  1st  Mon.  Nov. 

Michigan 1st  Wed.  Jan Tues.  after  1st  Mon.  Nov. 

Minnesota Tues.  after  1st  Mon.  Jan.  ..Tues.  after  1st  Mon.  Nov. 

Mississippi 1st  Mon.  Jan Tues.  afeer  1st  Mon.  Nov. 

Missouri Last  Mon.  Dec Tues.  after  1st  Mon.  Nov. 

Montana 1st  Mon.  Jan 

Nebraska Thur.  after  1st  Mon.  Jan.  .Tues.  after  1st  Mon.  Nov. 

Nevada 1st  Mon.  Jan Tues.  after  1st  Mon.  Nov. 

New  Hampshire.  1st  Mon.  Jan. Tues.  after  1st  Mon.  Nov. 

New  Jersey Mon.  before  3d  Tues.  Jan.  .Tues.  after  1st  Mon.  Nov. 

New  York 1  st  Tues.  Jan Tues.  after  1st  Mon.  Nov. 

North  Carolina.  .Wed.  after  1st  Mon.  Jan.  .Tues.  after  1st  Mon.  Nov. 

North  Dakota. .  .  1st  Mon.  Jan Tues.  after  1st  Mon.  Nov. 

Ohio 2d  Mon.  Jan Tues.  after  1st  Mon,  Nov. 

Oregon 2d  Mon.  Sept 1st  Mon.  June 

Pennsylvania . .  .1st  Tues.  Jan Tues.  after  1st  Mon.  Nov. 

Rhode  Island. .  .  .  May  and  Jan 1st  Wed.  April 

South  Carolina.  .4th  Tues.  Nov Tues.  after  1st  Mon.  Nov. 

South  Dakota.  . .  1st  Tues.  Jan Tues.  after  1st  Mon.  Nov. 

Tennessee  ......  1st  Mon.  Jan Tues.  after  1st  Mon.  Nov. 

Texas 2d  Tues.  Jan Tues.  after  1st  Mon.  Nov. 

Vermont 1st  Wed.   Oct 1st  Tues.  Sept. 

Virginia 1st  Mon.  Dec Tues.  after  1st  Mon.  Nov. 

Washington Tues.  after  1st  Mon.  Nov. 

West  Virginia. . .  1st  Mon.  Dec Tues.  after  1st  Mon.  Nov. 

Wisconsin 1st  Wed.  Jan Tues.  after  1st  Mon.  Nov. 

Biennial  sessions  of  Legislature  and  elections  in  even  years,  as  1890, 
1892,  etc.,  in  Alabama,  Kentucky,  Missouri,  Oregon  and  Vermont. 
Biennial  sessions  in  odd  years,  as  1891,  1893,  etc.,  in  California,  Ten- 
nessee and  Virginia.  Biennial  sessions  in  odd  years  (elections  in  the 
years  immediately  preceding)  in  Pennsylvania,  Arkansas,  Colorado, 
Delaware,  Florida,  Georgia,  Illinois,  Indiana,  Kansas,  Kentucky, 
Louisiana,  Minnesota,  Missouri,  Nebraska,  Nevada,  New  Hampshire, 
North  Carolina,  Tennessee,  Texas  and  West  Virginia.  Triennial 
sessions,  1890,  1893,  etc.,  in  Michigan. 


—  236  — 

The  Eleven  Rebellions  of  the  United 
States 

Sixice  the  organization  of  the  Federal  Government  eleven  attempts 
have  been  made  to  resist  its  authority. 

The  first  was  in  1782,  a  conspiracy  of  some  of  the  officers  of  the 
Federal  Army  to  consolidate  the  Thirteen  States  into  one  and  confer 
the  supreme  power  under  George  Washington. 

The  second  was  in  1787,  called  Shay's  Insurrection,  in  Massachusetts. 
The  third  was  in  1794,  called  the  Whiokey  Insurrection  of  Penn- 
sylvania. 

Th3  fourth  was  in  1814,  by  the  Hartford  Convention. 

The  fifth  was  in  1820,  over  the  question  of  the  admission  of  Missouri 
into  the  Union. 

The  sixth  was  a  collision  between  the  Legislature  of  Georgia  and  the 
Federal  Government  in  regard  to  the  land  given  to  the  Creek  Indians. 

The  seventh  was  in  1830  with  the  Cherokees  in  Georgia. 

The  eighth  was  in  1832,  the  memorable  nullifying  ordinance  of  South 
Carolina. 

The  ninth  was  in  1842  in  Rhode  Island,  between  the  Suffrage  Asso- 
ciation and  the  State  authorities. 

The  tenth  was  in  1856  on  the  part  of  the  Mormons  who  resisted  the 
Federal  authorities. 

The  eleventh,  in  1861-1865,  was  the  Civil  War  or  the  late  attempt  at 
secession  of  the  Southern  States. 


Legal  Holidays  in  the  United  States 

New  Year's  Day. — January  1st  i-3  a  legal  holiday  in  all  the  States 
and  Territories,  except  Arkansas,  Delaware,  Kentucky,  Maine,  Mass- 
achusetts, New  Hampshire,  North  Carolina,  South  Corolina,  and 
Rhode  Island. 

January  8th. — Anniversary  of  the  Battle  of  New  Orleans,  in  Louisi- 
ana. 

February  12th. — Lincoln's  Birthday. — In  Louisiana. 

February  22d. — Washington's  Birthday. — In  all  States  and  Terri- 
tories, except  Alabama,  Arkansas,  Florida,  IlliuDis,  Iowa,  Indiana, 
Kansas,  Maine,  Missouri,  North  Carolina,  Ohio,  Oregon,  Tennessee, 
and  Texas. 

March  1st. — Shrove  Tuesday. — In  Louisiana  and  cities  of  Mobile, 
Montgomery  and  Selma  in  Alabama, 


-  237  — 

March  2d. — Anniversary  of  Texan  Independence  in  Texas. 

March  4th.  —  Firemen's  Anniversary.     In  Louisiana. 

Good  Friday  is  a  legal  holiday  in  Louisiana,  Florida,  Minnesota,  and 
Pennsylvania. 

April  21st. — Battle  of  San  Jacinto.     In  Texas. 

April  26th. — Memorial  Day.     In  Georgia. 

May  30tb. — Decoration  Day.  In  Colorado,  Connecticut,  Maine, 
Michigan,  New  Hampshire,  New  Jersey,  New  York,  Pennsylvania, 
Rhode  Island,  Vermont  and  District  of  Columbia. 

July  4th. — Independence  Day.     In  all  States  and  Territories. 

General  Election  Day. — Generally  on  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in 
November.  In  California,  Maine,  Missouri,  New  Jersey,  New  York, 
Oregon,  South  Carolina  and  Wisconsin. 

Thanksgiving  Day. — Usually  last  Thursday  in  November.  Public 
Fast  Days  whenever  appointed  by  the  President  are  legal  holidays  in 
all  States  and  Territories. 

December  25th. — Christmas  Day.     In  all  the  States  and  Territories. 


238 


The  United  States  of  Brazil 


On  November  15,  1889,  a  startling  report  was  received  that  Dom 
Pedro,  Emperor  of  Brazil,  had  been  deposed,  and  that  the  former 
empire  of  Brazil  had  been  declared  a  republic.  Later  advices  confirmed 
the  report,  with  many  particulars  of  the  peaceful  revolution  which 
had  been  accomplished  on  tlie  previous  day. 

The  new  republic  is  the  largest  of  the  South  American  countries,  and 
covers  an  area  estimated  at  from  3,000,000  to  3,219,000  square  miles. 
In  other  words  it  is  as  large  as  the  United  States  and  the  Territories, 
exclusive  of  Alaska.  Its  population  in  1883  was  estimated  at  12,002,- 
978,  including  slaves  and  aborigines.  It  was  divided  into  twenty 
provinces,  now  States  each  with  a  autonomous  government.  The 
largest  city  is  K,io  de  Janeiro,  the  population  of  which  is  about  500,000. 
Each  of  the  two  cities  of  Bahia  and  Pernambuco  contains  between 
100,000  and  200,000  inhabitants.  The  population  is  increasing  largely 
by  immigration,  about  36,000  immigrants  having  landed  in  1887. 

Until  1815  Brazil  was  a  province  of  Portugal;  in  that  year  it  was 
made  a  kingdom  of  the  empire  of  Portugal,  Brazil  and  the  Algarves  by 
Dom  John  I,  who  had  fled  from  Portugal  before  Napoleon.  Brazil 
declared  its  independence  of  Portugal  in  1822,  and  has  since  been  an 
independent  empire.  Its  ex-emperor,  Dom  Pedro  II,  has  ruled  the 
country  with  moderation  for  fifty-eight  years,  beloved  by  his  people 
and  respected  by  all  who  came  in  contact  with  him  either  as  a  ruler  or 
as  a  man. 

The  provisional  government  proclaimed  after  the  desposition  of  the 
emperor  was  announced  as  follows:  President,  Deodoro  da  Fonseca; 
minister  of  finance.  Dr.  Ruy  Barbosa;  minister  of  justice,  Campos 
Selies;  minister  of  Interior,  Aristides  Lobo;  minister  of  foreign  affairs, 
Equisetino  Bocoyura;  minister  of  war,  Benjamin  Constant;  minister  of 
marine,  Admiral  Vandenkock;  minister  of  agriculture;  Dimitrio  Ribero. 


—  239  — 

Date  on  which  the  American  Republics 
Declared  Their  Independence 

Country  Date 

Argentine  Republic March  25,  1816 

Bolivia . . , Jnly  28,  1824 

Brazil  (Empire) ....  o Oct.  12,  1822 

Brazil  (Republic) Nov.  14,  1889 

Chili Sept.  18,  1816 

Colombia,  U.  S.  of July  20,  1810 

Central  America Sept.  15,  1821 

Dominican  Republic Feb.  27,  1844 

Hayti Jan.  1,  1804 

Mexico ' Sept.  16,  1821 

Paraguay March  25,  1816 

Peru July  28,  1821 

United  States July  4,  1776 

Uruguay March  25,  1816 

Venezuela .July  5,  1811 


The  Government    of  Foreign    Countries 
republics 

Argentine  Republic 

The  legislative  authority  is  vested  in  a  National  Congress,  consisting 
of  a  Senate  and  a  Hou^e  of  Deputies ;  the  executive  power  is  entirely 
in  the  hands  of  the  President,  who  is  held  responsible  for  the  acts  of 
the  department. 

Bolivia 

The  government  of  the  republic  is  divided  into  a  legislative  depart- 
ment called  a  Congress,  consisting  of  a  Senate  and  a  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives and  an  executive  department,  consisting  of  the  President, 
Vice-President  and  a  Ministry,  the  heads  of  four  departD?ents. 

Chili 
The  legislative  department  consists  of  an  Assembly  of  two  houses, 
the  Senate  and  Chamber  of  Deputies.     The  executive  authority  is  held 
by  the  President  with  the  assistance  of  a  Council  of  State  and  a  Cab- 
inet, the  heads  of  five  departments. 


—  240  — 

Colombia 
A  confederative  republic.     It  is  governed  in  the  legislative  depart- 
ments by  a  Congress  of  two  houses,  the  Senate  and  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives.    The  executive  power  resides  with  the  President  and  seven 
Ministers,  who  are  held  responsible  to  Congress. 

Costa  Rica 
The  legislative  department  consists  of  a  Congress,  comprising  a  Sen- 
ate and  House  of  Representatives;  the  executive  of  the  President  and 
a  Council  of  Ministers,  the  heads  of  five  departments. 

Ecuador 

The  legislative  department  consists  of  a  Congress  of  two  houses,  the 
Senate  and  House  of  Deputies;  the  executive  of  the  President  and  a 
Cabinet  of  three  Ministers,  who  with  the  President  are  held  respons- 
ible to  Congress,  and  who,  with  seven  other  members,  form  the  Council 
of  State. 

France 

The  legislative  power  is  controlled  by  an  Assembly  of  two  houses, 
Chamber  of  Deputies  and  Senate.  Tlie  executive  authority  is  in  the 
hands  of  the  chief  magistrate,  called  the  President  of  the  Republic. 

Guatemala 
The  legislative  power  is  held  by  a  National  Assembly,  and  the  execu- 
tive is  administered  by  the  President,  assisted  by  a  Ministry,  the  heads 
of  six  departments. 

Mexico 
The  legislative  power  resides  in  a  Congress,  consisting  of  a  Senate 
and  a  House  of  Representatives.     The  executive  authority  is  held  by 
the  President  and  a  Council  of  six,  the  heads  of  departments. 

Peru 

The  legislative  power  resides  in  a  Congress,  consisting  of  two  houses, 
a  Senate  and  a  House  of  Representatives.  The  executive  authority  is 
intrusted  to  the  President,  assisted  by  the  Vice-President  and  a  Cab- 
inet of  five  Ministers. 

San  Domingo 

The  legislative  power  is  vested  in  a  National  Congress,  consisting  of 
two  houses,  a  Consego  Conservador  and  the  Tribunador.  The  execu- 
tive is  intrusted  to  the  President  and  a  Ministry,  the  head  of  five 
departments. 


241 


Switzerland 
The  supreme  legislative  and  executive  authority  is  exercised  in  an 
Assembly  of  two  houses;  the  Standrath  or  State  Council  and  the 
Nationalrath  or  National  Council.  United  they  are  called  the  Federal 
Assembly.  The  President  and  Vice-President  of  the  Federal  Assem- 
bly are  the  First  Magistrates  of  the  Republic. 

Venezuela 
The  legislative  power  is  vested  in  a  Congress  consisting  of  two  houses, 
the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives.     The  executive  is  controlled 
by  the  President,  through  a  Ministry  of  six  members  and  a  Federal 
Council  of  sixteen  members. 


KINGDOMS  AND  EMPIRES 

Austria  and  Hungary 
Each  of  these  countries  ha^  its  own  Parliament,  Ministers  and  Gov- 
ernment.    They  have   a  common  army,    navy  and  diplomacy  and  a 
controlling  body,  known  as  the  Delegations. 

Belgium 

The  legislative  power  is  in  the  king,  the  Chamber  of  Representatives 
and  the  Senate.  No  act  of  the  king  has  effect  unless  signed  by  one  of 
his  ministers,  who  are  thus  made  responsible  for  all  acts  of  the  gov- 
ernment. 

China 

The  administration  is  under  the  supreme  direction  of  a  Nei-ko  or 
Cabinet  consisting  of  four  members,  and  these  are  assisted  by  two 
others,  who  are  to  see  that  nothing  goes  contrary  to  the  civil  or  relig- 
ious laws  of  the  empire. 

Denmxirk 

The  legislative  authority  is  exercised  by  the  king,  acting  in  concert 
with  the  Rigsdagor  Diet,  consisting  of  an  Upper  House  and  a  House 
of  Commons.  The  executive  power  is  in  the  hands  of  the  king  and 
his  responsible  Ministers. 

Oerman  Empire 
The  supreme  government  is  vested  in  the  King  of  Prussia  (Emperor 
of  Germany)  the  Bundelsrath  and  the  Reichstag,     The  former  repre- 
sents the  individual  States,  the  latter  the  German  Nation. 


—  242  — 

Greece 
The  executive  power  is  vested  in  the  King  and  his  responsible  Min- 
isters, heads  of  eight  departments.     The  legislative  power  is  given  to 
a  single  chamber  of  representatives,  called  the  Boule. 

Great  Britain 

The  absolute  power  of  the  British  Empire  is  held  by  a  Parliament, 
consisting  of  two  houses,  the  House  of  Lords  and  the  House  of  Com- 
mons, The  sovereign  is  at  the  head  of  Parliament,  and  can  alone 
summon  Parliment. 

Italy 

The  legislative  power  rests  conjointly  with  the  King  and  a  Parliament 
composed  of  two  houses,  an  Upper  and  a  Lower  House.  The  executive 
department  is  exercised  exclusively  by  the  King,  assisted  by  the  Min- 
isters of  nine  departments. 

Japan 

The  supreme  executive,  as  well  as  the  highest  legislative  authority, 
is  vested  in  the  Great  Council,  at  which  the  Emperor  presides.  The 
Gen-Roin,  or  Senate,  deliberates  on  legislative  matters,  Init  its  decisions 
are  subject  to  the  sanction  of  the  Great  Council.  The  executive  powers 
are  exercised  by  a  Ministry  of  ten  departments. 

Netlitrlands 
The  legislative  authority  is  vested  wholly  in  a  Parliament,  called  the 
States  General.     The  executive  is  with  the  sovereign  and  a  council  of 
eight  Ministers,  the  heads  of  the  different  departments. 

Ottoman  Empire 

"  The  legislative  and  executive  power  is  exercised  under  the  supreme 

direction  of  the  Sultan,  by  two  high  dignitaries,  the  Grand  "Vizier,  the 

head  of  the  temporal  government,  and  the  Sheik-ul-Islam,  the  head 

of  the  church. 

Persia 

The  Shall,  or  King,  has  absolute  power  over  all  his  subjects,  so  far  as 

he  does  not  oppose  the  doctrines  of  the  Mohammedan  religion.    Through 

his  direction  the  executive  powers  are  exercised  by  a  Ministry  of  seven 

departments.     The  whole  revenue  of  the  country  is  at  his  disposal. 

Poi'tugal 
The   legislative  authority  is   given   to  the  two  houses.   Upper  and 
Lower  of  the  Cortes  Gerses.     The  executive  rests  with  the  sovereign 
and  a  Cabinet  of  seven  responsible  Ministers. 


—  243  — 

Iiussia 

The  whole  legislative,  executive  and  judicial  authority  is  vested  in 
the  Emperor,  whose  will  alone  is  law.  The  administration  is  intrusted 
to  four  great  councils:  the  Council  of  the  Empire,  the  Directing  Senate, 
the  Holy  Synod  and  the  Committee  of  Ministers.  They  all  communi- 
cate directly  with  the  sovereign. 

Siam 

The  legislative  power  is  exercised  by  the  King,  in  conjunction  with 
a  Supreme  Council  of  State  and  a  Council  of  Ministers. 

Spain 

The  legislative  power  rests  with  the  King  and  Cortes  Constituyentes, 
consisting  of  a  Senate  and  a  Congress.  The  executive  is  vested  under 
the  King  and  a  Council  of  nine  Ministers. 

Sweden  and  Norway 

Ihe  legislative  authority  of  Sweden  is  vested  in  Diet  or  Parliament  of 
the  realm,  in  concert  with  the  sovereign.  Every  new  law  must  have 
the  assent  of  the  crown.  The  executive  power  is  held  by  the  King,  who 
acts  under  the  advice  of  a  Council  of  State,  consisting  orf  the  Ministers 
of  State  and  ten  other  members.  The  legislative  power  of  Norway 
is  held  entirely  by  the  Storthing,  or  Great  Court.  The  King  has  the 
right  of  veto  over  the  laws  passed  by  the  Storthing,  but  only  for  a 
limited  period.  The  executive  power  is  in  the  hands  of  the  King,  who 
acts  by  the  advice  of  a  Council  of  State  composed  of  two  Ministers  of 
State  and  nine  Councilors. 


The  Principal   Countries 

OF     THE 

World, 

THEIR  Form  of  Government,  Title 

OF 

Ruler  and  Term  of  Office 

Title 

Teim 

Country 

Form  of  Government 

of  Ruler 

of  Office 

Abyssinia 

Absolute  Despotism 

Sultan 

Life 

Afghanistan 

Absolute  Despotism 

Amir 

Life 

Anam  Kingdom 

Absolute  Despotism 

King 

Life 

Austro-Hungary 

Limited  Monarchy 

Emperor 

Life 

Argentine  Republic 

Republic 

President 

7  yrs. 

Belgium 

Limited  Monarchy 

King 

Life 

Bolivia 

Republic 

President 

4  yrs. 

Bokhara 

Absolute  Monarchy 

Khan 

Life 

Brazil 

Republic 

President 

China 

Absolute  Despotism 

Emperor 

Life 

—  244  — 


Title  of 

Country                         Form  of  Government 

Ruler 

Chili 

Republic 

President 

Colombia,  U.  S.  of 

Republic 

President 

Congo  Free  State 

Free  State 

Sovereign 

Costa  Rica 

Republic 

President 

Denmark 

Limited  Monarchy 

King 

Dominican  Republic 

Republic 

President 

Ecuador 

Republic 

President 

Egypt 

Absolute  Monarchy 

Khedive 

France 

Republic 

President 

German  Empire 

Limited  Monarchy 

Emperor  or 

Great  Britain 

Limited  Monarchy 

Queen 

Greece 

Limited  Monarchy 

King 

Guatemala 

Republic 

President 

Haytien  Republic 

Republic 

President 

Honduras 

Republic 

President 

Italy 

Limited  Monarchy 

King 

Japan 

Limited  Monarchy 

Ji^mperor 

Madagascar 

Absolute  Despotism 

Queen 

Mexico 

Republic 

President 

Montenegro 

Absolute  Despotism 

Prmce 

Morocco 

Absolute  Despotism 

Sultan 

Netherlands 

Limited  Monarchy 

King 

Nicaragua 

Republic 

President 

Orange  Free  State 

Republic 

President 

Paraguay 

Republic 

President 

Persia 

Absolute  Despotism 

Shah 

Peru 

Republic 

President 

Portugal 

Limited  Monarchy 

King 

Russia 

Absolute  Despotism 

Emperor  or 

Sandwich  Islands 

Limited  Monarchy 

King 

San  Salvador 

Republic 

President 

Servia 

Limited  Monarchy 

King 

Siam 

Absolute  Despotism 

King 

Spain 

Limited  Monarchy 

King 

Sweden  and  Norway 

Limited  Monarchy 

King 

Switzerland 

Republic 

President 

Turkey 

Absolute  Monarchy 

Sultan 

Transvaal 

Republic 

President 

United  States 

Republic 

President 

Uruguay 

Republic 

President 

Venezuela 

Republic 

President 

Term  of 
Office 

5  yrs. 
2  yrs. 

Life 

4  yrs. 

Life 

6  yrs. 
4  yrs. 

Life 

7  yrs. 
Kaiser  Life 

Life 
Life 

6  yrs. 

7  yrs. 
4  yrs. 

Life 
Life 
Life 
4  yrs. 
Life 
Life 
Life 

4  yrs. 

5  yrs. 
4  yrs. 

Life 

4  yrs. 

Life 

Czar     Life 

Life 

4  yrs. 

Life 

Life 

Life 

Life 

1  year 
Life 

4  yrs. 
4  yrs. 

2  yrs. 


245  — 


Principal  Countries  of  the  World,  their 

Ruler's  Name,  Ruler's  Salary  or  Civil 

List  and  Prevailing  Religion 


Country  Ruler's  Name 
Abyssinia  Johannes  II 

Afghanistan  Abdurrahman  Khan 

Anam  Kingdom  Tu-Duc 
Austro-Hungary        Francis  Joseph  I       *i3, 775, 800.00 


Prevailing 
Salary  or  Civil  I^ist  Religion 

Coptic  Christian 

Buddie 


Argentine  Republic  Juarez  Celman 


Belgium 

Bolivia 

Bokhara 

Brazil 

China 

Chili 

Colombia,  U.  S.  of 

Congo  Free  State 

Costa  Rica 

Denmark 


+§20,000.00 
*$650,000.00 


Leopold  II 

Don  Aniceto  Arce 

Seid  Abdul  Ahad 

Deodora  da  Fonseca 

Kuang  Su 

Jo3e  M.  Balmaceda  +$18,000.00 

Rafael  Nunez 

Leopold 

Bernardo  Soto 

Christian  IX 


Dominican  Republic  Ulysses  Heureaux 


Ecuador 

Egypt 

France 

Gorman  Empire 

Great  Britain 

Greece 

Guatemala 

Ilaytien  Republic 

Honduras 

Italy 

Japan 

Madagascar 

Mexico 

Montenegro 

Morocco 

Netherlands 

Nicaragua 

Orange  Free  State 

Paraguay 

Persia 


Antonio  Flores 
Mohammed  Tewfie 
Sadi-Carnot 
William  II 
Victoria 
George  I 

Manuel  L.  Barillas 
General  Hippolyte 
Luiz  Bogran 
Humbert 
Mutsuhito 
Rauavalona  III 
Porfirio  Diaz 
Nicholas 
Mulai  Hassan 
William  III 
Evaresto  Carazo 
Judge  Reitz 
General  Escobar 
Nasr  ed  din 


Pagan 

Catholic 

Catholic 

Catholic 

Catholic 

Buddie 

Catholic 

Buddie 

Catholic 

Catholic 

Pagan 

Catholic 

Protestant 

St.  Catholic 

Catholic 

*|1,8:5,000.00  Mohammedan 


^$277,775.00 


+8123,800.00 
*|2, 957,077.00 
*81,925,000.00 
*|252,541.52 

+124,000 

*|3, 146,000.00 
*$L784,785.00 


*$20,000.00 

*$2,420,000.00 

*S250,000.00 


Catholic 

Protestant 

Protestant 

Greek  Church 

Catholic 

Catholic 

Catholic 

Catholic 

Buddie 

Pagan 

Catholic 

Greek  Church 

Mohammedan 

Protestant 

Catholic 


+19,500.00  Catholic 

*S20,000,000.00  Mohammedan 


246  — 


Salary  or 

Prevailing 

Country 

Ruler's  Name 

Civil  Ivist 

Religion 

Peru 

Andres  A.  Caceres 

Catholic 

Portugal 

Don  Carlos  I 

*$41 0,000. 00 

Catholic 

Russia 

Alexander 

*$9, 608,000.00 

Greek  Church 

Sandwich  Is^nds 

David  Kalakaua 

+$25,000 

Protestan 

San  Salvador 

Franciscus  Menendez 

Catholic 

Servia 

Milan 

Catholic 

Siam 

Khulalonkorn  I 

Buddie 

Spain 

Alphonso  XIII 

*$1,400,000.00 

Catholic 

Sweden  &  Norway 

Oscar 

*$575, 525.00 

Protestant 

Switzerland 

Louis  Ruchonmet 

+$2,904.00 

Protestant 

Turkey 

Abdul  Hamid  11 

i*$5, 000,000. 00 

Mohammedan 

j  to  $10,000,000.00 

Transvaal 

S.  J.  Paul  Kruger 

United  States 

Benjamin  Harrison 

+$50,000.00 

Protestant 

Uruguay 

Maximo  Tajes 

Catholic 

Venezuela 

Pable  Rojas  Paul 

Catholic 

*  Civil  list  per  annum. 

+  Salary  per  annum. 

Besides  their  salary  or  civil  list  they 

are  allowed  household  expenses 

and  other  appropriations. 

Principal  Treaties  of  the  World  Ratified 
BY  Different  Nations  Since  1140 

{People's  Atlas) 

1140. — Hanseatic  League  projected  between  the  port-towns  and  cities 
of  Germany  against  Danish  and  Swedish  pirates;  signed  1241. 

1217,  Sept.  11. — First  treaty  made  by  England  was  with  the  Dauphin 
Loiiis  of  France. 

1272. — First  treaty  of  commerce  made  by  England  with  any  foreign 
nation  was  with  Flanders,  time  of  Edward  L;  the  second  witli  Portugal 
and  Spain,  1308,  Edward  II. 

1371. — Public  Peace  of  Westphalia  made  between  the  Emperor  Charles 
IV.  and  the  States  of  the  empire  for  maintaining  peace  of  Germany. 

1420. — Troyes,  treaty  between  England,  France  and  Burgundy  to 
secure  to  Henry  V.  the  throne  of  France  after  the  death  of  Charley  VI. 

1508,  Dec.  10. — League  of  Cambray  between  Pope  Julius  IT.,  Max- 
imilian, Louis  XII.  of  France  and  Ferdinand  of  Spain  against  the 
republic  of  Venice. 


—  247  — 

1526,  Jan.  14. — The  Madrid  Concord  between  Charles  V.  and 
Francis  I. 

1530,  Dec.  31. — League  of  Schmalkald,  entered  by  the  Elector  of 
Brandenburg  and  the  other  princes  of  Germany  as  a  defense  against 
Charles  V.  and  in  favor  of  Protestantism. 

1555,  Sept.  15. — "Peace  of  Religion,"  signed  at  Augsburg,  between 
Catholics  and  Protestants. 

1576-93. — Holy  League  of  French  Roman  Catholics  formed  by  the 
Ihike  of  Guise  at  Peronne  as  a  barrier  to  the  succession  of  Henry  IV., 
who  was  a  Protestant.  Dissolved  in  1593  when  the  king  became  a 
Roman  Catholic. 

1620,  July  3. — Treaty  of  Ulm,  between  the  Emperor  Ferdinand  II., 
the  dukes  of  Bavaria,  the  kings  of  Spain  and  of  Poland,  the  elector  of 
Saxony,  the  Pope  and  the  Roman  Catholic  league  on  one  liand  and  the 
allied  princes  of  the  Protestant. Union  of  Germany. 

1630,  Oct.  13. — Ratisbon,  peace  concluded  between  France  and  Ger- 
many. 

1635,  Aug.  13. — Prague  peace  between  Austria  and  Prussia. 

1648,  Aug.  6. — First  peace  of  Westphalia,  concluded  between  Ger- 
many and  Sweden,  terminated  the  "Thirty  Years'  War." 

1648,  Oct.  24. — Second  peace  of  Westphalia,  concluded  at  Miinster, 
between  Germany,  France  and  Sweden. 

1660,  May  27. — Copenhagen;  peace  concluded  between  Sweden  and 
Denmark. 

1668,  Jan.  23. — Alliance  between  the  States-General  and  England 
against  France  to  protect  the  Spanish  Netherlands;  Sweden  joined  the 
league  April  25th,  thereafter  known  as  the  "Triple  Alliance." 

1668,  Feb.  13. — Lisbon;  peace  between  Spain  and  Portugal.  Defens- 
iv^e  alliance  with  Great  Britain  signed  at  Lisbon,  May  16,  1703,  and 
treaties  of  commerce,  Dec.  27,  1703,  and  July  3,  1842. 

1668,  May  2.— First  peace  of  A-x-la-Chapelle  negotiated  by  England 
Sweden,  the  Netherlands,  France  and  Spain. 

1669,  May  7. — Treaty  between  Portugal  and  Holland. 

1674,  Feb.  19.— Westminster,  peace  concluded  between  England  and 
Holland, 

1683,  March  31.— Warsaw;  alliance  between  Austria  and  Poland 
against  Turkey. 

1686,  July  9.— League  of  Augsburg,  Holland  and  other  powers 
against  France. 


—  248  — 

1689,  May  12. — The  grand  alliance  between  Austria  and  States-Gen- 
eral; England  joined  it  Dec.  30,  1689  and  the  King  of  Spain  and  Duke 
of  Savoy. 

1697,  Sept.  20.— Ryswick;  peace  concluded  between  England,  France, 
Spam  and  Holland,  and  signed  by  Germany,  Oct.  30,  1697. 

1709,  June  28. — Alliance  of  Dresden  between  Denmark  and  Saxony 
against  Sweden. 

1713,  April  11. — Utrecht;  peace  concluded  between  France,  Great 
Britain,  Prussia,  Portugal,  Savoy  and  the  States-General. 

1714,  March  17. — Radstadt;  treaty  between  Loui:?  XIV  and  Charles 
VI.  of  Germany. 

1716,  Nov.  28. — Second  triple  alliance  between  England,  France  and 
Holland,  .signed  by  the  Dutch  at  The  Hague,  Jan.  4,  1717. 

1718,  Aug.  12. — Quadruple  alliance,  concluded  by  Great  Britain, 
France  and  Germany.  Holland  acceded  to  it  Feb.,  1719,  whence  it 
obtained  its  name.  The  alliance  signed  at  London,  April  22,  1834, 
between  England,  France,  Portugal  and  Spain,  is  also  known  as  the 
Quadruple  Alliance. 

1719,  Nov.  20. — Peace  of  Stockholm  between  the  King  of  England 
and  the  Queen  of  Sweden. 

1721,  Aug.  SO. — Nystadt;  between  Peter  the  Great  of  Russia  and 
Sweden. 

1724,  March  24. — Treaty  of  Stockholm,  between  Sweden  and  Russia. 

1 725,  April  3.  — Alliance  concluded  at  Vienna  by  Germany  and  Spain. 
1725,  Sept.  3. — Alliance  between  England,  France  and  Prussia. 
1731,  March  16. — Between  Great  Britain,  Germany  and  Holland,  by 

which  Great  Britain  guarantees  the  Pragmatic  Sanction.    Spain  accedes 
toit  July  22,  1731. 

1731,  March  16. — Second  Treaty  of  Vienna  concluded  between  Great 
Britain,  Germany  and  Holland. 

1738,  Nov.  18. — Third  treaty  of  Vienna  between  France  and  Ger- 
many. 

1742,  June  28. — Berlin;  x)eace  between  Prussia,  Poland  and  Hungary 
1745,  Dec.  25. — Peace  of  Dresden,  between   Saxony,  Prussia   and 

Hungary. 

1743,  Oct.  18. — Second  peace  of  Aix-la-Chapelle,  made  by  Greafe 
Britain,  Frajice,  Ilollahd,  Hungary  and  some  Italian  States. 


—  249  — 

1762,  May  5. — Peace  of  St.  Petersburg,  between  Russia  and  Prussia^ 

1763,  Feb.  10. — Peace  of  Paris;  Canada  ceded  to  England. 

1763,  Feb.  15. — Hubertsburg,  peace  between  Austria,  Prussia  and 
Bavaria  by  which  the  "Seven  Years'  War"  was  ended. 

1768,  Feb.  24. — Warsaw;  tveaty  entered  into  between  Russia  and 
Poland. 

1772,  Aug.  5. —Treaty  of  St.  Petersburg  for  the  partition  of  Poland 
between  Russia,  Prussia  and  Austria. 

1783,  Sept.  3. — Peace  of  Versailles  between  England  and  France. 

1783,  Sept.  13. — Definitive  treaty  of  peace  between  Great  Britain 
and  the  United  State.s,  signed  at  Paris. 

1790,  Aug.  5. — Preliminaries  of  peace  between  Prussia  and  Austria 
signed  at  Reichenbach.  In  1791  Congress  convened  hereby  the  English 
ministry  to  form  an  alliance  against  Russian  aggression.  The  treaty 
that  laid  the  "oundation  of  the  grand  alliance  against  Napoleon  I.  was 
feigned  here  June  14,  1813;  Austria  gave  her  adherence  to  it  June  27fch. 

1793.  Alliance  between  Austria,  Prussia  and  Great  Britain  against 
F  ance. 

1795,  Sept.  28. — Triple  alliance  between  Great  Britain,  Russia  and 
Austria,  ratified  at  St.  Petersburg. 

1795,  Nov.  25.— Third  treaty  for  the  partition  of  Poland  concluded 
between  Russia,  Austria  and  Prussia. 

1799,  June  22. — Alliance  between  Great  Britain,  Germany,  Russia, 
Naples,  Portugal  and  Turkey  against  France. 

1802,  March  27. — Peace  of  Amiens,  entered  into  by  Great  Britain, 
France,  Spain  and  Holland. 

1805,  April  11. — Alliance  between  Great  Britain  and  Russia  against 
Napoleon  1. 

1 805,  Aug.  5.  — Combination  Ijetween  Great  Britain,  Russia,  Austria, 
and  Naples  against  France. 

1806,  Aug.  1. — Confederation  of  the  Rhine  League  of  the  Germanic 
States,  formed  by  Napoleon  Bonaparte. 

1806,  Aug.  6. — Alliance  between  Great  Britain,  Russia,  Prussia  and 
Saxony  against  France. 

1807,  July  7. — Peace  of  Tilsit,  between  France  and  Russia. 

1809,  April  6. — Alliance  bet\veen  England  and  Austria  against 
France. 

1809,  Oct.  14. — Vienna;  peace  between  Napoleon  I  and  Austria. 

1813,  March  17. — Alliance  between  Russia  and  Prussia. 

1813,  June  14  and  15. — Reichenbach  ;  dllianco  between  Russia, 
Prussia,  and  England  against  France ;  alliance  joined  by  Austria, 
June  27,  1813. 


-  250  — 

1813,  Sept.  9. — Toplitz ;  treaty  between  Austria,  Russia  and 
Prussia. 

1813,  Oct.  3. — Toplitz;  treaty  between  Austria  and  Great  Britain. 

1814,  Jan.  14. — Treaty  of  Kiel  concluded  between  Denmark, 
Sweden  and  Great  Britain. 

1814,  Dec.  24.— Ghent;  peace  between  Great  Britain  and  the  United 
States. 

1815,  March  25. — Vienna;  alliance  concluded  between  Great  Britain, 
Austria,  Russia  and  Prussia.  March  27. — France  accedes  to  the 
alliance.  May  31. — A  treaty  concluded  between  Holland  on  one  side 
and  Great  Britain,  Austria,  Prussia  and  Russia  on  the  other.  June  9. 
The  general  congress  treaty  signed. 

1815,  Sept.  26. — Alliance,  known  as  Holy  Alliance,  between  Russia, 
Austria  and  Prussia,  ratified  at  Paris;  joined  afterward  by  nearly  all 
European  powers. 

1839,  Nov.  16. — Treaty  of  Commerce  made  by  Great  Britain  with 
Turkey. 

1845,  June  25. — Treaty  of  Commerce  made  by  Great  Britain  with 
the  Two  Sicilies. 

1846,  June  12. — Washington;  treaty  between  Great  Britain  and  the 
United  States,  fixing  boundary  of  British  America  and  the  United 
States. 

1848,  Feb.  2. — Treaty  of  Guadaloupe- Hidalgo  between  Mexico  and 
the  United  States. 

1854,  Mar.  31. — Treaty  between  United  States  and  Japan. 

1854,  May  8.— Tripartite  treaty  concluded  1)etwecn  England,  France 
and  Turkey. 

1854,  June  7. — Washington  ;  reciprocity  between  England  and 
United  States,  regulating  trade  with  Canada. 

1855,  Nov.  21. — Treaty  between  England,  France  and  Sweden. 

1856,  April. — Peace  concluded  between  France  and  Russia. 

1858,  Aug.  26. — Treaty  of  Jeddo  between  Great  Britain  and  Japan. 

1859,  Mov.  10. — Zurich;  peace  between  Austria,  France  and 
Sardinia. 

1860,  Jan.  23. — An  important  commercial  treaty  made  between 
Great  Britain  and  France. 

1860,  Nov.  14. — Treaty  between  Russia  and  China,  giving  Paissia 
free  trade  territories,  etc. 

18G4,  Oct.  30. — Vienna;  peace  between  Austria,  Prussia  and  Den- 
mark. 

1866,  Oct.  3. — ^Vienna;  peace  between  Austria  and  Italy. 


-  251  — 

1866,  Oct.  21. — Berlin;  peace  between  Prussia  and  Saxony. 

1871,  May  8. — Washington,  treaty  between  England  and  United 
States,  settling  Alabama  claims. 

1871,  May  10. — Frankfort,  peace  between  France  and  Germany. 

1878,  March  3. — San  Stefano,  peace  between  Russia  and  Turkey. 

1878,  July  13. — Berlin  treaty,  entered  into  by  Germany,  Russia, 
Turkey,  Great  Britain,  Austria,  France,  and  Italy. 

1881. — Second  treaty  l^etween  United  States  and  China. 

1889.— Samoan  Treaty,  between  United  States,  Germany  and  Eng- 
land. 

Portraits  on  Bank  Notes  of  the  U.S. 

On  United  States  Notes. — $1,  Washington;  $2,  Jefferson;  $5,  Jack- 
son; $10,  Webster;  $20,  Hamilton;  $50,  Franklin;  $100,  Lincoln;  $500, 
General  Mansfield;  $1,000,  De  Witt  Clinton;  $5,000,  Madison;  $10,000, 
Jackson.  On  Silver  Certificates — $10,  Robert  Morris;  $20,  Commo- 
dore Decatur;  $50,  Edward  Everett;  $100,  James  Monroe;  $500, 
Charles  Sumner,  $1,000,  W.  L.  Marcy.  On  Gold  Notes— $20,  Gar- 
field; $50,  Silas  Wright;  $100,  Thomas  H.  Benton;  $500,  A.  Lincoln; 
$1,000,  Hamilton;  $5,000,  Madison;  $10,000,  Jackson. 

Weights  and  Measures 

Diamond  Weight 

16  parts  equal  1  grain  equals  .8  grain  Troy 

4  grains     '"      1  carat       "     3.2     " 

20  parts  diamond  weight    "1         "         " 

•     Assay ers'   Weight 

1  carat  equals  10  Pennyweight  Troy 

1  carat  grain     "       2  pwts.  12  grs.  or  60  grains  Troy 

24  carat  "        1  pound  Troy 

Troy  Weight 
3i  grains  (gr  )  equals  1  carat  (diamond  weight)  K. 
24       "  "1  pennyweight,  pwt. 

20  pennyweights    "       1  ounce,  oz. 
12  ounces  "       1  pound,  lb. 

Troy  Weight  is  used  for  measuring  gold,  silver,  jewels  and  jpreciouan, 
metals.  V   -i---  ' 


VB 


—  252  — 
California  I^ot  Measure 

A  100  vara  lot  equals  275  feet  square 

A  50  vara  lot  equals  137^         " 

A  100  vara  lot  contains  four  50  vara  lots 

A  vara  is  33J  inches 

A  100  vara  lot  contains  1.7367  acres 

A  50  vara  lot  contains  .4342  acres 

Cloth  Measure 

Old  Way  New  Way 

24  inches  equal  1  nail  2  sixteenths  equal  1  eighth 

4  nails  **      1  quarter         2  eighths  equal  1  quarter 

4  quarters    "      1  yard  2  quarters  equal  1  half 

4  quarters  equal  1  yard 
3  quarters  equal  1  ell  Flemish         G  quarters  equal  1  ell  French 
5  quarters  equal  1  ell  English        37.2  inches  equal  1  ell  Scotch 
This  measure  is  used  in  buying  and  selling  cloth,  ribbons,  etc. 

Drop  Liquid  Measure 

100  drops  -         -   equal     1  spoonful 

100  spoonfuls       -         -  "       ]  quart 

100  quarts       -         -         -         "       1  cask 

Iron  and  Lead  Weight 

14  pounds  -        -         -         equal     1  stone 
21^  stones    -        -        -         -       "         1  pig 

8  pigs       -  -         -         .  "1  fother 


Units  (Measure) 

20  units         -         -         -         equal 
12  units    -         .         .         .        " 
12  dozen      ... 
12  gross   .        -        -        -       " 

1  score 
1  dozen 
1  gross 
1  great  gross 

Paper  Measure 

24  sheets        -        -         -       equal 
20  quires  -        -         -        -       " 
2  reams        -        -         -           *' 
5  bundles          -        -         -       " 

1  quire 
1  ream 
r  bundle 
1  bale 

United  States  Money 

10  mills         -         -         -         equal     1  cent 
10  cents           -        -        -         "        1  dime 
10  dimes       ...            ''1  dollar,  $ 
10  dollars         -         -         -         "        .1   eagle 
The  mill  is  not  coined. 

Comparison  of  Measure.s  of  Capacity 

1  gallon  (t  qts.)  Wino  Measure,  contain.^  231  cubic  inches. 
1  gallon  (4  qts.)  Dry  Mca3urc,  contains  2G8  4-5  cul^ic  inches. 
1  gallon  (4  qts.)  Beer  Measure,  contains  282  cubic  inches. 
1  bushel,  Dry  Measure,  contains  2,150^  cubic  inches. 


—  253  — 

Foreign  Weights  and  Measures 

Denominatiou  Where  Used  U.  S.  Equivalent 

Almude Portugal 4.422  gals. 

Arratel  or  Libra.. .  .Portugal 1,011  lbs.  avoir. 

Arroba Portugal  and  Brazil 32.38  lbs. 

Arroba Spain  and  Buenos  Ayres 25.36  lbs. 

Arroba Spain  (wine) 4.26  gals. 

Baril Argentine  Republic  and  Mexico 20.0787  gals. 

Beikovet Russia 360 lbs.  avoir. 

Candy Bombay 560  lbs.  avoir. 

Candy Madras 500  lbs.  avoir. 

Cantar , Turkey 124.7036  lbs.  avoir. 

Cathy China 1.33  lbs.  avoir. 

Cathy Japan 1.31  lbs. 

Cathy Java,  Siam,  Malacca 1.35  lbs. 

Cathy Sumatra 2.12  lbs. 

Centner Bremen 127.5  lbs. 

Centner Darmstadt  and  ZoUverein 110.24  ILs. 

Centner Prussia ...    1 13.41  lbs. 

Centner Sweden 93.7  lbs.  avoir. 

Chang China 11.75  ft. 

Chcih China 1.175  ft. 

Dansk  mil Denmark 4.68  miles 

Desiatine Russia 2.7  acres 

Fanega Mexico 1.54728  bushels 

Hectolitre  (liquid) . .  France 26.41  gals. 

Hectolitre  (cereals) . France 2.837  busn. 

Last Belgium  and  Holland  (dry) 85. 134  bush. 

Last England,  for  dry  Malt 82.52  bush. 

Last Prussia 112.29  bush. 

Li China 2115  ft. 

Libra Castilian 7100  grains  troy_ 

Libra Chili 1.014  lbs.  avoir. 

Livre Guiana 1.0791  lbs.  avoir. 

Oka Egypt 2.7235  lbs.  avoir. 

Oka Hungary 3.0817  lbs.  avoir. 

Oka Turkey 2.83418  lbs.  avoir. 

Picul Borneo  and  Celebes 135.64  lbs. 

Picul China 133^  lbs.  avoir. 

Picul Japan 130  lbs. 

Picul Java  (Batavia) 135. 10  lbs. 


—  254  — 
Weights —  Continued 

Denomination  Where  Used  U.  S.  Equivalent 

Pie Argentine  Republic G.947S  ft. 

Pie ,.Castilian C. 91407  ft. 

Pik Turkey 27.9  in. 

Pood Russia 36  lbs.  avoir. 

Pund Denmark 1 .  102  lbs.  avoir. 

Quarter England 8.252  bush. 

Quintal Brazil 130.06  lbs.  avoir. 

Quintal Buenos  Ayres 101.42  lbs.  avoir. 

Quintal Castile,  Chili,  Mexico,  Peru 101.61  lbs.  avoir. 

Quintal  Metrique. . .  France 220.4  lbs.  avoir. 

Tael Cochin-China 590, 75  grains  troy. 

Tael  (weight) China ". .  12  oz.  avoir. 

Tchetvert Russia 5.95  bush. 

Tonde  (coal) Denmark 4.82  bush. 

Tonde  (corn) Denmark 3. 92  bush. 

Tondeland Denmark 1 .  36  acres. 

Tonneau  (coal) France 2,004  lbs.  avoir. 

Tscan China 1.41  inches 

Tunna Sweden 4.64  bush. 

Tunnland Sweden 1 .22  acres. 

Vara Castilian... 0  914117  yds. 

Vara , . .  Curagoa,  Cuba  and  Peru 33.375  in. 

Vedro Russia 3.24  gals. 

Verste Russia 0. 663  of  a  mile. 

Zoll  centner Austria 110  lbs.  avoir. 

Capacity  (seating)  of  Noted  Public 
Buildings 

Building                                        Location                                              Capacity- 
Coliseum  Rome,  Italy 87,000 

St.  Peter's  Church Rome,  Italy 58,000 

Theatre  of  Pompey Rome,  Italy 40,000 

Cathedral Milan,  Italy 40,000 

St.  Paul's  Church Rome,  Italy 38,000 

St.  Paul's  Church London,  England 31,000 

St.  Petronio's  Church Bologna,  Italy 25,000 

Cathedral Florence,  Italy 23,500 

Cathedral Antwerp,  Belgium 23,000 

St.  John's  Latern Rome,  Italy 23,000 


—  256  — 

Capacity  of  Public  Buildings — Continued 

Buildiug  Location  Capacity 

Mosque  of  St.  Sophia Constantinople,  Turkey 23,000 

Notre  Dame  Church Paris,  France 21,500 

Theater  of  Marcellus Rome,  Italy 20,000 

Cathedral Pisa,  Italy 13,000 

St.  Stephen's  Church Vienna,  Austria 12,4-00 

Oilmore's  Garden New  York,  N.  Y 8,443 

Mormon  Temple Salt  Lake  City,  Utah 8,000 

St.  Mark's  Church Venice,  Italy 7,500 

Spurejeon's  Tabernacle London,  England 6,000 

Bolshoi  Theater St.  Petersburg,  Russia 5,000 

Music  Hall Cincinnati,  Ohio 4:, 824 

La  Scala Milan,  Italy .4,000 

Exeter  Hall London,  England 3,500 

Washington  Hail Paterson,  N.  J 3,000 

Plymouth  Church Brooklyn,  N.  Y 3,000 

City  Hall Columbus,  Ohio 3,000 

Boston  Theater Boston,  Mass 2,972 

Acad8my  of  Music Philadelphia,  Penn 2,885 

Co  vent  Garden London,  England.^. 2,684 

Music  Hall Boston,  Mass 2,585 

Carlo  Felice Genoa,  Italy 2,560 

Academy  of  Music New  York,  N.  Y 2,526 

Grand  Opera  House ,  San  Francisco,  Cal 2,500 

Cooper  Union New  York,  N.  Y 2,500 

Alexander St.  Petersburg,  Russia 2,307 

Grand  Opera  House Paris,  France 2,300 

Grand  Opera  House Cincinnati,  Ohio 2,250 

Orpheuni San  Francisco,  Cal 2/200 

Imperial St.  Petersburg,  Russia 2, 1 81 

Academy  of  Music Paris,  France 2,092 

Tivoli  Opera  House San  Francisco,  Cal 1,900 

National  Theater Washington,  I).  C 1,709 

New  California  Theater. . ,.San  Francisco,  Cal 1,650 

Opera  House Berlin,  Germany 1,636 

Baldwin  Theater San  Francisco,  Cal 1,600 

Beethoven  Hall Boston,  Mass 1,500 

Howard  Athenaeum Boston,  Mass 1,500 

Theatre  Royal Montreal,  Canada 1,368 

Bush  St.  Theater San  Francisco,  Cal 1,300 

Museum Boston,  Mass 1,275 

Alcazar  Theater San  Francisco,  Cal 1,200 

Bijou  Theater San  Francisco,  Cal 900 


-  256  — 

Marvel vS  of  Nature  and  Art 

The   Largest   Fortification    in    the    World 

The  largest  single  fortification  is  Fortress  Monroe,  at  Norfolk,  Vir- 
ginia. It  has  already  cost  the  U.  S.  Government  over  three  million 
dollars.  The  water  battery  ia  considered  one  of  the  finest  military 
works  of  the  M'orld. 

The  Largest  Hanging  Bell  in  the  World 

The  largest  hanging  bell  in  the  world  is  in  a  Buddhist  monastery, 
near  Canton,  China.  It  is  eighteen  feet  high  and  forty-five  feet  in  cir- 
cumference, and  is  of  solid  bronze.  It  ivj  one  of  eight  great  bells  which 
were  cast  by  command  of  the  Emperor  Yung-lo  about  a.  d.  1400,  and 
is  said  to  have  cost  the  lives  of  eight  men,  who  were  killed  during  the 
process  cf  casting.  The  whole  bell,  I»oth  inside  and  out,  is  covered 
with  an  inscription  in  embossed  Chinese  characters  about  half  an  inch 
long,  covering  even  the  handle,  the  total  number  being  84,000.  The 
characters  tell  a  single  story — one  of  the  Chinese  classics. 


Largest  Cave  in  the  World 

The  largest  cave  is  Mammoth  Cave  in  Kentucky,  U.  S.,  in  it  is  a 
subterranean  river  which  is  navigable  and  contains  blind  fishes. 


Largest  Body  of  Fresh  W^ater  on  the  Earth 

The  largest  body  of  fresh  water  is  Lake  Superior,  U.  S.,  its  greatest 
length  is  400  miles  and  its  greatest  breath  is  IGO  miles;  its  mean 
depth  is  90  fathoms,  its  area  is  32,000  square  miles,  it  is  about  635  feet 
above  the  sea  level. 


Largest  Island  in  the  World 

The  largest  island  is  Australia.  It  is  2,500  miles  in  length  from  east 
to  west  and  1,950  miles  from  north  to  south;  it  has  an  area  of  2,984,287 
square  miles,  about  as  large  as  the  United  wStates  of  America. 


257 


The  lyongest  Tunnel  in  the  World 

The  longest  tunnel  is  St.  Gothard,  on  the  line  of  railroad  between 
Lucerne  and  Milan.  The  summit  of  the  tunnel  is  990  feet  below  the 
surface  at  Andermatt,  and  6,600  feet  beneath  the  peak  of  Kastelhorn 
of  the  St.  Gothard  group.  The  tunnel  is  26^  feet  wide  and  19  feet 
10  inches  from  floor  to  the  crown  of  the  arched  roof,  it  is  48,840  feet 
long,  nearly  10  miles. 


Most  Extensive  Park  in  the  World 

The  most  extensive  park  is  Deer  Park  in  the  environs  of  Copenhagen, 
in  Denmark,  Europe.  The  in  closure  contains  4,200  acres  of  land  and 
a  small  river  runs  through  it. 


lyongest  Span  of  Telegraph  Wire  in  the  World 

The  longest  span  of  telegraph  wire  is  in  India,  Asia,  over  the  river 
Kistuah,  between  Berzorah  and  Sectauagrun.  It  is  more  than  6,000 
feet  long  and  is  stretched  between  two  hills,  each  of  which  is  1,200  feet 
high. 


Most  Remarkable  Artificial  Echo  on  Earth 

The  most  remarkable  artificial  echo  known  is  that  in  the  Castle  of 
Simoneita„  about  two  miles  from  Milan,  in  Italy.  It  is  occasioned  by 
the  existence  of  two  parallel  walls  of  considerable  length.  It  repeats 
the  report  of  a  pistol  sixty  times. 


The  Largest  Stationary  Engine  in  the  World 

The  largest  stationary  engine  in  the  world  is  at  the  famous  zinc 
mines  at  Friedensville,  Pa.  It  is  known  as  the  "  President,"  and  there 
is  no  pumping  engine  in  the  world  that  can  be  compared  with  the 
monster.  The  number  of  gallons  of  water  raised  every  minute  is  17,500. 
The  driving  wheels  are  thirty -five  feet  in  diameter  and  weigh  forty  tons 
each.  The  sweep  rod  is  forty  feet  long,  the  cylinders  110  inches  in 
diameter,  and  the  piston-rod  eighteen  inches  in  diameter,  with  a  ten- 
foot  stroke. 


—  258  — 


The  lyargest  Flower  Known 

llaffiesia  Schadenbergia  is  the  largest  flower  known,  it  grows  in  the 
Philippine  Islands,  it  is  3  feet  in  diameter. 


The  Largest  Smokestacks  in  the  World 

The  Townsend  Works,  at  Glasgow,  Scotland,  smokestack  is  488  feet 
in  height,  of  which  454  feet  is  masonry  and  34  feet  on  top  is  a  copper 
pipe,  it  has  a  base  of  32  feet,  and  it  cost  about  $40,000. 

Tennent  &  Co,  of  Glasgow,  Scotland,  smokestack  is  435  feet  high, 
it  has  40  feet  base  and  13|  feet  flue. 

Dobson  &  Barlow's,  England,  smokestack  is  36H  feet  high,  has  a 
base  of  33  feet  10  inches  and  13  feet  2  inches  flue. 

The  fourth  largest  in  the  world  and  the  largest  in  the  United  States 
is  at  the  Fall  River  Iron  Works,  Massachusetts,  it  is  for  40  boilers  to 
supply  three  triple  expansion  engines  of  1,350  horse-power  each.  The 
smokestack  is  350  feet  high,  its  base  is  30  feet  and  the  top  of  the  Hue 
is  21  feet.  The  entire  structure  rests  on  a  solid  granite  foundation 
55x30  feet  and  10  feet  deep,  in  its  construction  are  used  about  1,700,000 
bricks,  2,000  tons  of  stone,  2,000  barrels  of  mortar,  1,000  loads  of  sand, 
]  ,000  barrels  of  cement,  and  it  coot  $40,000. 


The  Largest  Telescopes 

The  largest  refractor,  Lick  Observatory,  Mt.  Hamilton,  Cal.,  36 
inches,  constructed  by  Clark,  Warner  and  Swasey,  1887.  The  largest 
reflector,  Lord  Rosse,  Birr  Castle,  Ireland,  72  inches,  constructed  by 
Lord  Rosse,  1844. 


Population  of  the  Largest  Cities  of  the  World— i^/w/  Census 


Cities 


is 


Popu- 
lation 

8,816,483 
2,344,550 


O 
London*  (est.,  4/282,921).l881 

Paris 1886 

Canton est.  1,600,000 

Berlin 1885  1,315.287 

Vienna 1887  1,270,000 

NewYorkf 1880  1,206,577 

Tokio,  Japan 1886  1,121,883 

St.  Petersburg 1884  929,100 

Constantinople 1885  873,565 

Calcutta 1881  871,504 

Philadelphiat 1880  847,170 

Bombay 1881  773,196 

Moscow 1884  753,469 

Glasgow 1881  674,095 

Brooklynt 1880  566,689 

Liverpool  (est.,  599,738). .1881  552,508 

Chicagof 1880  503,185 

Peking,  China est.  500,000 

Buenos  Ayres  1888  466,267 

Naples 1881  463,172 

Brussels 1888  458,^39 

Buda-Pesth 18£6  422,557 

Melbourne 1888  410,000 

Warsaw 18S2  406,261 

Madras 1881  405,848 

Lyons 1886  401,930 

Birnii'gham  (est.447,912)1881  400,774 

Bostont 1885  890,403 

Amsterdam 1888  890,016 

Madrid 1887  385,888 

Marseilles 1884  376,143 

Ctiro lbS2  368,108 

Osaka,  Japan 1886  S61,694 

Rio  de  Janiero 1885  357,332 

Hyderabad,  India 1881  854,692 

St.  Louisf 1880  850,519 

Mexico 1888  350,000 

Manchester  (es.  378,164).1881  341,414 

Baltimoref 1880  832,313 

Leeds  (est.,  851,210) 1881  809,119 

Hamburg 1885  805,690 

Breslau 1885  298,893 

Milan 1881  295,543 

Copenhagen 1887  286,<;00 

Lucknow 1881  284,779 

Sheffield  (est.,  321 ,7 11) ...1881  284,508 

Shanghai. est.  278,000 

Rome 1881  273,268 

Munich 1886  261,981 

Cincinuatit 1880  255,809 

Kiota,  Japan 1884  255,403 

Seoul,  Corea est.  250,000 

Dublin 1881  249,602 

Dresden 1886  246,086 

Lisbon 1878  246,343 

Barcelona 1S88  241,962 

Bordeaux 1886  240,582 

Santiago,  Chili 1885  236,412 

Edinburgh 1881  236,002 

San  Franciscot 1880  233,959 

Turin 18S1  230,183 

*  Ihc  population  of  cities  given  in  the  Statesmen's  Year  Book  for  1889  has 

been  sci  ccted  for  this  table.  That  authority  gives  estimated  present  population 
of  English  cities  which  is  here  printed  in  parentheses. 

t  INIany  of  the  American  cities  do  not  hold  their  proper  relative  rank  in  the 
table  because  their  last  censuses  were  taken  ten  years  ago,  while  those  of  most 
European  cities  are  more  recent.  259 


Cities                  "  S  Popu- 

%^  lation 
o 

Stockholm 1887  277,964 

Bucharest 1876  221,805 

Sydney,  N.  S.  W 1881  220,427 

New  Orleans! 1880  216,690 

Antwerp 1888  210,534 

Alexandria 1882  208,755 

Belfast 1881  208,122 

Bristol  (est.,  226,510) 1881  203,874 

Palermo 1881  205,712 

Smyrna est.  210,000 

Teheran,  Persia est.  200,600 

Benares 1881  199,700 

Havana 1888  198,261 

Rotterdam 1888  193,058 

Penang 1881  190,597 

Lille 1886  188,272 

Nottlngh'm  (es.  230,921)1!  81  186,575 

Montreal 1SS7  186,257 

Bradford  (est. ,  22^,721)  ...1181  183,032 

Salford  (est.,  226,836) 1881  176,235 

Delhi 1881  173,898 

Leipzig 1880  170,340 

Riga,  Russia 1881  169,329 

Kharkoflf,  Russia 1884  166,921 

Toronto 1888  166.809 

Bremen 1886  165,628 

Prague 188)  162,323 

Cologne 1885  161,260 

Hong  Kong 1881  160,402 

Clevelandf 1880  160,146 

Manila est.  160,000 

Patna est.  160,000 

Milwaukeei 1885  158,509 

Pittsburghf 1880  156,389 

Buffalo 1880  155,184 

Frankfort 1885  154,504 

Odessa 1885  154,240 

Hull  (est  202,359) 1881  154,240 

Jersey  Cityf 1885  153,513 

Newark,  U.  S 1885  152,513 

Cawnpore 1881  151,444 

Konigsburg 1885  151,157 

Damascus e^t.  150,000 

The  Hague 1888  149,447 

Ghent 1888  147,912 

Toulouse 1886  147,617 

Washingtont 1880  147,293 

Newcastle  (est,  159,003).1881  14t-,359 

Trieste 1880  144,844 

Valencia 1877  143,856 

Allahabad 1881  143,093 

Dundee 1881  140,239 

Liege 1888  140,261 

Bahia 1883  140,000 

Genoa 1881  138,081 

Florence 1881  134,992 

Christiania,  Norway 1888  135,015 

Seville 1877  133,938 

Detroitt 1884  133,269 

Venice 1881  129,445 


—  260  - 

Population  of  Cities  in  the  United  States 

Official  tEstimated  jEstimated 

Census  Census  Census 

Cities                                              1880  1885  1890 

New  York  City 1,206,299  1,300,000  1,800,0C0 

Philadelphia,  Pa 847,170  875,000  1,250,000 

Brooklyn,  N.  Y 566,663  604,000  835,000 

Chicago,  III 503,185  550,000  1,150,000 

Boston,  Mass 362,839  *390,406  416,22a 

St.  Louis,  Mo 350,518  450,000  500,000 

Baltimore,  Md 332,313  375,000  500,000 

Cincinnati,  0 255,139  280,000  325,000 

San  Francisco,  Cal 233,959  300,000  335,000 

New  Orleans,  La 216,090  235,000  260,000 

Cleveland,  0 160, 146  176,000  275,000 

Pittsburgh,  Pa 156,389  162,000  250,000 

Buffalo,  N.  Y 155,134  165,000  265,000 

Washington,  D.  C 147,293  *173,606  230,000 

Newark,  N.  J 136,508  *152,988  175, OOa 

Louisville,   Ky 123,758  130,000  200,000 

Jersey  City,  N.  J 120,722  *153,513  195,000 

Detroit,  Mich 116,340  *133,269  235,000 

Milwaukee,  Wis 115,587  *15S,509  210,000 

Providence,  R.  1 104,857  *1 18,070  132,000 

Albany,  N.  Y 90,758  97,000  103,000 

Rochester,  N.  Y 89,366  95,000  120,000 

Alleghany,  Pa 78,682  81,000  120,000 

Indianapolis,  Ind 75,056  100,000  130,000 

Richmond,  Va 63,600  70,000  85,000 

New  Haven,  Conn 62,882  75,000  83,000 

Lowell,  Mass 59,475  *64,051  80,000 

Worcester,  Mass 58,291  *68,383  85,000 

Troy,N.  Y 56,747  60,000  65,000 

Kansas  City,  Mo 55,785  105,000  200,000 

Cambridge,  Mass 52,669  *59,660  72,500 

Syracuse,  N.  Y 51,792  55,000  87,738 

Columbus,  O 51,647  57,000  100,000 

Paterson,  N.  J 51,031  *63,280  85,000 

Toledo,  0 50,137  55,000  90,000 

Charleston,  S.   C 49,984.  50,000  60,000 

Fall  River,  Mass 48,961  *56  863  70,000 

Minneapolis,  Minn 46,887  *46,887  225, OOa 


?61 


Population  of  lyargest  Cities — Continued 

Official  tEstimated    tEstimated 

Census  Census  Cexis-us 

Cities  1880  1885  1890 

Scrauton,  Pa 45,850  48,000  100,000 

Nashville,  Tenn 43,350  49,000             95,000 

Reading,  Pa 43,278  45,000             03,000 

Wilmington,  Del 42,478  45,000             58,000 

Hartford,  Conn 42,015  47,000             53,000 

€amden,  N.  J 41,659  *52,884             75,000 

St.  Paul,  Minn 41,473  *111,397  220,000 

Lawrence,  Mass 39,151  *38,812             45,600 

Dayton,  0 38,678  42,500             60,000 

Lynn,  Mass 38,274  *45,861              54,000 

Atlanta,  Ga 37,409  41,000             90,000 

Denver,  Col 35,629  45,000  130,000 

Oakland,  Cal 34,555  42,000             46,000 

Utica,  N.  Y 33,914  37,000             50,000 

Portland,  Me 33,810  35,000             42,000 

Memphis,  Tenn 33,592  37,500             75,000 

Springfield,  Mass 33,340  *37,d77             43,000 

Manchester,  N.  li 32,630  37,250             45,000 

St.  Joseph,  Mo 32,431  45,000             70,000 

Orand  Rapids,  Mich 32,016  *41,934             80,000 

Hoboken,  N.  J 30,909  *37,721              50,000 

Harrisburg,  Pa 30,762  32,000  43,000 

Wheeling,  W.  Va 30, 737  40,000  40,500 

,  Savannah,  Ga 30,709  31,000  58,000 

Omaha,  Neb 30,518  *61,835  135,000 

Trenton,  N.  J 29,910  *34,386  67,000 

Covington,  Ky 29,720  33,000  45,000 

Evansville,   Ind 29,280  40,000  55,000 

Peoria,   111 29,259  31,000  45,500 

Mobile,  Ala 20,132  31,750  45,000 

Elizabeth,  N.J 28,229  *32, 149  33,000 

Erie,  Pa 27,737  28,500  40,003 

Bridgeport,  Conn 27,043  32,000  50,000 

Salem,  Mass 27,563  '^28,084  29,000 

Quincy,  111 27,268  30,000  40,000 

Fort  Wayne,  Ind 20,880  30,000  40,000 

New  Bedford,  Mass 26,845  *33,393  40,000 

Terra  Haute,  Ind 26,042  30,000  32,500 


—  262  — 
Population  of  I^argest  Cities— Continued 

OflScial  ^Estimated    fEstiraated 

Census  Census  Census 

Cities                                                 1880  1885  1890 

Lancaster,  Pa 25,769  28,000  31,000 

Somerville,  Mass 24,933  *29,992  32,500 

Davenport,  la 24,831  *23,830  30,000 

Wilkesbarre,   Pa 23,339  25,000  40,000 

De3  Moines,  la 22,408  *32,469  35,500 

Dubuque,  la 22,254  *26,830  36,500 

Oalveston,  Tex 22,248  30,000  45,000 

Norfolk,  Va 21,966  25,000  35,000 

Auburn,  N.  Y 21,924  23,300  26,000 

Holyoke,  Mass 21,915  *27,894  35,000 

Augusta,  Ga 21,891  22,000  47,000 

Chelsea,  Mass 21,782  *25,709  30,000 

Petersburg,  Va 21,656  24,000  25,000 

Sacramento,  Cal 21,420  26,000  40,000 

Taunton,  Mass. . .    21,213  *23,674  27,000 

Oswego,  N.  Y 21,116  22,500  23,000 

Salt  Lake,  Utah 20,768  35,000  36,000 

Springfield,  0 20,730  23,000  35,000 

Bay  City,  Mich 20,693  *29,415  31,240 

San  Antonio,  Tex 20,550  26,000  54, 700 

Elmira,  N.  Y 20,541  22,000  32,500 

Newport,  Ky 20,430  23,000  20,400 

Poughkeepsic,  N.  Y 20,207  21,000  24,000 

Springfield,  111 19,743  24,000  26,000 

Altoona,  Pa.... 19,710  21,000  26,000 

Burlington,  la 19,450  *23,459  35,000 

Cohoes,  N.  Y 19,416  20,750  22,000 

Gloucester,  Mass 19,329  *21,713  22,000 

Lewiston,  Me 19,083  20,000  20,000 

Pawtucket,  R.  1 19,030  *22,906  23,250 

East  Saginaw,  Mich 19,016  29, 100  40,000 

Wniiamsport,  Pa 18,934  20,000  32,000 

Yonkers,  N.  Y 18,892  19,500  30,000 

Haverhill,  Mass 18,472  *21,795  25,000 

Kingston,  N.Y 18,344  19,500  20,000 

Zanesville,  0 18,113  .  20,000  20,500 

Newburg,  N.  Y 18,049  19,250  21,500 

Councils  Bluffs,  Iowa 18,063  *21,557  35,000 


—  263  — 
Population  of  Largest  Cities — Continued 

Official  tEstiniated     fEstimated 

Census  Census  Census 

Cities                                                1880  1885  1890 

Allentown,  Pa 18,063  18,750  19,000 

Waterbiiry,  Conn 17,806  21,500  35,000 

Portland,  Ore 1 7,577  30,000  60,000 

Wilmington,  N.  C 17,35o  19,800  25,000 

Binghamton,  N.  Y 17,317  18,500  32,000 

Bloomington,  111 17,180  20,000  25,000 

New  Brunswick,  N.  J 17, 166  *18,258  20,000 

Long  Island  City,  N.  Y 17,123  18,250  45,000 

Newton,  Mass 16,995  *19,739  20,000 

Bangor,  Me 16,856  17,500  18,000 

Montgomery,  Ala 16,713  16,900  30,000 

Lexington,  Ky 16,650  18,000  35,000 

Leavenworth,  Kan 16,546  *29,268  30,000 

Houston,  Tex 16,513  20,000  45,000 

Akron,  0 16,512  18,000  20,000 

New  Albany,  Ind 16,423  19,000  20,500 

Jackson,  Mich 16,105  *19,136  27,000 

Woonsocket,  R.  1 16,059  17,000  18,000 

Racine,  Wis 16,031  *19,636  20,500 

Lynchburg,  Va 15,959  18,000  19,000 

Sandusky,  0 , 15,838  17,000  18,500 

Oshkosh,  Wis 15,748  *22,064  30,000 

Newport,  R.  1 15,693  *19,566  22,000 

Meriden,  Conn 15,693  17,000  17,500 

Topeka,  Kan 15,452  *23,499  24,500 

Youngstown,  0 15,435  17,000  18,500 

Norwich,  Conn 15,112  22,000  23,000 

Atchison,  Kan 15,105  *15,599  18,000 

Chester,  Pa 14,997  15,500  17,000 

La  Fayette,  Ind 14,860  23,000  24,000 

Leadville,  Col 14,820  19,000  20,000 

La  Crosse,  Wis 14,505  *21,740  32,000 

Norwalk,  Conn 13,956  16,500  17,500 

York,Pa 13,940  14,500  16,000 

Concord,  N.  H 13,843  14,600  15,500 

Lincoln,  R.  1 13,765  16,500  17,500 

Alexandria,  Va 13,659  14,000  15,500 

Schenectady,  N.  Y 13,655  14,500  23,000 


264 


Population  of  Largest  Cities- 

Offlcial 
Census 
Cities  1880 

Brockton,  Mass 13,608 

Newburj'port,  Mass 13,538 

Lockport,  N.  Y 13,522 

Nashua,  N.  H 13,397 

Pittsfield,  Mass 13,364 

South  Bend,  Ind 13,280 

Pottsville,  Pa 13,253 

Orange,  N.  J 13,207 

Little  Rock,  Ark 13,138 

Rockford,  111 13,129 

Fond  du  Lac,  Wis 13,094 

Norristown,  Pa 13,063 

Lincoln,  Neb 13,003 

Chattanooga,  Tenn 12,892 

Macon,  Ga 12,749 

Richmond,  Ind 12,742 

New  Brighton,  N.  Y 12,679 

Biddeford,  Me 12,651 

Georgetown,  D.  C 12,578 

San  Jose,  Ual 12,567 

Fitchburg,  Mass 12,429 

Canton,  0 12,258 

Rome,  N.  Y 12,194 

Northampton,  Mass 12,172 

Warwick,  R.  1 12,164 

Rutland,  Vt 12,149 

Hamilton,  O 12,122 

Keokuk,  la.... 12,117 

Steubenville,  0 12,093 

Maiden,  Mass 12,017 

Easton,  Pa '. 11,924 

Aurora,  III 11,873 

Vicksburg,  Miss 11,814 

New  Britain,  Conn 1 1,800 

Waltham,  Mass 11,712 

Dover,  N.  H 11,687 

Danbury,  Conn 1 1,666 

Rock  Inland,  III 11,659 


Continued 

Estimated      1 

'Estimated 

Census 

Census 

1885 

1890 

*20,783 

21,593 

*13,716 

15,000 

17,500 

IS,  COO 

14,822 

20,000 

*14,466 

15,500 

20,500 

21,000 

14,000 

15,000 

*15,231 

15,500 

13,500 

40,000 

20,500 

20,500 

*12,726 

14,000 

13,500 

14,500 

*20,004 

21,500 

14,750 

55,003 

13,000 

14,500 

16,000 

17,500 

13,500 

14,000 

13,000 

14,000 

n4,322 

15,000 

16,000 

25,000 

*lo,375 

16,000 

13,000 

13,500 

12,750 

13,250 

*12,896 

13,250 

*13,286 

14,000 

16,000 

17,500 

13,500 

14,000 

n3,151 

18,000 

13,500 

16,000 

*16,407 

17,000 

12,500 

13,000 

18,000 

20,000 

13,000 

18,500 

13,000 

14,000 

*14,609 

15,000 

12,882 

13,250 

12,500 

13,000 

13,000 

13,500 

—  265  — 
Population  of  I^argest  Cities — Continued 

Official  tEstimated      t-Estimated 

Ceusus  Census  Census 

Cities  1880  1885  1890 

Joliet,  III 11,657  13,000  18,000 

Derby,  Conn 11,657  12,500  18,000 

Oolesburg,  III 11,437  13,000  13,500 

Portsmouth,  Va 11,437  14,000  13,500 

Burlington,  Vt 11,365  15,000  15,500 

Portsmouth,  0 1 1,321  12,000  12,250 

Stamford,  Conn 11,297  11,500  12,000 

Chieopee,  Mass 11,262  *11,528  12,000 

Muskegon,  Mich 11,262  *17,845  18,500 

Logansport,  Ind 11,192  15,000  16,000 

Los  Angeles,  Cal 11, 183  85,000  80,000 

Attleborough,  Mass li,lll  *13,175  13,500 

Hannibal,  Mo 11,074  18,000  18,500 

Austin,  Tex 11,013  15,000  30,000 

Chillicothe,  0 10,938  12,500  13,000 

Woburn,  Mass 10,931  *11,750  12,000 

Jacksonville,  III 10,927  12,000  25,000 

Virginia  City,  Nev 10,917  5,500  5,000 

Watertown,  K  Y 10,697  13,500  14,000 

Cumberland,  Md   10,693  13,500  14,000 

Belleville,  III )0,683  14,000  14,500 

Quincy,  Mass 10,570  *12, 144  14,000 

Weymouth,   Mass 10,570  *10,740  1 1,000 

New  London,  Conn 10,537  11,000  11,250 

Saginaw,  Mich 10,525  *13,767  14,500 

Dallas,  Tex 10,358  13,500  61,000 

Ogdensburg,  K  Y 10,341  11,500  12,000 

Madison,  Wis 10,324  *12,064  13,500 

Stockton,  Cal 10,282  15,000  16,000 

Winona,  Minn 10,208  *15,624  16,500 

North  Adams,  Mass 10,191  *12,540  13,000 

Shenandoah,  Pa 10,147  12,500  13,000 

Marlborough,  Mass 10,127  *10,941  11,000 

Columbus,  Ga 10,123  10,500  16,500 

Eau  Clair,  Wis 10,119  *21,068  27,000 

Cedar  Rapids,  la 10, 104  ^15,426  20,000 

Columbia,  S.  C 10,036  13,000  15,500 

Knoxville,  Tenn 9,693  11,000  35,000 

*  State  offical  census  1885. 

t  Estimated  by  State  Officials. 


-  266  — 

Official  Census  of  the  United  States 

In  1776  the  population  was  2,614,300  including  slaves. 
Date  OflEicial  Census  Date  Official  Census 

1790 3,929,827  1840 17,068,666 

1800 5,305,940  1850 23,191,074 

1810 7,239,814  1860 .31,443,332 

1820 9,638,190  1870 38,555,983 

1830 12,866,020  1880 50,155,783 

Estimated  population  (by  State  Officials)  1890  is  66,235,525. 

The  Capitol  City  (Washington,  D.  C.) 

The  Capitol  of  the  United  States  has  been  located  at  different  times 
at  the  following  places:  At  Philadelphia  from  Sept.  5,  1774,  until 
December,  1776;  at  Baltimore  from  December  20, 1776,  to  Mai-ch,  1777; 
at  Philadelphia  from  March  4,  1777,  to  September,  1777;  at  Lancaster, 
Penn.,  from  Sept.  27^  1777,  to  September  30,  1777;  at  York,  Penn., 
from  September  30,  1777,  to  July  1778;  at  Philadelphia  from  July  2, 
1778,  to  June  30,  1783;  at  Princeton,  N.  J.,  June  30,  1783,  to  Novem- 
ber 20,  1783;  Annapolis,  Md.,  November  26,  1783,  to  November  30, 
1784;  Trenton  from  November,  1784,  to  January,  1785;  New  York 
from  January  11,  1785,  to  1790;  then  the  seat  of  government  was 
removed  to  Philadelphia,  where  it  remained  until  1800,  since  which 
time  it  has  been  at  Washington. 

The  cornerstone  of  the  Capitol  building  was  laid  by  President 
Washington  in  1793,  and  the  north  only  was  completed  when  the  Gov- 
ernment took  possession.  In  1814  it  was  partially  destroyed  by  fire, 
set  by  the  British  forces,  but  was  immediately  repaired.  The  entire 
building,  as  originally  designed,  was  finally  completed  in  1827.  The 
extensions  subsequent  were  commenced  in  185T  and  completed  in  1859. 

The  Capitol  is  situated  in  latitude  38°  53'  20". 4  north,  longtitude  77' 
00'  35".  7  west.  It  fronts  east,  and  stands  on  a  plateau  eighty-eight 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  Potomac.  The  entire  length  of  the  building 
from  north  to  south  is  seven  hundred  and  fifty-one  feet  four  inches, 
and  its  greatest  dimensions  from  east  to  west  three  hundred  and  fifty- 
feet.  The  area  covered  is  one  hundred  and  fifty -three  thousand  one 
hundred  and  twelve  square  feet. 

The  dome  was  completed  in  1865.  It  is  of  iron — crowned  by  a 
bronze  statue  of  Freedom — and  weighs  8,900,200  lbs.  The  statue  of 
Freedom  is  nineteen  feet  six  inches  high,  and  weighs  14,985  pounds. 
The  height  of  the  dome  is  two  hundred  and  eighty-seven  feet  five  inches'. 
Its  diameter  at  the  base  is  one  hundred  and  thirty-five  feet  five  inches'. 
The  rotunda  is  ninety-five  feet  six  inches  in  diameter,  and  its  height 
from  the  floor  to  the  top  of  the  canopy  is  one  hundred  and  eighty  feet 
three  inches. 


—  267  — 

Pen  Names  of  Popular  Writers 

(Annual  Statistican) 
Pen  Name 

A.  L.  0.  E.  (A  Lady  of  English) Mrs.  C.  Tucker 

Artemus  Ward Charles  F.  Browne 

Arthur  Skethley George  Rose 

Asa  Trenchard Henry  Watterson 

Barry  Cornwall Bryan  Waller  Procter 

Betsy  B Mrs  Mary  Austin 

Bibliophile S.  A.  Allibone 

Bill  Nye William  E.  Nye 

Boz Charles  Dickens 

Brick  Pomeroy Mark  M.  Pomeroy 

Burleigh Matthew  Hale  Smith 

Carlcton C.  C.  Coffin 

*CIara  Belle Mrs.  Wm.  Thomson 

Colly  Cibber James  Rees 

Dick  Tinto F.  B.  Goodrich 

Doesticks M.  Thompson 

Elia Charles  Lamb 

Eli  Perkins M.  D.  Landon 

Fanny  Fern Mrs.  James  Parton 

Fat  Contributor A.  M.  Griswold 

Father  Prout Rev.  Francis  Mahoney 

Frank  Forrester Henry  W.  Herbert 

Gail  Hamilton Mary  M.  Dodge 

Gath George  Alfred  Townsend 

Geo.  Eliot Mrs.  Lewes  or  Mrs  Cross 

Geo.  Sand...... Mme.  Dudevant 

Grace  Greenwood Mrs.  S.  J.  C.  Lippincott 

Hans  Breitman Charles  G.  Leland 

Harper's  Easy  Chair , George  W.  Curtis 

H.  H Helen  Hunt  Jackson 

Ik.  Marvel Donald  G.  Mitchell 

Irenseus Rev.  Dr.  S.  J.  Prime 

Jacob  Omnium M.  J.  Higgins 

Jenny  June Mrs.  J.  C.  Croly 

John  Phoenix GJ.  H.  Derby' 

Josh  Billings H.  W.  Shaw 

Joshua  Coffin Henry  W.  Longfellow 

*Now  name  of  a  news  syndicate. 


—  268  — 
Pen  Names — Continued 

Pen  Name 

J.  S.  of  Dale F.  J.  Stimoon 

Junius J.  H.  Brown 

Knickerbocker • Washington  Irving 

Laicus Rev.  Lyman  Abbott 

Marion  Harland Mrs.  M.  V.  Terliune 

Mark  Twain Samuel  L.  Clemens 

Max  Adler C.  H.  Clark 

Max  O'Rell Paul  Bluett 

Miles  O'Reilly C.  G.  Halpine 

Miss  Muloch Mrs.  D.  M.  Craik 

M.  Quad Charles  B.  Lewis 

Mrs.  Partington B.  P.  Shillaber 

Nellie  Bly Mrs.  Cochrane 

Nym  Crinkle A.  C.  Wheeler 

Oliver  Optic William  T.  Adams 

Orpheus  C.  Kerr R.  H.  Newell 

Ouida Louisa  de  la  Rame 

Our  Member  for  Paris H.  Labouchere 

Owen  Meredith Buhver  Ly tton,  Jr. 

Perly Ben.  Perley  Poore 

Peter  Parley Samuel  G.  Goodrich 

Peter  Pindar John  Wolcott 

Petroleum  V.  Nasby D.  R.  Locke 

Philip  Quilibet George  C.  Pond 

Pisistratus  Brown William  Black 

Porte  Crayon D.  H.  Strother 

Sam  Slick Judge  T.  C.  Haliburton 

Saxeholm Miss  Pvush  Ellis 

Shirley  Dare P.  E.  Dunning 

Sophie  Sparkle Jennie  C.  Hicks 

Susan  Coolidge Miss  Woolsey 

Sylvanus  Urban Ed.  Gent.  Magazine 

Sylvanus  Cobb,  Jr S.  Cobb 

Tliomas  Ingoldsby R.  H.  Barliani 

Timothy  Titcomb Dr.  J.  G.  Holland 

Trusta Elizabeth  S.  Phelps 

Veteran  Observer E.  D.  Mansfield 

Warrington W.  P.  Robinson 

Warwick F.  B.  Ottarsoa 


Brief  History  of  the  Standard  Silver 
Dollar 

It  was  authorized  to  be  coined,  Act  of  Oougress,  April  2,  1792. 
Weight,  416  grains  standard  silver;  fineness,  892.4;  equivalent  to  371^ 
grains  of  fine  silver,  with  44|  grains  alloy  of  pure  copper.  Weight 
changed  hy  Act  of  Congress  January  IS,  1837,  to  412^  grains,  and 
fineness  changed  to  900,  preserving  the  same  amount  of  pure  silver, 
equivalent  to  371:1  grains  with  -j^g-  alloy. 

Coinage  discontinued  by  Act  of  Congress,  February  12,  1873. 

Total  amount  coined  from  1792  to  1873  was  $8,045,838. 

Coinage  revived,  two  millions  per  month  required  to  bo  coined,  and 
issue  made  legal  tender  for  all  debts,  public  and  private,  Act  of  Con- 
gress February  28,  1878.  Total  amount  coined  from  February  28, 
1878  to  November  1,  1885,  was  $213,257,594. 


Important  Epochs  and  Eras 

Epochs  and  Eras  Period  of  Commencement 

Grecian  Year  of  the  World September  1,  B.  C.  5598 

Julian  Period January  1,  B.  C.  4713 

Jewish  Mundane  Era Vernal  Equinox,  B.  C.  3761 

Destruction  of  Troy June,  B.  C.  1184 

Building  of  Solomon's  Temple May,  B.  C.  1015 

Era  of  Olympiads New  Moon,  Summer  Solstice,  B.  C.    77G 

Roman  Era ,, April  24,  B.  C.    753 

Era  of  Nebonasser February  26,  B.  C.    747 

Metonic  Cycle July  15,  B.  C.    432 

Julian  Year January  1 ,  B.  C.      45 

Augustan  Era February  14,  B.  C.      27 

Indiction  of  Constantinople September  1,  B.  C.        3 

Christian  Era January  1,  A.  D.  1;  A.  M.  4004 

Destruction  of  Jerusalem September  21,  A.  D.      69 

Era  of  Diocletian September  17,  A.  D.    284 

Era  of  Hegira July  16,  A.  D.    622 

Persian  Era Juno  16,  A.  D.    632 

Conquest  of  England October  14,  A.  D.  1066 

Declaration  American  Independence July  4,  A.  D.  1776 


—  270  — 

Generals  Commanding  the  United  States 

Army 

Name  From  To 

George  Washington ^ 1775  1783 

Henry  Knox 1783  1784 

Josiah  Harmer 1788  1 791 

Arthur  St.  Clair 1791  1796 

James  Wilkinson 1796  1798 

George  Washington 1799  1799 

James  Wilkinson 1800  1812 

Henry  Dearborn 1812  1815 

Jacob  Brown 1815  1828 

Alexander  Macomb. ; 1828  1841 

Winfield  Scott 1841  1861 

George  B.  McCleUan 1861  1862 

Henry  W.  Halleck 18C2  1864 

Ulysses  S.  Grant 1864  1869 

William  T.  Sherman 1869  1883 

PhQip  H.  Sheridan 1883  1888 

John  M.  Schofield 1888 


United  States  Customs  Duties 

(Abridged) 

.    .      ,    ,     1       J-  \iree  on  Consular 

Animals  for  breedmg  purposes -j       Certificate 

•*        otherwise 20  per  cent. 

Ale,  porter  and  beer,  in  bottles 35  cts.  per  gal. 

"        "  "in  casks 20  cts.  i^er  gal. 

Books,  charts,  new 25  per  cent. 

"  "  for  c(>lleges,   libraries,    or    printed 

more  than  20  years,  or  in  use  abroad 

more  than  1  year,  and  not  for  sale . .  free 

Boots,  shoes,  articles  of  leather 30  per  cent. 

Bronze,  Manufactures  of 45  per  cent. 

Carpets,  aubusson,  Axminster  and  all  woven  whole  j45cts.  persq.  yd- 

for  room f  and  30  per  cent. 

"        Brussels  tapestry,  printed  on  the  warp  or  j 30  cts.  persq.  yd. 

otherwise (  and  30  per  cent. 

"        Saxony,Wilton&Toumay, velvet,  wrought  j45  cts.  persq.  yd. 

by  the  Jacquard  machine , (  and  30  per  cent. 


—  271  — 
United  States  Customs — Continued 

Carpets,  treble  ingrain,  three-ply  and  worsted  China  ( 12  cts.  per  sq.  yd. 

Venetian (  and  30  per  cent. 

"         velvet,  patenter  tapestry,  printed  on  the  j25cts,  persq.  yd. 

warp  or  otherwise \  and  30  per  cent. 

Carriages 35  per  cent, 

China— porcelain  and  parian  ware,  plain 55  per  cent. 

"        gilded,  ornamented  or  decorated 60  per  cent. 

Cigars,  cheroots  and  cigarettes F  ^5  p^r^cent*" 

Clocks,  and  parts  of 30  per  cent. 

Clothing,  wholly  or  in  part  of  wool \     ok^JvIL  ^^-^i^ 

"        linen 40  per  cent. 

**        silk  component 50  per  cent. 

'•'        all  other  descriptions 35  per  cent. 

Coal,  Bituminous 75  cts.  per  ton 

Cotton,  manufactures  of 35  per  cent. 

Cutlery,  table,  etc 35  per  cent. 

' '        pen,  jack,  and  pocket  knives 50  per  cent. 

Diamonds,  unsei; 10  per  cent. 

Engravings - . .  25  per  cent. 

Furniture 35  per  cent. 

Furs,  manufactured 30  per  cent. 

Gilt  and  Plated  Ware,  etc 35  per  cent. 

Glass  Ware 45  per  cent. 

Gloves,  kid 50  per  cent. 

Gold  and  Silver  Ware,  etc 45  per  cent. 

Guns,  rifles,  muskets 25  per  cent. 

' '     sporting 35  per  cent. 

Hats  and  bonnets  of  all  kinds  except  wool 30  per  cent. 

Iron,  pig  and  scrap $6.72  per  ton 

' '     manufactures  of 45  x>er  cent. 

Jewelry,  gold,  silver,  or  imitation 25  per  cent. 

Jewelry,  jet,  and  imitations  of 25  per  cent. 

Laces,  silk,  and  silk  and  cotton 50  per  cent. 

"      thread >  35  per  cent. 

Leather,  manufactures  of SO  per  cent. 

Linen — table,  toweling,  etc 35  pe?  cent. 

Machinery,  brass  or  Iron 45  per  cent. 

**  copper  or  steel 45  per  cent. 

Musical  Instruments 25  per  cent. 


272 


United  States  Customs — Continued 

Oils — animal  and  olive 25  per  cent. 

"     castor 80  cts.  per  gal. 

Paintings 30  per  cent. 

"        If  work  of  an  American  Artist free 

Photographs 25  per  cent. 

Pipes — Meerschaum  wood,  and  of  all  other  material 

except  Common  Clay  (35  per  cent. ) 70  per  cent. 

Rubber  Boots,  shoes,  and  other   articles   wholly  of 

Rubber  (not  fabrics) 25  per  cent. 

"       Br.*?ces,    Suspenders,  Webbing,  etc.,  unless 

in  pait  silk 30  per  cent. 

'  *       Silk,  Cotton,  Worsted  or  Leather 50  per  cent. 

Saddles  and  Harness 35  per  cent. 

Shawls— Silk 50  per  cent. 

/-.        1.    FT  •  i.1  1  (35  cts.  per  lb. 

Camel's  Hair  or  other  wool ^^^^  ^^  J^^^  ^^^ 

Silk — dress  and  piece.    50  per  cent. 

Skins,  dressed 20  per  cent. 

Snuff 50  cts.  per  lb. 

Soap— Castile 20  cts.  per  lb. 

"     fancy,  perfumed,  Toilet  and  Windsor 15  cts.  per  lb. 

Statuary,  marble 30  per  cent. 

.      .  ,  i40  and  25  per 

Stereoscopic  views  on  glass  or  paper -j^^  respectively 

Spirits— Brandy,  whiskey,  gin,  etc |2  per  proof  gal. 

Sugars,  above  No.  IG,  Dutch  Standard 3  cts.  per  lb. 

'<  "       "20,       "  "        34  cts.  per  lb. 

Tobacco,  manufactured 40  cts.  per  lb. 

Toys •  35  per  cent. 

Umbrellas— Silk  or  alpaca 50  per  cent. 

Velvet— Silk 50  per  cent. 

"  Cotton  or  mostly  cotibon .  40  per  cent. 

Watches 25  per  cent. 

Wines— All  still  wines,  such   as   Sherry,  Claret  or 

Hock  in  casks 50  cts  per  gal. 

Ditto,  per  case  of  12  bottles $1.60  per  case 

All  Champagnes  and  Sparkling  Wines  in  cases  of  1 

doz.  quarts  or  2  doz.  pints $7  per  case  (and 

bottles  extra,  3  cts.  each). 


—  273  - 
Articles  Free  of  Duty 

Actors'  Costumes  and  Effects  intended  for  personal  use. 

Animals  for  breeding  purposes. 

Antiquities  not  for  sale. 

Articles  and  Tools  of  Trade. 

Art  Works  of  American  Artists. 

Bed  Feathers. 

Birds,  Land  and  Water  Fowl. 

Books  printed  over  20  years. 

Bullion,  Gold  and  Silver. 

Coal,  Anthracite. 

Cocoa,  crude. 

Coffee. 

Collections  of  Antiquities,  etc,  for  use  in  College;!,  Museums,  Incor- 
porated Societies,  etc. 

Diamonds,  rough. 

Drugs,  crude,  used  in  dyeing  or  tanning. 

Effects  of  American  citizens  dying  abroad,  if  accompanied  bj'  Con- 
sular certificate. 

Engravings  (engraved  over  20  years). 

Farina. 

Fertilizers — Manures. 

Fruits  and  Nuts,  green,  lipe,  dried. 

Furs,  undressed. 

Hides,  raw. 

Household  effects  in  use  abroad  over  one  year,  and  not  for  sale. 

India  Rubber,  crude. 

Insfcraments,  professional,  in  use. 

Macaroni  and  Vermicelli. 

Mineral  Waters,  natural. 

Natural  History  Specimens  (not  for  sale) . 

Newspapers  and  Periodicals. 

Olives. 

Plants,  Trees  and  Shrubs.  , 

Rags,  not  wool,  for  paper  stock. 

Sausages,  Bologna,  German,  Skins. 

Scientific  Instruments  for  colleges. 

Skins,  raw. 

Tapioca. 

Tea. 

Tin  in  bars  and  piga. 


—  274  — 

U.  S.  Manufactures  forwarded  to  foreign  countries  and  returned. 

Vines  and  Vine  Cuttings. 

Wax,  vegetable  and  mineral. 

Personal  Effects  when  old  and  in  use  over  one  year.* 

*NoTE. — Personal  effects,  when  old  and  in  use  over  one  year,  can  be 
entered  free,  provided  they  accompany  the  owners,  or  the  owners  can 
take  oath  tliat  they  have  arrived  in  the  United  States  within  one  year 
prior  to  the  date  of  arrival  of  the  goods,  specifying  steamer  and  date 
upon  which  they  arrived.  If  the  owners  have  not  arrived  within  the 
year,  duty  must  be  paid  on  appraisement.  Household  effects,  books 
and  libraries;  if  used  abroad  not  less  than  one  year,  and  not  intended 
for  any  other  person,  nor  for  sale,  are  entitled  to  free  entry,  even  if  the 
owners  have  resided  7norc  than  one  year  in  the  United  States.  Old  cloth- 
ing and  household  effects  sent  as  presents  are  dutiable.  Paintings, 
statuary,  and  other  works  are  embraced  in  tlie  term  "household  effects. " 
Horses,  carriages  and  saddlery  are  now  embraced  iu  the  term  "house- 
hold effects."  Duty  must  be  paid  on  all  watches  but  one  brought  by  a 
single  passenger.  Each  passenger  is  entitled  to  bring  with  him  fifty 
cigars.  If  above  that  quantity,  they  are  liable  to  duty  or  seizure,  as 
the  case  may  arise. 

Average  Percentage  of  Alcohol  in 
Wines  and  Liquors 

Name                                       Per  Cent.  J^ame                                      Per  Cent. 

Beer 4.0      Sherry 19.0 

Porter 4.5      Vermouth 19.0 

Ale 7.4      Malmsey 19.7 

Cider 8.6      Marsala 20.2 

Perry 8.8       Madeira 21.0 

Elder  9.3      Port  23.2 

Moselle 9.  G      Curacoa 27. 0 

Tokay 10.2      Aniseed 33.0 

Rhine 11.0      Maraschino 34.0 

Orange 11.2       Chartreuse 43.0 

Bordeaux 11.5      Gin 51.6 

Hock 11.6      Brandy 53.4 

Gooseberry 11.8      Paim 53.7 

Champagne 12.2      Whiskey,  Irish 53.9 

Claret 13.3      Whiskey,  Bourbon 54.0 

Burgundy 13.6      Whiskey,  Rye 54.0 

Malaga ' 17.3      Whiskey,  Scotch 54.3 

Canary 18.8      Cognac 55.0 

The  per  centage  as  above  is  by  volume!  "Proof  Spirit"  contains 
49.24  per  cent,  by  weight,  or  57.06  per  cent,  by  volume  of  absolute 
alcohol. 


-  275  — 

Rifles  Used  in  the  Armies  of 
Different  Nations 

Hebler  Rifle  is  used  by  Switzerland,  calibre  .30  inch,  powder  65 
grains,  bullet  270  grains,  muzzle  velocity  1,750  feet  per  second. 

Jarmann  Rifle  is  used  by  Sweden  and  Norway,  weight  10  lbs.  1|  oz., 
calibre  .39  inch,  powder  77  grains,  bullet  337  grains,  muzzle  velocity 
1,536  feet  per  second. 

Lee  Rifle  is  used  by  Great  Britain,  calibre  .30  inch,  powder  70  grains, 
bullet  217  grains,  muzzle  velocity  1,700  feet  per  second. 

Lebel  Rifle  is  used  by  France  and  Russia,  calibre  .31  inch,  muzzle 
velocity  1,760  feet  per  second. 

Mannlicher  Rifle  is  used  by  Austria,  calibre  .31  inch,  powder  62 
grains,  bullet  240  grains,  muzzle  velocity  1,700  feet  per  second. 

Mauser  Rifle  is  used  by  Germany,  weight  10  lbs.  2  oz.,  calibre  .43 
inch,  powder  77  grains,  bullet  386  grains,  muzzle  velocity  1,410  feet 
per  second. 

Peabody-Martine  Rifle  is  used  by  Turkey,  weight  9  lbs.  6  oz,,  calibre 
.45  inch,  powder  70  grains,  bullet  370  grains,  muzzle  velocity  1,400  feet 
per  second. 

Remington  Rifle  is  used  by  Spain  and  Denmark,  weight  9  lbs.,  <;alibre 
.45  inch,  powder  70  grains,  bullet  386  grains,  muzzle  velocity  1,340 
feet  per  second. 

Springfield  Rifle  is  used  by  the  United  Stages,  weight  9  lbs.  4  oz., 
calibre  .45  inch,  powder  70  grains,  bullet  500  grains. 

Vetterli  Rifle  is  used  by  Italy,  weight  10  lbs.  8  oz.,  calibre  .41  inch 
powder  55  grains,  bullet  312  grains,  muzzle  velocity  1,427  feet  per 
second. 

How  TO  Secure  a  Copyright 

Send  by  mail  or  otherwise  prepared  a  'printed  copy  of  the  title  (and 
two  copies  after  publication)  of  the  book,  map,  chart,  dramatic  or 
musical  composition,  engraving,  cut,  print,  or  photograph,  or  a  descrip- 
tion of  the  painting,  drawing,  chromo,  statue,  statuarj',  or  model  or 
design  for  a  work  of  the  fine  arts,  for  which  copyright  is  desired, 
addressed,  Librarian  of  Congress,  Washington,  D.  C.  The  legal  fee  is 
50  cents,  and  for  a  copy  of  this  record  an  additional  fee  of  50  cents  is 
required,  making  $1,  which  must  be  inclosed. 

No  copyright  is  valid  unless  notice  is  given  by  inserting  in  every 
copy  published,  on  the  title  page  or  the  page  following,  if   it  be  a 


-  276  — 

book;  or,  if  a  map,  chart,  musical  composition,  print,  cut,  engraving, 
photograph,  painting,  drawing,  chromo,  statue,  statuary,  or  model  or 
design  intended  to  be  perfected  as  a  work  of  the  line  arts,  by  inscribing 
vipon  some  portion  thereof,  or  on  the  substance  on  which  the  same  is 
mounted,  the  following  words,  viz:    '^ Entered  accordin'j  to  act  of  Con- 

gres.^,  in  the  year ,  by .  in  the  office  of  the  Librarian  of 

Congress,  at  Washin<jt07i." 

The  original  term  of  copyright  runs  for  twenty-eight  years.  Within  six 
montJis  before  the  end  of  that  time,  the  author  or  designer,  or  his  widow 
or  children,  may  secure  a  renewal  for  the  further  term  of  fourteen 
years,  making  forty-two  years  in  all.  Citizens  or  residents  of  the 
United  States  only  are  entitled  to  copyright. 


How  TO  Apply  for  a  Patent 

A  patent  may  be  obtained  by  any  person  who  has  invented  or  dis- 
covered any  new  and  useful  art,  machine,  manufacture,  or  composition 
of  matter,  or  any  new  or  useful  improvement  thereof,  not  known  nor 
used  by  others  in  this  country,  and  not  patented  nor  described  in  any 
printed  publication  in  this  or  any  foreign  country,  l)efore  his  invention 
or  discovery  thereof,  and  not  in  public  use  or  on  sale  for  more  than  two 
years  prior  to  his  application,  unless  the  same  is  proved  to  have  been 
abandoned. 

Application  must  be  made  to  the  Commissioner  of  Patents,  signed 
by  the  inventor,  by  his  executors  or  administrators,  A  complete  appli- 
cation comprises  the  first  fee  of  $15,  a  petition,  specification,  and  oath; 
aud  drawings,  model,  or  specimen  when  required.  The  petition, 
specification,  and  oath  must  be  in  the  English  language,  and  furnished 
to  the  Patent  Office  at  Washington,  D.  C. 

How  TO  Apply  for  a  Cadetship 

How  Appointments  are  made.  — The  appointments  (except  those  at  lar(je) 
are  made  by  the  Secretary  of  War  or  Navy  at  the  request  of  the 
Representative  in  Congress  from  the  District :  and  the  person  appointed 
must  be  an  actual  resident  of  the  District  from  which  the  appointment 
is  made.  Appointments  at  large  are  conferred  by  the  President  of  the 
United  States. 

Manner  of  Making  AppUcatiom.  — Applications  can  be  made  by  letter  to 
the  Secretary  of  War  or  Navy  to  have  the  name  of  the  applicant  placed 
upon  the  register  that  it  may  be  furnished  to  the  proper  Representative 


—  277  - 

or  Delegate  when  a  vacancy  occurs.  The  application  must  exhibit  the 
full  name,  exact  age  and  permanent  abode  of  the  applicant,  with  the 
number  of  the  Congressional  District  in  which  his  residence  is  situated. 
Appointments  are  made  one  year  in  advance  of  the  date  of  admission. 
Qualijicaticms. — The  age  for  admission  of  cadets  to  the  xA.cademy  vacan- 
cies at  West  Point  and  Annapolis  is  between  seventeen  and  twenty -two 
years.  Candidates  must  be  unmarried,  at  least  5  feet  in  height,  free  from 
any  infection  or  immoral  disorder  and  from  any  deformity,  disease  or 
infirmity  which  might  render  them  unfit  for  military  or  naval  service. 
They  must  be  well  versed  in  reading,  writing,  orthography,  arithmetic, 
English  grammar,  descriptive  geography  (particularly  of  our  own 
country),  and  of  the  history  of  the  United  States.  Upon  receiving  his 
appointment  the  cadet  is  ordered  to  report  to  the  Superintendent  of 
the  Academy  in  time  to  appear  before  the  Academic  Board  for  examin- 
ation at  its  meeting  early  in  June.  Upon  arrival,  he  is  subjected  to  a 
rigid  physical  examination  by  a  board  of  experienced  surgeons.  If  he 
X»asses  this  successfully,  he  is  then  examined  by  the  Academic  Board. 
These  examinations  are  made  promptly  after  the  candidate  reports  to 
the  Superintendent. 

How  TO  Apply  for  a  Pension 

Declaration  of  pension  claimants  must  be  made  before  any  court  of 
record  or  before  some  officer  thereof  having  custody  of  its  seal.  Printed 
instructions  and  forms  (for  filling  in)  can  be  had,  free  of  expense  on 
application  by  letter  to  the  Commissioner  of  Pensions  at  Washington, 
D.  C.  In  it  should  beset  forfcli  the  company  and  regiment  in  which  the 
applicant  served,  the  name  of  the  commanding  officer  of  the  company 
or  organization  and  the  dates  of  enlistment  and  discharge.  In  navy 
cases  the  vessel  upon  which  the  claimant  served  should  be  stated. 

The  applicant  should  state  his  office  addresses  accurately  and  liis 
identity  must  be  shown  by  the  testimony  of  two  credible  witnesses, 
wlio  must  appear  with  him  before  the  officer  by  whom  the  declaration 
may  be  taken. 

The  nature  of  the  evidence  required  to  sustain  a  claim  for  a  pension 
will  be  indicated  to  the  claimant  upon  the  filing  of  the  declaration 
which  should  be  forwarded  to  the  Commissioner  of  Pensions,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. 

How  TO  Obtain  a  Passport 

Send  five  dollars  to  the  Secretary  of  State,  Washington,  D.  C.  A 
blank  will  be  returned  to  you,  which  on  filling  out,  certifying  to  it 
before  a  Notary  Public  or  Justice  of  the  Peace  and  forwarding  it  to 


—  278  — 

the  Secretary  of  State,  a  passport  will  be  issued.  Every  passport  must 
be  renewed  within  one  year  of  its  date.  The  oath  of  allegiance  is 
required  in  all  cases.  When  husband,  wife  and  minor  children  travel 
together  a  single  passport  w  11  suffice.  For  any  other  person  in  the 
part3%  except  servants,  a  separate  passport  is  required.  The  possession 
of  a  passport  is  obligatory  on  the  Franco-Spanish  frontier  and  may  be 
of  advantage  elsewhere  at  any  time. 


Countries 

England 

V/ales 

Scotland 

Ireland 

Islands 


The  British  Empire 
The  United  Kingdom 

How  Acq.  by  Kng. 


Area 
Sq.  ISIiles 

53,823, 

7,363 

29,820. 

32,531 . 

295. 


.Conquest 1282 

.Union 1603 

•  Conquest 1172 


Pop.  1881 

24,613,926 

1,360,513 

3,735,517 

5,174,836 

140,260 


Countries 
Gibraltar 
Malta,  etc. 
Heligoland 


Colonies  and  Dependencies 

Europe 

Area 
Sq.  Miles  How  Acq.  by  Eng.  Date 

2  Conquest 1704 

122  Treaty  Session 1814 

I Treaty  Cession 1814 


Pop. 

Kst.  1890 

25,000 

163,000 

2,000 


Asia 

Area 

Countries                 Sq.  Miles           How  Acq.  by  Eng.        Date  Population 

India,  including         1,649,000  Conquest Began  1757)  272  000  000 

Burmah                                         Trans,  f'm  E.  In.  Co  1858)  '       ' 

Ceylon                             25,365  Treaty  cession 1801  2,850,000 

Cyprus                               3,584  Con.  with  Turkey ....  1878  187,000 

Aden  and  Socotra           3,584  (Aden)  Conquest 1839  40,000 

Straits  Settlements          1,500  Treaty  cession.  .1785-1824  500,000 

Hong  Kong                            30i  Treaty  cession 1872  1,406,000 

British  North  Borneo      31,000  Cession  to  company ...  1877  150,000 


—  279 


Africa 

Area 
Countries  Sq.  Miles  How  Acq.  by  England  Date 

Cape  Colony        217,895 Treaty  cession . .  1588-1814 

Natal  '  19,000 Annexation 1843 

St.  Helena  47 Conquest 1673 

Ascension  38 Annexation 1815 

Sierra  Leone  3,000 Settlement 1787 

Gold  Coast,  etc      29,401 Treaty  cession 1872 

Mauritius,  etc.  1,063. .  .Conquest  and  cession  1810-1814 


Countries 
Canada  proper 
New  Brunswick 
Nova  Scotia 
Manitoba 

British  Columbia,  etc 
Northwest  Tys.  3, 

Prince  P^dward  Is. 
Newfoundland 
British  Guiana 
British  Honduras 
Jamaica 
Trinidad 
Barbadoes 
Bahamas 
Bermuda 
Other  Islands 


America 

Area 
Sq.  Miles        How  Acq.  byEng.  Date 

370,488  Conquest 1759-60 ' 

27,174  Treaty  cession 1763 

20,907  Conquest 1627 ( 

60,520  Settlement 1813 

341  305  Transfer  to  Crown 1858  ( 

,257,500  Charter  to  Company. . .  1670 ' 

2,133  Conquest 1745^ 

42,200  Settlement 1583 

76,000  Conquest  and  cession  1803-14 

7,562  Conquest 1798 

4,193  Conquest 1655 

1.754  Conquest 1797 

166  Settlement 1605 

5,794  Settlement 1629 

41  Settlement 1612 

8.755  


Australasia 


Population 

1,400,000 

450,000 

5,000 

200 

62,000 

1,406,000 

372,000 


Population 


5,000,000 


198,000 

260,000 

28,000 

581,000 

155,000 

171,860 

48,000 

15,000 

274,000 


Countries 
New  South  Wales 
Victoria 
South  Australia 
Queensland 
Western  Australia 
Tasmania 
New  Zealand 
Fiji 
New  Guinea  (British) 


Area 
Sq.  Miles 

310,700. 


How  Acq.  by  Eng.       Date    Population 
...Settlement 1788\ 


87,884 Settlement 1832 

903,690 Settlement 1836/ 

668,497 Settlement 1824[ 

,060,000 Settlement 1828\   4,000,000 

26,215 Settlement 1803J 

104,032 Purchase 1845^ 

7,423  Cession  f  m  the  Natives.  18" '  ' 
234,768 Annexation 1884 


74. 

84/ 


National  Debt  of  the  United  States 

Principal  of  the  National  Debt  of  the  United  States  on  January  1st, 
of  each  year  from  1791  to  1842  inclusive;  and  on  July  1st  of  each  year 
from  1843  to  1886  inclusive  and  on  December  1,  1887,  1888,  1881). 


1791  Jan.  1, 

$   75,403,476.52 

1841 

Jan.  1,   $  13,594,480.73 

1792 

77,217,924.06 

1842 

20,601,226  28 

1793 

80,352,034.00 

1843 

July  1,    32,742,922.00 

1794 

78,427,404.77 

1844 

23,461,652.50 

1795 

80,747,587.39 

1845 

15,925,303.01 

1796 

83,762,172.07 

1846 

15,550,202.97 

1797 

82,064,479.33 

1847 

38,826,534.77 

1798 

79,228,529.12 

1848 

47,044,862.23 

1799 

78,408,669.77 

1849 

63,061,858.69 

1800 

82,976,294.35 

1850 

63,452,773.55 

1801 

83,038,050.80 

1851 

68,304,706.02 

1802 

86,712.6:^2.25 

1852 

66,193,341.71 

1803 

77,054,686.30 

1853 

59,803,117.70 

1804 

86,727,120.88 

1854 

42,242,222.42 

1805 

82,312,150.50 

1855 

35,586,858.56 

1806 

75,723,270.66 

1856 

31,972,537.90 

1807 

69,218,398.64 

1857 

28,699,831.85 

1808 

65,196,317.97 

1858 

44,911,881.03 

1809 

57,023,192.09 

1859 

58,496,837.88 

1810 

53,173,217.52 

1860 

64,842,287.88 

1811 

48  005,587.76 

1861 

90,580,873,72 

1812 

45,209,737.90 

1862 

■   "      524,176,412.13 

1813 

55,962,827.57 

1863 

1,119,772,138.63 

1814 

81,487,816.24 

1864 

1,815,784,370.57 

1815 

99,833,660.15 

1865 

2,680,647,869.74 

1816 

127,334,933.74 

1866 

2,773,236,173.69 

1817 

123,491,965.16 

1867 

2,678,126,103.87 

1818 

103,466,633.83 

1868 

2,611,687,851.19 

1819 

95,520,648.28 

1869 

2,588,452,213.94 

1820 

91,015,566.15 

1870 

2,480,672,427.81 

1821 

89,987,427.66 

1871 

2,353  211,332.32 

1822 

93,546,670.98 

1872 

2,253,251,328.78 

1823 

90,875,877.28 

1873 

2,234,482,993.20 

1824 

90,260,777.77 

1874 

2,251,690,468.43 

1825 

83.788,432.71 

1575 

2,232,284,531.95 

1826 

8i;054,059.99 

1876 

2,180,395,067.15 

1827 

73,987,357.20 

1877 

2,205,301,392.10 

1828 

67,475,043.87 

1878 

2,256,205,892.53 

1829 

58,421,413.07 

1879 

2,349,567,232.04 

1830 

48,565,400.50 

1880 

2,128,791,054.63 

1831 

39,123,191.08 

1881 

2,077,389,253.58 

1832 

24,322,235.18 

1882 

1,926,688,678.03 

1833 

7,001,098.83 

1883 

1,892,547,412.07 

1834 

4,760,082.08 

1884 

1,838,904,607.57 

1835 

37,513.05 

1885 

1,872,340,557.14 

1836 

330,957.83 

1886 

1,783,438,697.78 

1837 

3,308,124.07 

1887 

Dec.  1.  1,064,461,536.38 

1838 

10,434,221.14 

1888 

•   "     1,680,917,706.23 

1839 

3,573,343.82 

1889 

1,017,372,410.53 

1840 

5,250,875.54 

2S0 

—  281  — 

Nationax  Debt  op  Principai.  Countries 
of  the  worxd 

Countries                      Fiscal  Year  National  Debt 

Argentine  Republic 1888 $    134,672,500 

*Australian  Colonies 1887 787,692,665 

Austria-Hungary 1888 1,741,035,609 

Austria 1887 442,286,301 

Hungary 1887 749,120,480 

Belgium 1888 422,464,275 

Bolivia 1888 6,500,000 

Brazil 1885 565,035,000 

Ohili 1888 80,568,887 

China 1886 38,500,000 

Colombia,  U.  S.  of 1887 29,163,480 

Denmark 1887 54,369,325 

Dominion  of  Canada 1889 286,702,731 

Ecuador 1887 13,738,490 

Egypt 1888 518,625,840 

France 1889 4,289,815,222 

Germany 1888 191,552,000 

Carman  States 1887 1,827,977,750 

Great  Britain 1889 3,492, 154,855 

Greece 1888 91,618,340 

Hawaiian  Islands 1887 1,936,500 

India,  British 1887 928,355,780 

Italy 1887 2,246,903,485 

Japan 1888 249,108,517 

Mexico 1887 128,300,000 

Netherlands 1887 452,000,000 

Norway 1887 37,596,079 

Paraguay 1887 5,151,891 

Persia 1886 No  debt 

Peru 1887 367,226,890 

Portugal - 1888 490,493.599 

Roumania 1886 171,292,560 

Russia 1887 3,669,944,394 

Servia 1888 62,550,000 

Spain 1886 1,266,456,840 

Sweden 1887 66,412,279 

Switzerland 1888 7,543,273 

Turkey 1887 622,293,530 

United  States 1889 (See  United  States  National  Debt) 

Uruguay 1887 72,205,722 

Venezuela 1887 20,556,260 

*  Includine;  also  New  Zealand  and  Tasmania. 


282  — 


Governors  of  California 

Spanish  Rule 


Nsime  Date 

Gasparde  Portala 1767-1771 

Felipe  de  Barri 1771-1774 

Felipe  de  Neve  1774-1782 

Pedro  Fajes 1782-1790 

Jose  Antonio  llomea...  1790-1 792 


Name  Date 

*Jose  J.  de  Arrilaga. .  .1792-1794 

Diego  de  Borica 1794-1800 

Jose  J.  de  Arrilaga 1800-1814 

*Jose  Arguello 1814-1815 

Pablo  Vincentede  Sola,  1815-1822 


Mexican  Rule 


Pablo  Vincentede  Sola,  1822-1822 

Louis  Arguello 1823-1825 

Jose  de  Echeandia. . . .   1825-1831 

Manuel  Victoria 1831-1832 

•PioPico 1832-1833 

Figueroa 1833-1S35 


*Jose  Castro. 1835-1836 

Nicolas  Gutierrez 1836-1836 

Juan  B.  Alvarado 1836-1842 

Manuel  Micheltoreno.  .1842-1845 
Pio  Pico 1845-1846 


United  States  Military 


Com.  John  D.  Sloat ....  1846-1846 
Com.  R.  F.  Stockton^..  1846-1847 
Col.  John  0.  Fremont.  1847-1847 


Gen.  S.  W.  Kearney.  ..1847-1847 

Col.  R.  B.  Mason 1847-1849 

Gen.  Bennet  Riley 1849-1849 


State 


tPeter  H.  Bennett 1849-1851 

John  McDougall 1851-1852 

John  Bigler 1852-1856 

J.  Neely  Johnson 1856-1858 

John  B.  Weller 1858-1860 

tMilton  S.  Latham 1860-1860 

JohuG.  Downey 1860-1862 

Leland  Stanford 1862-1863 

Frederick  F.  Low 1863-1867 

*  Ad  interim. 

t  Resigned. 


Henry  H.  Haight 1867-1871 

fNewton  Booth 1871-1875 

Romualdo  Pacheco 1875-1875 

William  Irwin 1875-1880 

George  Perkins 1880-1883 

George  Stoneman 1883-1887 

Washington  Bartlett.  ..1887-1«87 
R.  W.  Waterman 1887 


—  283  — 

Phiix)Sophicai.  Facts 


The  greatest  height  at  which  visible  clouds  ever  exist  does  not  exceed 
ten  miles. 

Air  is  about  815  times  lighter  than  water. 

The  pressure  of  the  atmosx)here  upon  every  square  foot  of  the  earth 
amounts  to  2,160  pounds. 

An  ordinary-sized  man,  supposing  his  surface  to  be  fourteen  square 
feet,  sustains  the  enormous  atmospheric  pressure  of  30,240  pounds. 

The  barometer  falls  one-tenth  of  an  inch  for  every  seventy -eight  feet 
elevation. 

Tlie  violence  of  the  expansion  of  water  when  freezing  is  sufficient  to 
cleave  a  globe  of  copper  of  such  thickness  as  to  require  a  force  of  27,000 
pounds  to  produce  the  same  effect. 

During  the  conversion  of  ice  into  water  140  degrees  of  heat  are 
absorbed. 

Water  when  converted  into  steam  increases  in  bulk  1,728  times. 

Power  of  steam,  steam  as  compared  with  water,  occupies  1,728  times 
as  much  space.  A  cubic  inch  of  water  will  make  1,728  cubic  inches  of 
steam  at  atmospheric  pressure.  Now,  if  this  steam  is  compressed  into 
half  the  space  it  occupies  at  atmospheric  pressure,  it  will  double  that 
pressure,  or  15  pounds  above  the  atmosphere;  it  will  then  occupy  only 
804  cubic  inches;  if  reduced  again  to  half  its  volume,  it  will  occupy 
432  cubic  inches  and  will  have  30  pounds. pressure.  Reduced  again  to 
half  this  volume,  the  steam  will  occupy  216  cubic  inches,  and  will  have 
60  pounds  pressure  to  the  square  inch.  We  can  go  on  reducing  in  this 
way  until  we  find  that  a  cubic  inch  of  water  turned  into  steam  and 
compressed  into  a  space  of  3  cubic  inches  will  have  the  somewhat 
enormous  pressure  of  3,840  pounds  to  the  square  inch. 

Were  a  cannon-ball  shot  towards  the  sun  and  were  it  to  maintain  full 
speed,  it  would  be  twenty  years  in  reaching  it ;  and  yet  light  travels 
through  this  space  (91,000,000  miles)  in  seven  or  eight  minutes. 

In  one  second  of  time,  in  one  beat  of  the  pendulum  of  a  clock,  light 
travels  192,000  miles. 

Strange  as  it  may  appear,  a  ball  of  a  ton  weight  and  another  of 
the  same  material  of  an  ounce  weight,  falling  from  any  height,  will 
reach  the  ground  at  the  same  time. 

The  heat  does  not  increase  as  we  rise  above  the  earth  nearer  the  £un, 
but  decreases  rapidly  until,  beyond  the  regions  of  the  atmosphere,  in 
void,  it  is  estimated  that  the  cold  is  about  70  degrees  below  zero.  The 
line  of  perpetual  frost-at  the  equator  is  15,000  feet  altitude,  13,000  feet 


—  284  — 

between  the  tropics  and  9,000  to  4,000  feet  between  the  latitudes  of  40 
degrees  and  49  degrees. 

At  a  depth  of  45  feet  under  the  ground  the  temperature  of  the  earth 
13  uniform  throughout  the  year. 

In  summer  time  the  season  of  ripening  moves  northward  at  tlie  rate 
of  10  miles  a  day. 

The  human  ear  is  so  extremely  sensitive  that  it  can  hear  a  sound 
that  lasts  only  the  twenty-four  thousandth  part  of  a  second. 

The  ordinary  pressure  of  the  atmosphere  on  the  surface  of  the  earth 
is  2,160  pounds  to  each  square  foot,  or  15  pounds  to  each  square  inch, 
equal  to  30  perpendicular  inches  of  mercury  or  34^  feet  of  water. 

Sound  travels  at  the  rate  of  1,142  feet  per  second,  about  13  miles  in 
a  minute;  so  that  if  we  hear  a  clap  of  thunder  half  a  minute  after  the 
flash,  we  may  calculate  that  the  discharge  of  electricity  is  six  and  one- 
half  miles  away. 

Lightning  can  be  seen  by  reflection  at  a  distance  of  two  hundred 
miles. 

The  explosive  force  of  closely  confined  gunpowder  is  six  and  a  half 
tons  to  the  square  inch. 


Strength  of  Materials 

Showing  the  Strength  or  Force  Required  to  Tear  Asunder 
One  Square  Inch 

Materials  Pouuds 

Iron  Wire,  Wrought 103,000 

Swedish  Bar  Iron 72,000 

Kus  iaa  Bar  Iron 59,500 

Mean  of  English  Iron 53,900 

Gun  Metal,  Mean  of  Iron 37,232 

Clyde,  No.  1  Iron 10,125 

Clyde,  No.  2  Iron 23,408 

Sterling,  Mean  of  Iron 25,704 

American,  Mean  of  Iron 45,970 

Low  Moor,  No.  2  Cast  Iron 14,076 

Crank  Shaft  Iron 44,750 

American  Boiler  Iron. . .         48,000 

Americaii  Platc3  Iron G2,000 

English  Plates,  Mean 51 ,000 

English  Plates,  Lengthwise 53,800 

English  Plates,  Crosswise 48,800 

German  Piano  Steel  Wire .- 208,800 

Cast  Steel,  Maximum 142,000 

Cast  Steel,  Mean 88,000 


—  285  — 
Strength  of  Materials — Continued 

Materials  Pounds 

Steel 100,000  to  130,000 

Chromo  Steel,  Mean 170,980 

Shear  Steel 124,000 

Blistered  Steel : 133,000 

Blistered  Steel,  Soft 104,000 

Razor  Steel 15,000 

Steel  Plates,  Lengthwise ". 96,300 

Steel  Plates,  Crosswise 93,700 

Yellow  Metal 48,700 

Cast  Copper 19,000 

American  Copper 24,250 

Copper  Bolts 38,000 

Copper  Wire 60,000 

Brass  Wire 50,000 

Brass 42,000 

Gold 20,490 

Cold  5  Parts,  Copper  1  Part 50,000 

Silver,  Cast 40,997 

Bronze 17,698  to  56,788 

Tin,  Cast,  Block 5,000 

Tin,  Banca 2,122 

Platinum  Wire 5,300 

Zinc 7,000 

Sheet  Lead 3,000 

Antimony 1,060 

Bismuth,  Cast 3,120 

Ivory 16,070 

Manila  Rope 9,300 

Tarred  Hemp  Rope 15,000 

Wire  Rope 37,000 

Whalebone 7,600 

Leather  Belting 333 

Gutta-percha ~ 3,500 

Slate 12,000 

Well-burned  Brick 750 

Inferior  Brick 100  to        290 

Portland  Stone 875  to     1,000 

Crown  Glass. . .  42,346 

Limestone , 670  to    2,800 

Hydraulic  Lime 140 

Hydraulic  Cement 234 

Portland  Cement 414 

Plaster  of  Paris 72 


-  286  — 

Popular  and  Electoral  Votes  for 
Presidents 

ELEC- 
YEAH  CANDIDATES  PARTY  POPULAR      TORAL 

VOTE        VOTE 

1824 Andrew  Jackson Democrat 152,872 99 

1824 John  Q.  Adams Federal 105,321 84 

1824 W.  H.  Crawford Republican 44,282 41 

1824 Henry  Clay Republican 46,587 37 

1828 Andrew  Jackson Democrat. 647,231 178 

1828 John  Q.  Adams Federal 509,097 83 

1832 Andrew  Jackson Democrat 687,502 219 

1832 Henry  Clay Nat.  Republican  .    530,189 49 

1832 John  Floyd Whig 11 

1832 William  Wirt Whig 7 

1836 Martin  Van  Buren Democrat 761,549 170 

1836 W.  H.  Harrison Wliig )  (73 

1836 Hugh  L.  Wliite Whig (  7qfi  fir,n        )    23 

1836 DanielWebster Whig > /^o,dou        <.    j^ 

1836 W.  P.  Mangum Whig )  (    H 

1840 W.  H.  Harrison Whig 1,275,017 234 

1840 Martin  Van  Buren Democrat 1, 128,702 GO 

1840 J.  G.  Birney Liberty 62,300 

1844 James  K.  Polk Democrat 1,337,243 170 

1844 Henry  Clay Whig 1,299,068 105 

1844 J.  G.  Birney Liberty 62,300 

1848 Zachary  Taylor Whig 1,360,101 163 

1848 Lewis  Cass Democrat 1,220,544 127 

1848 Martin  Van  Buren Free  Soil 291,263 

1852 Franklin  Pierce Democrat 1,601,474 254 

1852 Winfield  Scott Whig *. . . .  1,386,578 42 

1852. John  P.  Hale Free  Soil 156,149 

1856 James  Buchanan Democrat 1,838,169 174 

1856 John  C.  Fremont Republican 1,341,264 114 

1856 Millard  Fillmore American 874, 534 8 

1860 Abraham  Lincoln Republican 1,866,352 180 

1860 Stephen  A.  Douglas. .  .Democrat 1,375,157 12 

1860 John  C.  Breckinridge... Democrat 845,763 72 

1860 John  Bell Union 589,581 39 

1864 Abraham  Lincoln Republican 2,2)6,067 212 

1864 Geo.  B.  McClellan Democra.t 1,808,725 21 

1868. . . .  .  .U.  S.  Grant Republican 3,015,071 214 

1868 Horatio  Seymour Democrat 2,709,613 80 


—  287  — 
Electoral  Votes — Continued 

Elec- 
Year  Candidates  Party  Popular  Vote         torlal 

Vote 

1872 U.  S.  Grant Republican 3,597,070 286 

1872 Horace  Greeley.. Liberal  and  Democrat,  2,834,079 63 

1872 Charles  O'Connor Democrat 29,408 

1872 James  Black Temperance 5,608  

1 876 R.  B.  Hayes Republican 4,033,950 185 

1876 SamuelJ.  Tilden Democrat 4,284,757 184 

1876 Peter  Cooper Greenback 81,740 

1876 G.  C.  Smith Prohibition 9,522 

1876 Scattering 2,636 

1880 James  A.  Garfield Republican 4,439,745 214 

1880 WinfieldS.  Hancock ...  Democrat 4,435,911 155 

1880 James  B.  Weaver Greenback 306,219 

1884 Grover  Cleveland Democrat 4,845,255 219 

1884 James  G.  Blaine Republican 4,818,671 182 

1884 Benj.  F.  Butler Greenback 270,359 

1884 John  P.  St.  John Prohibition: . . .  .     150,707 

1888 Benjamin  Harrison Republican 5,439,877 233 

1888 Grover  Cleveland Democrat 5,538,421 168 

1888 Clinton  B.  Fisk Prohibition 251,147 

1888 A.  J.  Streeter Labor  Vote 145,961 


—  288  — 


How  THE  States  have  Voted  Presidential 
Elections  from  1824  "^^  ^^^^ 


CO 

^ 

GO 

^ 

9P 

^ 

^ 

00 

S 

K) 

to 

W 

05 

>t 

D. 

\t^ 

o< 

>i~ 

C/3 

IC 

D. 

0 
D. 

D. 

D. 

0 

Alabama 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

Arkansas  

D. 

D. 

D. 

J). 

D. 

I), 

T> 

D 

Colorado 

.... 

Connecticut 

R. 

R. 

N.R. 

D. 

W. 

W. 

w. 

D. 

R. 

Delaware 

W. 

R. 

N.R. 

W. 

W. 

W. 

w. 

D. 

D. 

Florida 

W. 

D. 

P 

Georgia 

W. 

b. 

b. 

W. 

W. 

D. 

W. 

D. 

D. 

Illinois 

i). 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

Indiana 

D. 

D. 

D. 

W. 

VV. 

B. 

D. 

I). 

D. 

Iowa 

.... 

.... 

D. 

1). 

n 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

W. 

D. 

N.R. 

W. 

W. 

W. 

W. 

W. 

D. 

Louisiana 

1). 

D. 

D. 

D. 

VV. 

i). 

VV. 

D. 

D. 

Maine 

R. 

R. 

D. 

D. 

W. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

K 

Maryland 

D. 

R. 

N.R. 

W. 

W. 

W. 

W. 

D. 

A. 

Massachusetts 

R. 

R. 

N.R. 

VV. 

W. 

VV. 

VV. 

VV. 

R. 

Alipliicra.n 

1) 

W 

1) 

1) 

D 

R. 

ATinnpsotfi 

Mississippi 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

W. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

Missouri 

W. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

Nebraska 

New  Hampshire 

R. 

R. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

R. 

New  Jersey 

D. 

R. 

D. 

VV. 

VV. 

VV. 

VV. 

D. 

D. 

R. 
D. 

D. 
D. 

D. 
D. 

D. 

W. 
W. 

D. 
W. 

W. 
W. 

D. 
D. 

R 

North  Carolina 

P. 

Ohio       

W 

D. 

D. 

W. 

W. 

W. 

D. 

D. 

p 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania 

D. 

b. 

D. 

D. 

W. 

b. 

W. 

i). 

T) 

Rhode  Island...     

R. 

R. 

N.R. 

D. 

W. 

W. 

W. 

D. 

R. 

South  Carolina 

D. 

D. 

W. 

W. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

Tennessee 

D. 

D. 

D. 

W. 

W. 

W. 

W. 

W. 

D. 

Texas 

.... 

D. 

D. 

D. 

Vermont 

R. 

R. 

A.M. 

W. 

W. 

w. 

W. 

W. 

R. 

Virginia 

W. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

WfiQ-f-,  VirciTiia. 

Wisconsin 

D. 

D. 

R 

289  — 


Presidential  Election s —  Continued 


Alabama 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado , 

Connecticut  . . . . 

Delaware 

Florida 

Georgia 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts  . . 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New  Hampsli'rc 

New  Jersey 

New  York 

North  Carolina . 

Ohio 

Oregon  

Pennsylvania . . . 
Rhode  Island . . , 
South  Carolina . , 

Tennessee 

Texa3 

Vermont 

Virginia .. 

West  Virginia. . . 
Wisconsin 


R. 


R. 


R. 

R. 


R. 


R. 

R. 

R. 

D. 

R. 

R. 

R. 

R. 

D. 

R. 

R. 

D. 

R. 

R. 

R. 

R. 

D. 

R. 

R. 

R. 

R. 

R. 

R. 

R. 

R. 

R. 

R. 

R. 

D. 

D 

R. 

R. 

R. 

R. 


D. 

D. 

R. 

R. 

D. 

D. 

R. 

D. 

R. 

D. 

R. 

R. 

D. 

R. 

R. 

D. 

R. 

R. 

R. 

D. 

D. 

R. 

R. 

R. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

R. 

R. 

R. 

R. 

R. 

D. 

D. 

R. 

D. 

D.- 

R. 


CO  CO 

CO       00 

O          tP>. 


D. 
D. 
D. 
R. 
R. 
D. 
D. 
D. 
R. 
R. 
R. 
R. 
D. 
D. 
R. 
D. 
R. 
R. 
R. 
D. 
D. 
R. 
D. 
R. 
D. 
R. 
D. 
R. 
R. 
R. 
R. 
D. 
D. 
D. 
R. 
D. 
D. 
R. 


D. 
D. 
R. 
R. 
D. 
D. 
D. 
D. 
R. 
R. 
R. 
R. 
D. 
D. 
R. 
D. 
R. 
R. 
R. 
D. 
D. 
R. 
R. 
R. 
D. 
R. 
D. 
R. 
R. 
R. 
R. 
D. 
D. 
D. 
R. 
D. 
D. 
R. 


R— Republican.     W — Whig.     D— Democratic.     U— Union.     A— Am- 
ericau.     A.  M. — Anti-Masonic.     N.  R. — National  Republican. 


—  290  — 

Biographies  of  the  Presidents  of  the 
United  States 

George  Washington  was  born  February  22, 1732,  near  Bridges'  Creek, 
Westmoreland  County,  Virginia ;  paternal  ancestors  were  English; 
vocation  in  early  life  was  surveyor,  when  elected  planter ;  religious 
connection  Episcopalian ;  died  December  14,  1799. 

John  Adams  was  born  October  19,  1735  ;  Quincy,  Norfolk  County, 
Massachusetts  ;  paternal  ancestors  were  English  ;  vocation  in  early  life 
teacher,  when  elected  lawyer ;  religious  connection  Congregationalist ; 
died  July  4,  1826. 

Thomas  Jefferson  was  born  April  2,  1743  ;  Shadwell,  Albemarle 
County,  Virginia  ;  paternal  ancestors  were  Welsh  ;  vocation  in  early 
life  lawyer,  when  elected  the  same ;  religious  connection  Liberal ;  died 
July  4,  1820. 

James  Madison  was  bora  March  16,  1751  ;  Port  Conway,  King 
George  County,  Virginia  ;  paternal  ancestors  were  English  ;  vocation 
in  early  life  lawyer,  when  elected  the  same  ;  religious  connection 
Episcopalian;  died  June  28,  1836. 

James  Monroe  was  born  April  28,  1758;  head  of  Monroe's  Creek, 
Westmoreland  County,  Virginia  ;  paternal  ancestors  were  Scotch  ; 
vocation  in  early  life  lawyer,  when  elected  statesman ;  religious  con- 
nection Episcopalian  ;  died  July  4,  1831. 

John  Quincy  Adams  was  born  July  11,  1767;  Quincy,  Norfolk 
County,  Massaclmsetts  ;  paternal  ancestors  were  English  ;  vocat.'on  in 
early  life  lawyer,  when  elected  the  same  ;  religious  connection  Congrc- 
gationalijt ;  died  February  21,  1848. 

Andrew  Jackson  wa^  born  March  15,  17G7  ;  near  Curetou's  Pond, 
Union  County,  Nortli  Carolina  ;  paternal  ancestors  were  Scotch-Irish  ; 
vocation  iu  early  life  lawyer,  when  elected  the  same;  religious  connec- 
tion Presbyterian  ;  died  June  8,  1845. 

Marti  Vau  Burcii  was  bor:i  December  5,  1782 ;  Kinderhook, 
Columbia  County,  Nov/  York  ;  paternal  ancestors  were  Dutch  ;  voca- 
tion in  early  life  lawyer,  when  elected  the  same ;  religious  connection 
Reformed  Dutch  ;  died  July  24,  18G2. 

William  Henry  Harrison  was  born  February  9,  1773,  Berkeley, 
Charles  City  County, Virginia  ;  paternal  ancestors  were  English;  voca- 
tion in  early  life  soldier,  when  elected  farmer ;  religious  connection 
Episcopalian;  died  April  4,  1841. 

John  Tyler  wai  born  March  29,  1790  ;  Green  way,  Charle.3  City 
County,  Virginia  ;  paternal  ancestors  were  English ;  vocation  in  early 


—  291  — 

life  lawyer,  when  elected  the  same ;  religious  connection  Episcopalian  ; 
died  January  18,  1862. 

James  Knox  Polk  was  born  November  2,  1795  ;  near  Pineville, 
Mecklenburgh  County,  North  Carolina ;  paternal  ancestors  were 
Scotch-Irish  ;  vocation  in  early  life  lawyer,  when  elected  the  same  ; 
religious  connection  Presbyterian  ;  died  June  15,  1849. 

Zachary  Taylor  was  born  September  24,  1784;  near  Orange  Court 
House,  Orange  County,  Virginia ;  paternal  ancestors  were  English ; 
vocation  in  early  life  soldier,  and  when  elected  the  same ;  religious 
connection  Episcopalian  ;  died  July  9,  1850. 

Millard  Fillmore  was  born  January  7,  1800 ;  Summerhill,  Cayuga 
County,  New  York ;  paternal  ancestors  were  English  ;  vocation  in 
early  life  tailor,  when  elected  lawyer  ;  religious  connection  Episcopa- 
lian, died  March  8,  1874. 

Franklin  Pierce  was  born  November  23,  1804  ;  Hillsborough,  Hills- 
borough County,  New  Hampshire;  paternal  ancestors  English;  vocation 
in  early  life  lawyer,  when  elected  the  same  ;  religious  connection  Epis- 
copalian ;  died  October  8,  18C9. 

James  Buchanan  was  born  April  23,  1791  ;  Cove  Gap,  Franklin 
County,  Pennsylvania  ;  paternal  ancestors  were  Scotch -Irish  ;  voca- 
tion in  early  life  lawyer,  when  elected  the  same  ;  religious  connection 
Presbyterian;  died  June  1,  18G8. 

Abraham  Lincoln  was  born  February  12,  1809  ;  near  Hodgenville, 
Larue  County,  Kentucky ;  paternal  ancestors  were  English ;  vocation 
in  early  life  farm-hand,  when  elected  lawj'er  ;  religious  connection 
Methodist ;  died  April  15,  1865. 

Andrew  Johnson  was  born  December  9,  1808 ;  Raleigh,  Wake 
County,  North  Carolina  ;  paternal  ancestors  English;  vocation  in  early 
life  tailor,  when  elected  statesman  ;  religious  connection  Methodist ; 
died  July  81,  1875. 

Ulysses  Simpson  Grant  was  born  April  22,  1822 ;  Point  Pleasant, 
Clermont  County,  Ohio  ;  paternal  ancestors  were  Scotch  ;  vocation  in 
early  life  soldier,  when  elected  the  same ;  religious  connection 
Methodist;  died  July  23,  1885. 

Rutherford  Birchard  Hayes  was  born  Oct.  4,  1822  ;  Delaware,  Dela- 
ware County,  Ohio  ;  paternal  ancestors  Scotch ;  vocation  in  early  life 
lawyer,  when  elected  the  same;  religious  connection  Methodist. 

Jamc3  Abram  Garfield  wa3  born  November  19,  1831  ;  Orange  Town- 
ship, Cuyahoga  County,  Ohio ;  paternal  ancestors  English  ;  vocation 
in  early  life  teacher,  when  elected  lawyer;  religious  connection  Disci- 
ples; died  September  19,  1881. 

Chester  Alan  Arthur  was  born  October  5,  1830,  Fairfield,  Franklin 
County,  Vermont ;  paternal  ancestors  Scotch-Irish;  vocation  in  early 
life  teacher,  when  elected  lawyer ;  religious  connection  Episcopalian  ; 
died  November  18,  1886, 

Grover  Cleveland  was  born  March  18, 1837,  Caldwell,  Essex  County, 
New  Jersey;  paternal  ancestors  English  ;  vocation  in  early  life  teacher, 
when  elected  lawyer;  religious  connection  Presbyterian. 

Benjamin  Harrison  was  born  August  20,  1833,  North  Bend,  Ohio; 
paternal  ancestor  English  ;  vocation  in  early  life  lawyer,  when  elected 
the  same ;  religious  connection  Presbyierian. 


—  292  — 

Average  Annual  Temperature  in  the 
United  States 

Pl^ce  of  Observation  Average  Temperature 

Tucson,  Arizona  Ter 69 

Jacksonville,  Florida , 09 

New  Orleans,  Louisiana 69 

Austin,  Texas 67 

Mobile,  Alabama 66 

Jackson,  Mississippi 64 

Little  Rock,  Arkansas 63 

Columbia,  South  Carolina 62 

Fort  Gibson,  Indian  ler 60 

Raleigh,  North  Carolina 59 

Atlanta,  Georgia 68 

Nashville,  Tennessee 58 

Richmond,  Virginia 57 

Louijvillc,  Kentucky ■ 56 

San  Francisco,  California 55 

Washington,  D.  C 55 

St.  Louis,  ^lissouri   55 

Baltimore,  Maryland 54 

Harrisburg,  Pennsylvania 54 

Wilmington,  Delaware 53 

Trenton,  New  Jersey 53 

Columbus,  Ohio 53 

Portland,  Oregon 53 

Ft.  Boise,  Idaho  Ter 52 

Salt  Lake  City,  Utah  Ter 52 

Romney,  West  Virginia 52 

Indianapolis,  Indiana 51 

Leavenworth,  Kansas 51 

Santa  Fe,  New  Mexico  Ter 57 

Steilacoom,  Washington 51 

Hartford,  Connecticut 50 

Springfield,  Illinois 50 

Camp  Scott,  Nevada 50 

De }  Moines,  Iowa 49 

Omaha,  Nebraska 49 

Denver,  Colorado 48 

Boston,  Massachusetts 48 

Albany,  New  York 48 

Providence,  Rhode  Island 48 

Detroit,  Michigan 47 

Ft.  Randall,  Dakota 47 

Sitka,  Alaska  Ter 46 

Concord,  New  Hampshire 46 

Augusta,  Maine 45 

Madison,  Wisconsin 45 

Helena,  Montana • 43 

Montpelier,  Vermont 43 

St.  Paul,  Minnesota 42 


-  293  — 

Average  Annual  Rainfall  in  the  United 
States 

Place  ^  Inches 

Neah  Bay,  Washington 123 

Sitka,  Alaska  Ter 83 

Ft.  Haskins,  Oregon 66 

Mt.  Vernon,  Alabama 66 

Baton  Rouge,  Louisiana 60 

Meadow  Valley,  California 57 

Ft.  Tonson,  Indian  Ter 57 

Ft.  Meyers,  Florida 56 

Washington,  Arkansas 54 

Huntsville,  Alabama 54 

Natchez,  Mississippi 53 

New  Orleans,  Louisiana 51 

Savannah,  Georgia 4S 

Springdale,  Kentucky 4^ 

Fortress  Monroe,  Virginia 47 

Memphis,  Tennessee 45 

Newark,  New  Jersey 44 

Boston,  Massachusetts 44 

Cincinnati,  Ohio 44 

Bruni,wiek,  Maine 41- 

New  Haven,  Connecticut 44 

PhSadelphia,  Pennsylvania 44 

Charleston,  South  Carolina 43 

New  York  City,  New  York 43 

Gaston,  North  Carolina 43 

Richmond,  Indiana 43 

Marietta,  Ohio 43 

St.  Louis,  Missouri 43 

Muscatine,  Iowa 42 

Baltimore,  Maryland 41 

New  Bedford,  Massachusetts 41 

Providence,  Rhode  Island 41 

Ft.  Smith,  Arkansas 40 

Hanover,  New  Hampshire 40 

Ft.  Vancouver,  Washington 38 

Cleveland,  Ohio 37 

Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania 37 

Washington,  D.  C 37 


—  294  — 
Rainfall  in  the  United  States — Continued 

Place  Inches 

White  Sulphur  Springs,  Virginia 37 

Ft.  Gibson,  Indian  Ter 36 

Key  West,  Florida '. 36 

Peoria,  Illinois 35 

Burlington,  Vermont . .  34 

Buffalo,  New  York 33 

Ft.  Brown,  Texas 33 

Ft.  Leavenworth,  Kansas 31 

Detroit,  Michigan 30 

Milwaukee,  Wisconsin 30 

Penn  Yan,  New  York 28 

Ft.  Kearney,  Nebraska 25 

Ft.  Snelling,  Minnesota 25 

Salt  Lake  City,  Utah  Ter 23 

Mackinac,  Michigan 23 

San  Francisco,  California 21 

Dalles,  Oregon 21 

Sacramento,  California 21 

Ft.  Massachusetts,  Colorad<^ 17 

Ft.  Marcy,  New  Mexico  Ter 16 

Ft.  Randall,  Dakota 16 

Ft.  Defiance,  Arizona  Ter 14 

Ft.  Craiz,  New  Mexico  Tor 11 

San  Diego,  California 9 

Ft.  Bliss,  Texas 9 

Ft.  Bridger,  Utah  Ter 6 

Ft.  Garland,  Colorado 6 

What  a  Horse  Can  Draw 

On  metal  rails  a  horse  can  draw:  One  and  two-thirds  times  as 
much  as  on  asphalt  pavement;  three  and  one-third  times  as  much  as  on 
good  Belgian  blocks;  five  times  as  much  as  on  ordinary  Belgian  blocks; 
seven  times  as  much  as  on  good  cobble-stone;  thirteen  times  as  much 
as  on  ordinary  cobble-stone;  twenty  times  as  much  as  on  an  earth  road; 
and  forty  times  us  much  as  on  saud. 

A  modern  compilation  of  engineering  maxims  states  that  a  horse 
can  drag,  as  compared  with  what  he  can  carry  on  his  back,  in  the 
following  proportions:  On  the  worst  earthern  road,  three  times  more; 
on  a  good  macadamized  road,  nine;  on  plank,  twenty-five;  on  a  stone 
trackway,  thirty-three;  and  on  a  good  railway,  fifty-four  times  as 
much. 


295  — 


Canning  Fruits,  Amount  of  Sugar  Required 
AND  Time  of  Boiling 

A  general  rule  for  canning  fruit  is  as  follows : 

Quantity  of  Sugar 
Kind  of  Fruit  Time  of  Boiling  per  quart 

Bartlett  Pears .20  minutes 6  ounces 


Blackberries 9 

Cherries 5 

Gooseberries 8 

Peaches,  whole 15 

Peaches,  halves 8 

Pie-plant,  sliced 10 

Pineapples 15 

Plums 10 

Quinces,  sliced 15 

Raspberries 6 

Ripe  Currants 6 

Small  Pears,  whole ...  30 

Siberian  Apples 25 

Sour  Apples 10 

Strawberries 8 

Tomatoes 20 

Whortleberries 5 

Wild  Grapes 10 


.6 

.6 

.8 

.4 

.4 

.10 

.6 

.8 

.10 

.4 


.8  " 
.5  " 
.8  " 
,  none 
,4  ounces 
.8     " 


Largest  Universities 


University 


Location, 
Country 


Number 
of  Professors 


Berlin Germany 142. 

Buda-Pesth Hiingary 141 . 

Cambridge, England 36, 

Copenhagen Denmark 60 . 

Edinburgh Scotland 43 . 

Harvard United  States 184 . 

Leipsic Germany 120 . 

Moscow Russia 117. 

Munich .Germany 82 . 

Naples Italy 110. 

Oxford England 40. 

Paris France 180 . 

Rome Italy 50. 

Salamanca Spain 40 . 

Upsel Germany 104. 

Vienna Austria 1 60 . 


When 
Founded 

....1810 
. . . . 1635 
....1231 
. . . . 1479 
. . . . 1582 
. . . . 1636 
. . . . 1409 
....1755 
. . . . 1472 
. . , . 1224 
....1280 
. . . . 1206 
. . . . 1303 
. . . . 1240 
....1476 
. . . . 1365 


—  296  — 


Relative  Value  and  Weight  of  Wood 

The  following  table  shows  the  comparative  value  of  firewoods  for 
fuel  in  a  seasoned  state,  or  when  burnt  to  charcoal.  Shellbark  Hickory 
being  taken  at  100  ari  the  standard. 

Name  Value  Weight 

American  Chestnut 52  2,333 

American  Holly 57 .  2,691 

American  Hornbeam 65   3,218 

Apple 70  3,115 

Barren  Oak 66  3,102 

Barren  Scrub  Oak 73  3,339 

Black  Birch 63 3,115 

Black  Walnut 65   3,044 

Butternut 51    2,534 

Chestnut  White  Oak 86   3,955 

Dogwood 75  3,643 

Hard  Maple 60  2,878 

Jersey  Pine 48   2, 137 

Large  Magnolia 56  2,704 

Mountain  Laurel 66 2,963 

Pignut  Hickory 95   4,241 

Pine  Oak 71 3,339 

Pitch  Pine 43  1,906 

Post  Oak 74  3,464 

Persimmon 69 3, 178 

Red  Oak 69  3,254 

Red  Cedar 56  2,525 

Rock  Chestnut  Oak 61    3,030 

Service-tree  or  shade-bush..  84   3,964 

Scrub  Black  Oak 71    3,254 

Sassafras 59   2,762 

Shellbark  Hickory 100  .*. 4,469 

Soft  Maple 54   2,668 

Sour-gum 67   3,142 

Spanish  Oak 52  2,449 

Swamp  Whortleberry 73  3,361 

8weet-gum 57   2,8.34 

Sycamore 52  2,391 

Western  Hickory 81    3,705 

White  Beech 65   3,236 

n'hite  Birch 48  2,369 

White  Elm 58   2,592 

White  Ash 77     . . 3,450 

White  Oak 81   3,821 

White  Pine 42   1,808 

Witch  Hazel 72  3,505 

Wild  Cherry 55   2,068 

Yellow  Oak 60   2,919 

Yellow  Pino,  soft 54  •. 2,463 

Yellow  Poplar 52   2,516 


—  297.— 

The  New  Navy  of  the  United  States 

The  new  navy  of  the  United  States  received  its  first  start  in  1881, 
when,  under  the  direction  of  Secretary  W.  H.  Hunt,  the  first  Advisory 
Board  was  appointed  to  report  upon  the  pressing  need  of  appropriate 
vessels  to  replace  the  old  wooden  vessels,  many  of  which  were  unfit  for 
repair.  The  Advisory  Board,  consisting  of  fifteen  naval  officers,  and 
with  Rear-admiral  John  Rogers  as  president  met  early  in  June,  and  in 
November  it  made  a  report  recommending  the  building  of  thirty-eight 
unarmored  steel  cruising  vessels.  Of  those,  two  were  to  be  of  5,873 
tons  displacement,  six  of  4,560,  ten  of  3,013  tons,  and  twenty  of  793 
tons.  But  it  was  not  until  March  3,  1883,  that  Congress  made  an 
appropriation  to  build  four  vessels  as  recommended  by  tlie  Naval 
Advisory  Board  in  its  report,  December  20,  1882,  A  contract  was  made 
with  John  Roach  and  Sons  to  build  these  four  vessels — the  Chicago,  the 
Atlanta,  the  Boston,  and  the  Dolphin.  In  the  building  of  these  vessels 
there  was  an  impetus  given  to  the  iron  and  steel  industries  throughout 
the  land  which  promises  steady  employment  to  hundreds  of  thousands 
of  men.  The  gun  trials,  the  speed,  and  all  that  pertains  to  the  con- 
struction and  behavior  of  these  four  modern  ships  proves  the  wisdom 

maintaining  the  Navy  in  a  state  of  usefulness  and  dignity. 

The  next  legislation  which  provided  for  the  construction  of  modern 
steel  ships  was  on  March  3,  1885,  the  last  day  of  President  Arthur's 
Administration.  Other  appropriations  have  since  been  made  and  when 
the  vessels  provided  for  have  been  finished,  the  Navy  will  have  twenty- 
nine  new  stoel  unarmored  and  armored  cruising  vessels.  The  follow- 
ing is  a  list  of  the  new  Navy,  their  type,  displacement,  armament 
hor.ie-power  and  cost : 

The  Chicago — a  cruiser  of  4,500  tons  displacement ;  5,084  horse-power; 
armament  consists  of  four  8-inch  B.  L.  R.,  eight  6-inch  B.  L.  R.,  two 
5-inch  B.  L.  R.,  two  6-pdr.R,  F.,  two  1-pdr.R.  F,,  four  47 -mm.  R.  C, 
two  37-mm,  R.  C,  and  two  Gatlings  ;  speed,  16  knots  per  hour;  cost 
$889,000  ;  is  in  commission. 

The  Boston— Si  cruiser  of  3,189  tons  displacement;  3,780  horse-power; 
armament  consists  of  two  8-inch  B,  L.  R.,  six  6-inch  B.  L.  R.,  two  6- 
pdr.  R.  F.,  two  3-pdr.  R.  F.,  two  1-pdr.  R.  F.,  two  47-mm.  R.  C,  two 
37-mm.  R.  C.  and  two  Gatlings  ;  speed,  14  knots  an  hour  ;  cost  $619,- 
000 ;  is  in  commission. 

The  Atlanta — a  cruiser  of  3,189  tons  displacement;  3,356  horse-power, 
armament  (same  as  .Sos^ow);  speed,  14  knots  per  hour;  cost  $617,000; 
is  in  commission. 


—  298  — 

The  Dolphin — a  dispatch-boat  of  1,485  tons  displacement;  2,240 
horse-power  ;  armament  consists  of  one  6-inch  B.  L.  R.,  four  47-mm. 
R.  C,  two  6-pdr.  R.  F.,  two  Gatlings  ;  speed,  15  knots  per  hour  ; 
cost  $315,000  ;  is  in  commission. 

The  Charleston — a  cruiser  of  3,730  tons  displacement;  6,006  horse- 
power; armament  consists  of  two  8-inch  B.  L.  R.,  six  6-inch  B.  L.  R., 
four  6-pdr.  R.  F.,  two  3-pdr.  R.  F.,  two  1-pdr.  R.  F.,  four  37-mm.  R. 
C,  two  Gatlings;  speed,  19  knots  per  hour;  cost,  $1,017,000;  is  in  com- 
mission. 

The  Baltimore — a  cruiser  of  4,413  tons  displacement;  10,300  horse- 
power; armament  consists  of  four  8-inch  B.  L.  R.,  six  6-inch  B.  L.  R.^ 
four  6-pdr.  R.  F.,  two  3-pdr.  R.  F.,  two  1-pdr.  R.  F.,  four  37-mm.  R. 
C.  and  two  Gatlings;  speed,  19  knots  per  hour;  cost,  $1,325,000;  is  in, 
commission. 

The  Yorktown—a.  gunboat  of  1,700  tons  displacement;  3,400  horse- 
power; armament  consists  of  six  6-inch  B.  L.  R„  two  6-pdr.  R.  F.,  two 
3-pdr.  R.  F.,  one  1-pdr.  R.  F.,  two  37  mm.  R.  C.  and  two  Gatlings; 
speed,  17  knots  per  hour;  cost,  $490,000;  is  in  commission. 

The  Pe^reZ— a  gunboat  of  870  tons  displacement;  1,100  horse-power? 
armament  consists  of  four  6-inch  B.  L.  R.,  two  3-pdr.  R.  F.,  one  1-pdr. 
R.  F.,  two  37  mm.  R..  C,  and  two  Gatlings;  speed,  14  knots  per  liour; 
cost,  $247,000;  is  in  commission. 

The  Ve^uviui — a  dynamite  vessel  of  970  tons  displacement;  3,200 
horse-power;  armament  consists  of  three  15-inch  dynamite  guns,  two 
3-pdr,  R.  F.,  one  1-pdr.  R.  F.,  two  37-mm.  R.  C,  two  Gatlings;  speed, 
21  knots  per  hour;  cost,  $350,000;  is  ready  for  service. 

The  Gushing — a  torpedo  vessel  of  99  tons  displacement;  1,000  horse- 
power; armament  consists  of  eight  automobile  torpedoes;  two  6-pdr.  R. 
F.,  speed,  23  knots  per  hour;  cost,  $82,750;  is  ready  for  service. 

The  Newnrh — a  cruiser  of  4,083  tons  displacement;  8,500  (estimated) 
horse-power;  armament  consists  of  tweh^e  6-inch  B.  L.  R.,  four  6-pdr, 
R.  T^\,  four  3-pdr,  R.  F.,  two  1-pdr.  R.  F.,  three  3-mm.  R.  C.  and  four 
Gatlings;  speed,  20  knots  per  hour;  cost,  $1,248,000;  nearly  completed 
at  Philadelphia. 

The  Philadelphia— a,  cruiser  of  4,300  tons  displacement ;  10,500 
(estimated)  horse-power;  armament  (same  as  Newark) ;  speed,  20  knots 
per  hour  ;  cost  $1,350,000  ;  was  launched  at  Philadelphia,  September 
7,  1889. 

The  San  Francisco — a  cruiser  of  4,083  tons  displacement ;  9,000 
(estimated)  horse-power ;  armament  (same  as  Newark) ;  speed,  1 9 
knots  per  hour ;  cost  $1,428,000  ;  was  launched  at  San  Francisco, 
October  26,  1889. 


—  299  — 

The  Concord — a  gunboat  of  1,700  tons  displacement ;  3,400  horse- 
power; armament  (same  as  Yorhtown) ;  speed,  20  knots  per  hour ;  cost 
$490,000  ;  is  nearly  completed  at  New  York. 

The  Bennington — a  gunboat,  same  displacement,  horgse-power,  arma- 
ment as  the  Concord;  speed,  20  knots  per  hour. 

The  Maine — a  battle-ship  of  6,648  tons  displacement ;  9,000  (esti- 
mated) horse-power;  armament  consists  of  four  10-inch  B.  L.  K, 
six  6-inch  B.  L.  R.,  four  6-pdr.  R.  F.,  eight  3-pdr.  R.  F.,  two  l-pdr. 
R.  F.,  four  37-mm.  R.  C.  and  four  Gatlings  ;  speed,  19  knots  per 
hour  ;  cost  $2,844,503  ;  building  at  New  York  Navy  Yard. 

The  Texas — a  battle-ship  of  6,300  tons  displacement;  8,600 
(estimated)  horse-power;  armament  consists  of  two  12-inch  B.  L.  R., 
other  guns  same  as  the  Maine',  speed,  19  knots  per  hour;  cost  $2, 376,000 *» 
building  at  Norfolk  Navy  Yard. 

The  Puritan — a  double-turret  monitor  of  6,060  tons  displacement ; 
3,058  horse-power;  armament  consists  of  four  10-inch  B.  L.  R.,  two 
6-pdr.  R.  F.,  two  3-pdr.  R.  P.,  two  37-mm.  R.  C.  and  two  Gatlings ; 
speed,  13|  knots  per  hour  ;  completing  at  New  York  Navy  Yard. 

The  Miantonomah—a.  double-turret  monitor  of  3,815  tons  displace- 
ment ;  3,000  horse-power  ;  armament  same  as  the  PwWton  except  carries 
no  3-pdrs ;  speed,  10|  knots  per  hour  ;  completing  at  the  New  York 
Navy  Yard. 

The  Terror — a  double-turret  monitor  of  the  same  description  as  the 
Miantommah ;  speed,  10  knots  per  hour  ;  lays  at  New  York  Navy  Yard. 

The  Monadnock—a  double-turret  monitor  of  the  same  description  as 
the  Miantonomah  ;  speed,  10  knots  per  hour  ;  lays  at  Mare  Island  Navy 
Yard. 

The  Amphitrite — a  double-turret  monitor  of  the  same  description  as 
the  3Iiantonoma7i;  speed,  10  knots  per  hour;  lays  at  Norfolk  Navy  Yard. 

The  Cruiser  No.  7— of  3,183  tons  displacement;  10,000  (estimated) 
horse-power  ;  armament  consists  of  one  6-inch  B.  L.  R.,  ten  4-inch  B. 
L.  R.,  two  6-pdr.  R.  F.,  two  3-pdr.  R.  ¥.,  one  l-pdr.  R.  F.,  two  37- 
mm.  R.  C;  speed,  16  knots  per  hour;  cost  $1,100,000  ;  building  at  New 
York  Navy  Yard. 

The  Cruiser  No.  8—oi  3,183  tons  displacement;  10,000  (estimated) 
horse-power ;  armament  same  as  Cruiser  No.  7 ;  speed,  16  knots  per 
hour  :  cost  $1,100,000  ;  building  at  Norfolk  Navy  Yard. 

The  Cruiser  No.  9—oi  2,000  tons  displacement ;  5,400  (estimated) 
horse-power;  armament  consists  of  two  6-inch  B.  L.  R.,  eight  4-inch 
B.  L.  R.,  two  6-pdr.  R.  F.,  two  3-pdr.  R.  F.,  two  R.  C,  and  one  Gat- 
ling  ;  speed,  17  knots  per  hour  ;  cost  $612,500  ;  building  at  Baltimore. 


—  300  — 

The  Cruiser  No.  10 — 2,000  tons  displacement;  5,400  (estimated) 
horse-power  ;  armament  (same  as  Cruiser  No.  9) ;  speed,  17  knots  per 
hour  ;  cost  |ol2,500  ;  building  at  Baltimore. 

The  Cruiser  No.  11 — 2,000  tons  displacement ;  5,400  (estimated) 
horse-power;  armament  (same  as  Cruiser  No.  9);  speed,  17  knots  per 
hour  ;  cost  $674,000  ;  building  at  Boston. 

The  Gunboat  No.  5 — 1,000  tons  displacement ;  1,600  (estimated) 
horse-power;  armament  consists  of  eight  33-pdr.  R.  F.,  two  47 -mm. 
R.  C,  two  37mm.  R.  C,  one  Gatling ;  cost  $350,000;  building  not 
yet  begun. 

The  Qwiboat  No.  6 — 1,000  tons  displacement ;  1,600  (estimated) 
horse-power ;  armament  and  cost  (same  as  Gunboat  No.  5) ;  building 
not  yet  begun. 

The  Pratice  Vessel — 835  tons  displacement ;  1,300  (estimated)  horse- 
power; armament  consists  of  four  33-pdr.  R.  F.,  two  6-pdr.  R.  F., 
two  3-pdr.  R.  F.,  one  1-pdr.  R.  F.  and  one  37-mm.  R.  C;  cost 
$260,000;  building  not  yet  begun. 

Plans  being  made  ready  for  an  armored  cruiser  of  7,500  tons  displace- 
ment ;  an  armored  cruiser  of  5,300  tons  displacement ;  a  cruising 
monitor  of  3,030  tons  displacement;  a  harbor  defense  ram  of  2,000  tons 
displacement,  and  a  coast  defense  vessel  of  4,000  tons  displacement. 

B.  L.  R. — Breach  loading  rifles.         i 

R.  C. — Revolving  cannon. 

R.  F.  — Rapid  firing  guns. 

mm. — Millimetre,  39-l,000ths  of  an  inch. 


(^CA.  f?.    /  f^ 


r' 


mm 


^  Mil  . 


